Inconel 625堆焊管板退火过程中的组织和耐蚀性变化

对Inconel 625堆焊管板试样在690 ℃进行不同时间的退火处理,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微、能谱面扫描分析等方法考察退火过程中堆焊管板试样的组织结构和耐蚀性变化。结果表明,不同时间退火的堆焊管板基材12Cr2Mo1R均具有典型的回火粒状贝氏体组织;不同时间退火的堆焊层组织形态均为柱状树枝晶;随着退火时间的增加,堆焊层内在γ-Ni柱状树枝晶的晶界及其附近会不断析出MC型碳化物、Laves相和γˊ相,致使堆焊层腐蚀速率单调增加,耐蚀性随之降低。     

Studies on the oxidation behavior of Inconel 625 between 873 and 1523 K

The oxidation behavior of Inconel 625 during the early stages (<150 min) has been studied at oxygen pressures (P_{O 2}) of 0.12 kPa (0.9 torr) and 101.3 kPa (760 torr) in the temperature range of 1323 K to 1523 K by using TGA and between 873 and 1523 K by using XPS, AES, and EDS. The TGA results correlated well with those obtained by surface analysis of the oxide films. The results of XPS and AES analysis suggested that two distinctly different oxidation mechanisms operate, depending on the temperature of oxidation. Enrichment of the oxide films with respect to Cr₂O₃ occurs above 873 K, the degree of enrichment peaking at about 1200 K such that the oxide films formed at temperatures close to this consist almost exclusively of Cr₂O₃. At temperatures above 1300 K, the oxides of two minor alloying components, Nb and Ti, have been found to be present in the oxide films in significant proportions. The results have been discussed on the basis of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the competing oxide phases and the diffusivities of the alloying elements in Inconel 625.     

Deposition and corrosion resistance of HVOF sprayed nanocrystalline iron aluminide coatings

The microstructure and corrosion properties of nanocrystalline Fe–40Al coatings obtained by thermal spraying of milled powder were investigated. The coatings were sprayed under similar high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) conditions and were varied by the size of the starting feedstock powder. The coatings have complex microstructure consisting essentially of a mixture of well-flattened splats and non-fully melted powder particles within which an equiaxed nanometer-scale structure is retained. Amorphous Al₂O₃ and nanocrystalline Fe-rich oxides together with Fe₃Al (resulting from Al depletion and reaction in the flame) were present at intersplat boundaries. The amount of these phases and porosity, as well as the presence of unmelted powder particles, has been quantified. It is shown that the feedstock powder size has a strong effect on the coating hardness by modifying the amount of hard unmelted powder particles. The electrochemical response of the coatings shows the same general type of active–passive–transpassive behaviour than the microcrystalline bulk Fe–40Al but with poorer corrosion resistance parameters. Analysis of corrosion damage shows a prevalent localized attack at intersplat boundaries or around unmelted powder particles, probably enhanced by galvanic phenomena, that is likely responsible for the poorer corrosion properties of the coatings. To a lesser extent, corrosion takes place by a more global form of attack within splats containing ultrafine grains. If the amount of unmelted powder particles controls the overall hardness of the coatings, it appears to have limited direct effect—if any—on the corrosion behaviour. Thus, the hardness/corrosion balance can be optimized by a good selection of powder size feedstock.     

Influence of HVOF parameters on the corrosion and wear resistance of WC-Co coatings sprayed on AA7050 T7

Thermal spray WC-based coatings are widely used in the aircraft industry mainly for their resistance to wear, reworking and rebuilding operations and repair of worn components on landing gear, hydraulic cylinders, actuators, propeller hub assemblies, gas turbine engines, and so on. The aircraft industry is also trying to use thermal spray technology to replace electroplating coatings such as hard chromium. In the present work, WC-Co coatings were built up on an AA 7050 aluminum alloy using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) technology and a liquid nitrogen cooling prototype system. The influence of the spray parameters (standard conditions, W19S, increasing the oxygen flux, W19H, and also increasing the carrier gas flux, W19F) on corrosion, friction, and abrasive wear resistance were also studied. The coatings were characterized using optical (OM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The friction and abrasive wear resistance of the coatings were studied using Rubber Wheel and Ball on Disk tests. The electrochemical studies were conducted using open-circuit potential (E_OC) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Differences among coated samples were mainly related to the variation of the thermal spray parameters used during the spray process. No significant differences were observed in the wear resistance for the coatings studied, and all of them showed a wear rate around 10 times lower than that of the aluminum alloy. The results of mass loss and wear rate were interpreted considering different mechanisms. Comparing the different spray parameters, the oxygen flux (higher flame temperature) produced the sample which showed the highest corrosion resistance in aerated and unstirred 3.5% NaCl solution. Aluminum ions were detected on the surface almost immediately after the immersion of samples W19S and W19F in chloride solution, showing that the electrolyte reached the substrate and galvanic corrosion probably occurred. For sample W19H, aluminum ions were not detected even after 120 min of immersion in NaCl solution.     

