大功率夹心式压电换能器结构参数计算分析及设计

基于一维纵振理论和机电等效原理,得到了单匹配层夹心式压电换能器辐射声压级的计算公式,通过该公式对换能器结构参数对其谐振频率和辐射声压级(sound pressure level,SPL)的影响进行了计算分析。计算结果表明:换能器径向尺寸对谐振频率的影响不大,但前盖板径向尺寸的增大会提高辐射声压级;纵向尺寸的增大会使换能器系统谐振频率降低,但增加前盖板厚度,或增大前后盖板厚度比,有利于辐射声压级的提高;增加压电晶片的片数、厚度和面积都可使换能器辐射声压级提高;换能器发射端增加匹配层能有效提高辐射声压级,匹配层的厚度和密度对声压级幅值和带宽有影响。依据计算结果,进行了给定指标要求的换能器的设计计算。     

厚度振动换能器脉冲响应的研究

本文对厚度振动图片换能器的导纳、传递函数和脉冲响应进行了研究。利用换能器等效电路、基尔霍夫定律和傅里叶变换给出了导纳、传递函数和脉冲响应的表达式。通过在ＨＰ—１０００微机上进行大量的计算，得到了ＺＮＬ—２压电陶瓷圆片换能器在不同匹配层和背衬层材料的导纳，传递函数和脉冲响应，得出了匹配材料声阻抗分别为４， ６（ １０６ｋｇ／ｍ２· ｓ）和背衬材料声阻抗分别为 ７．５， １５．５（１０６ｋｇ／ｍ２·时左右比较理想，然后用ＨＰ阻抗分析仪、Ｘ—Ｙ３０３３记录仪和脉冲响应测试仪分别测出几个换能器的导纳和脉冲响应，从实验结果可知：理论和实验结果基本符合。所得结果可供工厂生产时参考。     

匹配层换能器的理论探讨

本文对用双匹配层拉宽换能器频带作了理论计算分析,加水密层后重新调节第一匹配层的特性参数及厚度,仍可获得良好的宽带响应。     

一种高频宽带大尺寸的圆柱换能器的设计方法

介绍了一种新的圆柱换能器的设计方法。该高频宽带大尺寸的圆柱换能器采用压电陶瓷颗粒拼接而成,在外层添加一层匹配层,通过对匹配层材料及厚度的选择来提高与水的匹配性能,实现宽带能量传输。     

采用声阻抗匹配技术的宽带聚合物超声换能器

本文提出了一种带有声阻抗匹配层的宽带聚合物超声换能器,其中聚苯乙烯或聚丙烯匹配层粘在偏二氟乙烯和三氟乙烯共聚物(P(VDF—TrFE))压电薄膜的正表面。匹配层厚度为λ/4,对于在水中获得宽带频率响应和尖锐的脉冲响应最为有效,分析的结果和实验结果都证明,换能器加匹配层后,其深度分辨力比一般P(VDF—TrFE)换能器高1.7倍,而灵敏度没有任何降低。用这种新型换能器获得的医疗超声成象表明了它的实用性。     

匹配层厚度振动换能器研究

随着水声信号处理技术的发展,对宽带信号的需求日益增长。换能器的带宽是宽带信号处理的基础,而匹配层技术是拓宽厚度振动换能器频带最有效的方法。研究了多匹配层厚度振动换能器的设计方法,建立了复数形式的多匹配层厚度振动换能器等效网络模型,仿真研究了匹配层参数对换能器响应带宽的影响,指出了单、双匹配层在拓宽换能器带宽方面的限制,还指出匹配层的最佳厚度并非一定就是四分之一波长。在此基础上,制作了单、双匹配层换能器样品,对仿真结果进行了试验验证。测试结果和仿真结果符合得很好。     

三叠片压电复合换能器弯曲振动的比较研究

用瑞利法对三叠片弯振圆盘换能器在三种不同边界条件下的振动特性进行理论研究,推导了谐振频率及有效机电耦合系数的表达式,通过数值计算分析了复合换能器的谐振频率及有效机电耦合系数随换能器各结构参数的变化规律并进行比较研究,同时将计算结果与有限元模拟结果比较,结果表明不同边界条件下换能器的结构参数对谐振频率和有效机电耦合系数影响不同:在换能器结构参数一定时,自由边界条件下谐振频率最大,简支边界条件下最小,固定边界条件下次之;有效机电耦合系数随着金属片厚度、陶瓷片厚度和陶瓷片半径变化时,分别有一个最大值;其他参数一定时,有效机电耦合系数在简支边界条件下最大,自由边界条件下的值稍大于固定边界条件下的值。上述研究结果可为三叠片弯曲振动换能器的设计和实际应用提供一定的理论支持。     

