基于数值模拟的大长径比筒形件正挤压成形工艺研究

基于DEFORM-3D数值模拟软件,以某深孔汽缸为研究对象,建立了大长径比筒形件正挤压成形的有限元仿真模型,研究入模角α、凹模圆角r、定径带长度h、挤压速度v等工艺参数对金属塑性变形的影响;以挤压力峰值Lmax、坯料损伤峰值Dmax和凹模磨损量W为优化目标,进行正交试验方案设计,分析各工艺参数对优化目标的影响规律,获得较合理的工艺参数组合。研究结果表明,当入模角α=90°、凹模圆角r=3 mm、定径带长度h=20 mm、挤压速度v=10 mm/s时,可有效降低挤压力峰值和凹模磨损量,保证了零件的成形质量与模具的使用寿命。     

TA2管材平锥模热挤压成形过程的有限元模拟

为了优化TA2钛管挤压模具结构,本文建立了TA2管材的平锥模热挤压有限元模型,分别对挤压温度为600℃、650℃、700℃,挤压速度为50mm/s、100mm/s、150mm/s,平模长度为7%D、9%D和11%D,模角为55°、60°、65°、70°的挤压模型进行了模拟,研究了诸参数对金属钛流动及挤压力的影响.以切头率、压余比和挤压力系数最小为评判标准,得出平锥模的平模长度为9%D,模角为60°时结构最优的结论.     

基于虚拟正交试验的Inconel690合金大口径厚壁管挤压工艺仿真

研究挤压成形参数影响规律并确定合理的参数取值范围,是开发难变形合金大型型材挤压工艺技术和挤压过程精细化控制,以及大吨位(如2万吨)挤压机的研发、调试及应用迫切需要开展的重要内容。基于DEFORM-2D平台,以规格为Ф420mm×60mm的难变形Inconel690合金管材穿孔针挤压为研究对象,建立了适用、可靠的无缝管材穿孔针挤压过程的有限元仿真模型;选取挤压比λ、模角α、定径带长度h、坯料初始温度T、挤压速度v等重要成形参数为影响因素,以坯料温度峰值Tmax、坯料金属损伤峰值Dmax、模口坯料金属流速均方差Fsdv和挤压力峰值Lmax为衡量指标,开展了基于模拟仿真的虚拟正交试验研究。结果表明,影响Tmax、Dmax、Fsdv、Lmax的因素主次顺序分别为:T>v>λ>h>α、α>v≈λ>T>h、h>v>T>α>λ、λ>T>α>v>h;综合考虑成形管材质量、挤压力等因素,获得了2万吨难变形合金卧式挤压机上挤压该规格Inconel690合金管材的合理成形参数取值范围为:λ=5.74～6.37、α=35～45°、h=60～120mm、T=1080～1180℃、v=150～250mm/s。     

工艺参数对分流宽展挤压空心镁合金壁板挤压力的影响

通过有限元法对大型镁合金空心壁板的挤压过程进行了仿真,获得了挤压成形过程中的挤压力,研究了不同模具结构和工艺参数的挤压力-行程曲线。结果表明,挤压载荷在到达峰值之前有三个阶段,分别对应于分流、宽展和挤出过程;挤压比λ、挤压速度v、初始坯料温度T_0、通道转角角度α和焊合腔纵向深度d对挤压载荷的影响显著性顺序为:λvT_0αd。根据挤压力峰值确定的合理工艺参数范围为:λ≤14,α=145°～155°,d≤240mm,T0≥440℃,v5 mm/s。     

基于FEM的INCONEL625难变形合金大型厚壁管挤压极限图研究

基于DEFORM-2D有限元平台,以INCONEL625难变形合金大型厚壁挤压管为研究对象,通过虚拟正交与回归分析,研究了工艺参数坯料预热温度(P)、模具预热温度(M)、挤压速度(V)、摩擦因子(F)、挤压比(λ)和模具几何结构参数凹模半角(β)、凹模圆角(R1,R2)、工作带长度(L)对该过程挤压力峰值和模口管材温度峰值的影响。结果表明,P,F,V,β,λ5个参数对挤压力峰值和模口管材温度峰值的影响较为显著;通过逐步回归法建立了挤压力峰值和模口管材温度峰值与上述5个主要参数之间的回归数学模型,并通过该回归数学模型以额定挤压力200 MN和模具出口管材最高温度1250℃为条件确定了5个主要参数的合理取值范围:F=0.01~0.02;V=100~200 mm/s;P=1000~1250℃;β=35°~50°;λ=4.5~7;在此基础上,建立了多个影响显著参数下的INCONEL625难变形合金大型厚壁管挤压极限图,并阐明了该挤压极限图的制作原理和应用。经验证,该挤压极限图是可行的。     