The Effect of Deformation Substructure on the High-Temperature Oxidation of Inconel 625

The high-temperature, isothermal-oxidation behavior of a superalloy was studied in the as-rolled and deformed conditions. The microstructural changes occurring during the oxidation of samples were examined using optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fine-probe EDS microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The topography of the oxide layers formed in the as-rolled and cold-deformed specimens exposed at various temperatures and time intervals is also examined. The kinetics and microstructural results are presented for the comparative study of the structural changes occurring during high-temperature oxidation. It was found that a Cr₂O₃ external layer was adherent and uniform on the rolled specimens in comparison to the scattered and preferential oxide developed on the deformed specimens. The latter can be attributed to the concurrent dynamic changes occurring in the deformed substructure that subsequently lead to breaking and spallation of the oxide.     

Effect of pulsed current micro plasma arc welding process parameters on fusion zone grain size and ultimate tensile strength of Inconel 625 sheets

The paper focuses on developing mathematical models to predict grain size and ultimate tensile strength of pulsed current micro plasma arc welded Inconel 625 nickel alloy. Four factors, five levels, central composite rotatable design matrix is used to optimize the number of experiments. The mathematical models have been developed by response surface method. The adequacy of the models is checked by analysis of variance technique. By using the developed mathematical models, grain size and ultimate tensile strength of the joints can be predicted with 99% confidence level. Contour plots are drawn to study the interaction effect of pulsed current micro plasma arc welding parameters on fusion zone grain size and ultimate tensile strength of Inconel 625 weld joints.     

Study of the influence of microstructural properties on the sliding-wear behavior of HVOF and HVAF sprayed WC-cermet coatings

The microstructural properties of WC-Co-Cr and WC-Co coatings deposited by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) processes were investigated. The tribological behavior of the coatings was studied by means of pin-on-disk tests. Microcracking of the HVOF sprayed WC-Co coatings did not allow preparation of suitable disks for wear tests. The wear rates of the remaining coatings were determined, and wear tracks on the coatings and counterbodies were investigated by SEM. The HVAF sprayed coatings showed greater sliding-wear resistance compared to the HVOF coatings. The prime wear mechanism in the WC-Co HVAF coatings was adhesive wear. The cobalt matrix is lubricious, resulting in very low wear rates and low debris generation. The main wear mechanisms in the WC-Co-Cr coatings were adhesive and abrasive wear. Adhesive wear results in coating material dislodgments (i.e., “pullouts”) that become trapped in the contact zone and act as a third-body abrasive. Particle pullout from the coating significantly increases the wear rate of the coated specimen. The HVAF/WC-Co-Cr coatings exhibited better resistance to particle pullout, resulting in a considerably lower wear rate than the HVOF/WC-Co-Cr coatings.     

Effect of laser surface treatment on corrosion and wear resistance of ACM720 Mg alloy

A creep resistant Mg alloy ACM720 was subjected to laser surface treatment using Nd:YAG laser equipped with a fiber optics beam delivery system in argon atmosphere. This treatment was found to be beneficial for the corrosion and wear resistance of the alloy. Long-term linear polarization resistance and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements confirmed that the polarization resistance values of laser surface treated alloy were twice as high as that for the untreated alloy. The improved corrosion resistance was attributed to the absence of the second phase Al₂Ca at the grain boundary, microstructural refinement and extended solid solubility, particularly of Al, in α-Mg matrix owing to rapid solidification. The laser treatment also increased surface hardness two times and reduced the wear rate considerably due to grain refinement and solid solution strengthening.     