高频声呐换能器梯度匹配层声学特性研究EI北大核心CSCD

在声呐系统中,高效率、超宽带的声呐换能器可以提高其成像分辨率,在海底地貌的探测与识别方面需求迫切。传统换能器的带宽拓展常采用单层或多层均匀匹配层的方法来实现,但由于其未能很好地实现阻抗过渡而较难满足换能器在水中的超宽带性能要求。针对超宽带需求提出的一种声阻抗梯度匹配层材料很大程度上弥补了这一缺点,其特性声阻抗具有按z(x)=z_(1)e^(2αx)指数衰减变化的特点。根据解析计算与有限元仿真的结果,通过流体混合物填充3D精准打印的中空圆锥形结构材料的方式研制了该梯度材料并进行了声阻抗性能测试。在此基础上研制了一款梯度匹配层换能器,从试验结果可知梯度匹配层的相对带宽高出传统双匹配层14%,达到试验设计的结果。     

高频宽带换能器多匹配层研究

在水声应用中,高频换能器往往需要较宽的工作带宽,以获得更多的目标信息。文章首先建立了等效电路模型,利用粒子群算法对匹配层材料和厚度进行初步选定,使得换能器具有最宽的工作频带;其次,通过有限元方法对匹配层换能器的导纳和发射电压响应进行分析计算;最后,在理论分析的基础上成功制得三匹配层高频宽带换能器,其工作频段约为150～430 kHz,相对带宽为93%,带内发送电压响应起伏为-6 dB。实验结果表明,三匹配层设计方案可以有效拓宽高频换能器的工作频段。     

超声换能器环氧树脂-氧化铝匹配层研究

匹配层对超声换能器的性能起着至关重要的作用,寻找合适的匹配层材料是换能器设计中的关键步骤。提出了一种基于环氧树脂-氧化铝复合材料的匹配层材料。首先,测试了不同配比的环氧树脂-氧化铝复合材料的声学性能,对比了其声学特性,并确定了材料的最佳配比。其次,研制了相应的换能器,分析该匹配层对换能器性能的影响,通过脉冲-回波方法测试了其性能参数。最后,基于四分之一波长匹配层原理对匹配层的厚度进行了优化。结果显示,环氧树脂中加入质量分数为 60%的氧化铝粉末的匹配层对换能器的改善效果最佳,该方案减小了换能器接收回波的拖尾,接收回波的幅值提高至 1 136 mV(+104%),-6 dB带宽达到 49.679%(+107%)。结果表明,氧化铝-环氧树脂混合材料可以提升换能器的声学性能,是较为理想的匹配层材料,在高频超声换能器的设计与应用中具有很好的应用前景。     

高频宽带换能器研究

主要研究高频换能器的匹配层技术,通过匹配层技术拓宽换能器的频带,首先利用等效电路法分析高频匹配层换能器,其次通过Matlab仿真分析匹配层材料的密度、声速、厚度变化对换能器电声参数性能的影响,进而对其电声性能进行优化设计,最终制作出一高频宽带换能器。通过实验测得结果与仿真结果基本一致,实验测得换能器的最大发送电压响应为178dB,工作频带为260～370kHz,带内发送电压响应起伏为-3dB,300kHz时换能器指向性-3dB开角为6．5°。     

双激励加匹配层宽带水声换能器研究

采用双激励加匹配层来拓宽换能器的工作频带。利用有限元方法分析了双激励加匹配层换能器在空气中的振动模态,研究了这些模态在水中随几何尺寸以及匹配层材料参数变化的规律。并设计和制作了一种新型三谐振宽带换能器。与双激励或单匹配层换能器相比,增加了近一个倍频程的有效工作带宽,且频带内的响应起伏较平坦。其工作带宽为15kHz～42．5kHz．频带内发送电压响应的起伏为±3dB。     

Preparation and Properties of 1-3 Piezoelectric Composite Transducers

This study demonstrated the preparation of 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducers by using 1-3 piezoelectric composites as the active phases, air as the backing layer and polyurethane as the matching layer. The composite electrode was produced by electroless nickel coating and the effect of the matching layer on transducer performance was investigated in detail. The results showed that the matching layer could improve the receiving sensitivity of the transducer significantly. The receiving response value of the transducer at first increased and then decreased with the increase of the matching layer thickness. This receiving response had the largest head-wave amplitude value when the thickness of the matching layer was about 2.2 mm, which was in good agreement with the theoretical value. The resonance frequency of the transducer in water showed a tendency of low frequencies, and the bandwidth of the transducer in water became much wider than that in air. The reasonable matching layer could improve performance of the transducer effectively.     

A miniaturized catheter 2-D array for real-time, 3-D intracardiac echocardiography

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a 112 channel, 5 MHz, two-dimensional (2-D) array transducer constructed on a six layer flexible polyimide interconnect circuit is described. The transducer was mounted in a 7 Fr (2.33 mm outside diameter) catheter for use in real-time intracardiac volumetric imaging. Two transducers were constructed: one with a single silver epoxy matching layer and the other without a matching layer. The center frequency and -6 dB fractional bandwidth of the transducer with a matching layer were 4.9 MHz and 31%, respectively. The 50 omega pitch-catch insertion loss was 80 dB, and the typical interelement crosstalk was -30 dB. The final element yield was greater than 97% for both transducers. The transducers were used to acquire real-time, 3-D images in an in vivo sheep model. We present in vivo images of cardiac anatomy obtained from within the coronary sinus, including the left and right atria, aorta, coronary arteries, and pulmonary veins. We also present images showing the manipulation of a separate electrophysiological catheter into the coronary sinus.     