基于虚拟正交试验的关节轴承工艺参数优化设计

以GEW12DEM1T关节轴承为研究对象,基于ABAQUS平台建立关节轴承挤压装配过程的有限元仿真模型。基于模拟仿真的虚拟正交试验选取模具半径R1,R2,收口半径Ra,定径带长度h,挤压速度v等重要成形参数,以内外圈最大接触压力Fmax、挤压力峰值Lmax、内外圈最大间隙与最小间隙之差Mmax、轴承端部金属流速均方差SDV为衡量指标。结果表明,影响Fmax,Lmax,Mmax,SDV的因素主次顺序分别为RahR1R2v,RahvR1R2,RahvR1R2,vR2hRaR1;综合考虑轴承质量、挤压力等因素,获得了GEW12DEM1T自润滑关节轴承成形参数的合理取值范围R2=17mm~30mm,R1=4.5mm~5mm,h=6mm~6.3mm,v=20mm/s~40mm/s,Ra=13.9mm~14.2mm。实验验证结果表明,模拟及正交试验优化结果准确有效。     

6061铝合金异形管材分流挤压模拟研究与优化

基于刚粘塑性有限元理论,采用DEFORM-3D有限元软件,对6061铝合金异形管材分流挤压工艺过程进行了数值模拟,揭示了挤压力的变化规律和坯料金属温度的分布规律.通过虚拟正交试验,获得了影响挤压力峰值的因素主次顺序为:工作带长度L＞焊合角θ＞焊合室深度h.以降低挤压力峰值为优化目标,获得了该规格6061铝合金异型管材分流挤压工艺最优水平组合为焊合室深度h=20mm,焊合角θ=35°,工作带长度L=5mm.     

大型厚壁管热挤压成形工艺参数优化

以P91钢大型厚壁管为研究对象,基于Deform-3D平台建立厚壁管垂直热挤压过程的有限元仿真模型。选取坯料预热温度T0、挤压比λ、挤压速度v、凹模锥角β和摩擦因子μ为影响因素,以最大挤压力Fmax、成形管平均壁厚davg、模口等效应变均方差εsdv和模口金属流速均方差Vsdv为衡量指标,进行虚拟正交试验。通过实际工业生产,验证了有限元模拟结果的可靠性。研究结果表明:影响Fmax,davg,εsdv,Vsdv的因素主次顺序分别为:λT0βμv,λvT0μβ,βλv≈μT0和vT0μλβ;获得尺寸为Ф720 mm×Ф520 mm×12000 mm的P91钢大型厚壁管热挤压成形工艺参数的取值范围为:T0=1150~1200℃,λ=5~7,v=20~60 mm·s-1,β=35°~45°,μ=0.05~0.2。经过实际工业生产验证可知,虚拟正交试验得到的工艺参数较为准确、可靠。     

TC4钛合金Y型材热挤压成形工艺优化及组织演变

采用控制单一变量法设计型材挤压试验,通过DEFORM-3D有限元软件模拟分析不同挤压模角、挤压温度和挤压速度对热挤压成形过程中金属流动、等效应力、等效应变及最大挤压力的影响。模拟结果表明,当选择挤压模角45°、挤压温度1050℃和挤压速度120mm·s^-1时,TC4钛合金Y型材挤压变形过程中的挤压力最小且产品表面质量最好。基于模拟结果,对钛合金Y型材进行挤压工艺试验并观察挤出产品的金相组织。试验结果表明,在挤压模角、温度和速度选择合理的情况下,可以挤出表面、平直度、尺寸等合格质量的TC4钛合金Y型材且挤压后微观组织得到了细化。     

AZ31镁合金薄壁管材反挤压成形的有限元模拟

根据AZ31镁合金流动应力-应变曲线建立了材料模型,应用Deform-3D软件对AZ31镁合金薄壁管材反挤压过程进行了有限元模拟,分析了挤压过程中坯料和管材内部温度场、损伤因子及流动速率的分布情况,着重探讨了不同挤压温度、挤压速度和模角对最高温升、等效应力、流动速率及挤压力峰值的影响。结果表明,AZ31镁合金薄壁管材反挤压的最佳工艺参数:挤压温度为310℃、挤压速度为1mm/s、模角为60°。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。