Effect of post-heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of NiWCrBSi HVOF coatings in chloride solution

High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray is one of the most versatile and fastest techniques used to apply wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings to critical component surfaces. In such applications where the material is submitted to a corrosive environment, coating porosity is one of the most important microstructural aspects determining the performance of the material. In the present work, the results regarding the effect of both carburizing flame and argon atmosphere post-heat treatments on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of NiCrWBSi coatings are reported. Both microstructural characterization and porosity determination were carried out before and after the heat treatments. It was determined that both treatments had reduced the porosity considerably, and this reduction was accompanied by pronounced microstructural changes regarding the disappearance of the initial lamellar structure, a more uniform distribution of the hard phases, and a decrease in the number of microcracks and unmelted particles. Results from potentiodynamic studies carried out in a 5% NaCl solution have indicated an increase in the corrosion resistance of both heat-treated coatings.     

Effect of porosity sealing treatments on the corrosion resistance of high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed Fe-based amorphous metallic coatings

High-velocity oxy-fuel-sprayed FeCrMoMnWBCSi amorphous metallic coatings were sealed with sodium orthosilicate (Na₃SiO₄), aluminium phosphate (AlPO₄), and cerium salt sealants. The microstructure of the sealed coatings was characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, and X-ray diffraction. Corrosion behaviour was examined using electrochemical methods of potentiodynamic polarisation, cyclic polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky tests. The results indicated that the uniform corrosion resistance of the three sealed coatings was enhanced greatly, and the passive current densities were decreased by one order of magnitude after the sealing treatments. The AlPO₄ sealant can penetrate the coatings by no less than 50 μm and enhance their hardness, which exhibited a more uniform corrosion resistance, fairly good pitting corrosion resistance, and can be applied in long-term corrosive and/or abrasive environments. The cerium salt-sealed coating showed better pitting corrosion resistance but inferior corrosion resistance in the local regions of micro-cracks, which was practically used for temporary corrosion protection. The Na₃SiO₄-sealed coating showed better uniform corrosion resistance and inferior pitting corrosion resistance, which can be applied in short-term corrosion environments. The stability of the passive film affected the corrosion behaviour of the sealed coatings. The AlPO₄-sealed coating performed better as a protective passive film during the long-term immersion test for a lower defect concentration and a more protective passive film.     

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMox high-entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting

In this study, an Nd:YAG laser was used to carry out laser surface remelting treatment on FeCrNiMnMo_x (x = 0, 0.5, 1) alloys. A study was conducted on the potential impact of Mo on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the laser-remelted layer. According to the research results, FeCrNiMnMo_x alloys were more effective in refining the dendrites, compared with the matrix, whereas the FeCrNiMn alloys' remelted layer exhibited an almost single face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. In comparison, FeCrNiMnMo_0.5 and FeCrNiMnMo₁ alloys' remelted layer displayed the FCC and σ phase. In addition, the dendrite crystals' microstructure can be clearly refined by Mo alloying. Mo is effective in improving the corrosion resistance of the FeCrNiMnMo_x alloys' remelted layer in 3.5% NaCl solution. The pitting resistance of Mo-containing-remelted layers is significantly higher, compared with Mo-free alloy's remelted layer, and the FeCrNiMnMo_0.5-remelted layer shows the most satisfactory corrosion resistance. As revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, the addition of molybdenum promotes the generation of Cr₂O₃ and enhances the corrosion resistance of the remelted layer.     

A study on the intergranular corrosion and pitting resistance of Inconel 625 coating by PTA-P

This study aims to evaluate the influence of heat input and dilution on the corrosion behaviour of a weld overlay coating of Inconel 625 deposited using a plasma transferred arc process. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarisation, double-loop electrochemical potentiometric reactivation and critical pitting temperature (CPT) experiments were performed to determine sensitisation and pitting corrosion resistance of the coating, besides microstructural characterisation and microhardness testing. The overlay showed to be resistant to sensitisation in all cases. Within the scope of this study, only the CPT test was able to cause pitting in the alloy, which showed that increments of the specimen's chemical dilution and heat input induced a lower CPT. This is mainly due to different chemical compositions among the distinct phases present in the coating.     

Particle temperature and velocity effects on the porosity and oxidation of an HVOF corrosion-control coating

Independent control of particle velocity and temperature in the HVOF process has been achieved in this research, allowing these variables to change by 170 m/s and 200 °C, respectively. The independence was achieved using a specially designed nozzle with multiple powder injection ports and by an inert diluent added to the oxygen stream feeding the combustion. Within the available range, notable changes in splat morphology, porosity, and coating oxidation of sprayed 316L stainless steel are readily apparent. Increased particle velocity generally correlates with improved splat deformation but has a weak effect on porosity and no effect on oxidation. Particle temperature, on the other hand, correlates strongly with highly deformed splats, porosity, and oxidation. In fact, highly dense coatings having little oxidation can be formed with relatively low velocity particles if the average particle temperature is kept in the vicinity of the material melting point. This result suggests that particle temperature control is the key to creating dense, low-oxide HVOF-sprayed corrosion-control coatings. Because commercial HVOF equipment currently lacks this capability, the research indicates a useful direction for future development.     