压电水声换能器宽带匹配特性研究

采用等效电路变换和多物理场有限元仿真计算进行压电水声换能器宽带匹配特性研究,得出不同匹配电路下的换能器电声性能的变化规律,合理选择电感电容值和串并联方式进行调谐匹配实现双峰谐振,一方面提高换能器的工作带宽,另一方面提高工作频率范围内的发送电压响应值并减小工作频带内响应值的起伏,依照仿真数据设计制作了一款球形换能器,采用串联电感进行调谐匹配,并测试调谐匹配前后的水中电声性能,对比匹配前后换能器性能的差异。结果表明,测试结果和仿真计算吻合,运用多物理场仿真计算手段对于预测分析水声换能器电声性能具有较好的指导意义。     

A low-loss SAW-TV-IF filter with an extended impedance matching range

A novel low-loss SAW (surface acoustic wave) filter for an intermediate frequency (IF) circuit in a color TV receiver has been developed. It consists of an apodized bidirectional and an unapodized group-type unidirectional transducer. The unidirectional transducer is designed to use different numbers of finger pairs in sending and reflecting electrodes for extension of the impedance-matching range. A thin-film capacitor for use as a phase shifter is monolithically fabricated on a 128 degrees Y-X LiNbO(3) substrate. A low insertion loss (11.3 dB) and impedance matching without adjustment are achieved at the same time without increasing the device chip size or number of electrical parts.     

Ultrasound transducer modeling--general theory and applications to ultrasound reciprocal systems

A tutorial presentation on the theory of reciprocal ultrasound systems is given, and a complete set of modeling equations for one-dimensional multi-layer ultrasound transducers is derived from first principles. The model includes dielectric losses and mechanical losses in the transducer material layers as well as sound absorption in the transmission medium. First, the so-called constitutive relations of a piezoelectric body are derived based on general thermodynamic considerations, assuming that transducer operation takes place under almost isentropic conditions. Second, full attention is given to transducers oscillating in the thickness mode, discarding all other vibration modes. Dynamic transducer equations are determined using Newton's Second Law, Poisson's equation, and the definition of strain applied to a piezoelectric transducer with one or more non-piezoelectric layers on the front surface (multilayer transducer). Boundary conditions include continuity of normal velocity and stress across material interfaces as well as a subsidiary electrical condition over the piezoceramic electrodes. Sound transmission is assumed to take place in a water bath such that the Rayleigh equation can be used to obtain the incoming pressure at the receiver aperture from the acceleration of the opposing transmitter. This allows, e.g., a detailed treatment of receiver signal variations as the receiver moves from the near-field zone to the far-field zone of the transmitter. In the remaining part of the paper, receiver voltage and current signals are obtained by solving the full set of dynamic equations numerically. Special attention is given to transducers consisting of a) a pure piezoceramic layer only, b) a piezoceramic layer and a quarter-wavelength matching layer of polyphenylensulphide (PPS), c) a piezoceramic layer and a half-wavelength matching layer of stainless steel, and d) a piezoceramic layer and a half-wavelength matching layer of stainless steel tuned to resonance by a parallel inductance. Results are also given for receiver incoming pressure and receiver voltage signals when sound reception takes place in the near-field and far-field zones of the transmitter.     

Design considerations for piezoelectric polymer ultrasound transducers

Much work has been published on the design of ultrasound transducers using piezoelectric ceramics, but a great deal of this work does not apply when using the piezoelectric polymers because of their unique electrical and mechanical properties. The purpose of this paper is to review and present new insight into seven important considerations for the design of active piezoelectric polymer ultrasound transducers: piezoelectric polymer materials selection, transducer construction and packaging requirements, materials characterization and modeling, film thickness and active area design, electroding selection, backing material design, and front protection/matching layer design. Besides reviewing these design considerations, this paper also presents new insight into the design of active piezoelectric polymer ultrasonic transducers. The design and fabrication of an immersible ultrasonic transducer, which has no adhesive layer between the active element and backing layer, is included. The transducer features direct deposition of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer onto an insulated aluminum backing substrate. Pulse-echo tests indicated a minimum insertion loss of 37 dB and -6 dB bandwidth of 9.8 to 22 MHz (71%). The use of polymer wear-protection/quarter-wave matching layers is also discussed. Test results on a P(VDF-TrFE) transducer showed that a Mylar/sup TM/ front layer provided a slight increase in pulse-echo amplitude of 15% (or 1.2 dB) and an increase in -6 dB pulse-echo fractional bandwidth from 86 to 95%. Theoretical derivations are reported for optimizing the active area of the piezoelectric polymer element for maximum power transfer at resonance. These derivations are extended to the special case for a low profile (i.e., thin) shielded transducer. A method for modeling the non-linear loading effects of a commercial pulser-receiver is also included.