Experimental and ab-initio study of the Zr- and Cr-enriched aluminide layer produced on an IN 713C Inconel substrate by CVD; investigations of the layer morphology,structural stability,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance

The paper discusses the effect of zirconium and chromium on the microstructure and properties of the aluminide layers produced on an Inconel 713C nickel superalloy substrate. The aluminizing process was conducted using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method in AlCl₃ + ZrCl₃ vapors and a hydrogen atmosphere as the carrier gas. This low-activity aluminizing process yielded a diffusive multi-component aluminide layer composed of three main zones: the outer zone, about 3 μm thick, chiefly built of AlNi₂Zr, Ni₃Zr and Al₃Zr₄, the intermediate zone, about 6 μm thick, containing the β-NiAl phase, and the inner zone, with a thickness of about 7 μm, mostly composed of the Cr₂Al and β-NiAl grains. The substrate contained semi-coherent γ′-phases (Ni₃Al) separated from the γ-austenite matrix by a dislocation net. DFT calculations have shown that Cr added to β-NiAl markedly increases the elastic constant C11 and the isotropic shear modulus G, whereas the addition of Zr decreases the C44 component. Moreover, zirconium added to β-NiAl increases its plasticity thanks to the formation of wide-spread metallic ZrNi bonds. It has been found that the Zr + Cr-modified aluminide layer formed on the Inconel 713C nickel superalloy improves its corrosion resistance (as measured in a 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ solution).     

The effect of interlayer on corrosion resistance of ceramic coating/Mg alloy substrate in simulated physiological environment

Ceramic coatings are deposited on biodegradable magnesium alloys by physical vapor deposition to reduce the electrochemical activity in the simulated physiological environment. Although an interlayer is generally used to reduce the mismatch between the hard coating and soft substrate, the effects of the interlayer on the electrochemical corrosion behavior have seldom been explored. In this work, AlO_xN_y ceramic coatings were deposited on AZ31 magnesium alloys with Al or Ti interlayers. Polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted to evaluate the corrosion resistance in the cell culture medium. The AlO_xN_y ceramic coating significantly improved the bio-corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy, but the Ti interlayer accelerated the corrosion rate. In comparison, although the addition of an Al interlayer led to smaller enhancement in the surface mechanical properties of the AlO_xN_y coating, corrosion could be impeded effectively. Our results indicate that an Al interlayer is preferred over Ti and the corrosion failure mechanism is discussed from the perspective of defects.     

Effects of Mn addition on the magnetic property and corrosion resistance of bulk amorphous steels

We aim to obtain bulk amorphous steels (BASs) with low magnetic permeability and high corrosion resistance by designing the compositions of (Fe₄₄Cr₁₀Mo_12.5Mn₁₁C₁₅B₆Y_1.5)_100−xMn_x (x = 0, 2, 4, 8). The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) tests show that the magnetization of the BASs exhibits linear relationship to applied magnetic field, indicating the BASs are paramagnetic at room temperature. It is measured that by increasing Mn content from x = 0 to 8, the magnetic permeability can be decreased from 1.0036 to 1.0025. The potentiodynamic polarization experiments show that the BASs have a high corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl and 1.0 mol/L HCl solutions. Increasing Mn content can improve corrosion resistance of the BASs in 1.0 mol/L HCl solution to a large degree, while it does not take much effect in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Investigation on the corrosion process of carbon steel coated by HVOF WC/Co cermets in neutral solution

The corrosion protection afforded to a carbon steel substrate by two cermet coatings (WC/12 wt.% Co and WC/17 wt.% Co; 0.05, 0.01 and 0.2 mm coating thickness), applied by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) technique, has been studied in 3.5% NaCl solutions. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of cermet constituents, substrate and coated samples, iron and cobalt dissolution kinetics under potentiostatic conditions and galvanic coupling tests have been carried out.Cermet layer hinders the anodic process and WC/17%Co is more protective than WC/12%Co, particularly at high coating thickness. It is likely that the increase in the matrix cobalt content changes the pore morphology, from interconnected to isolated pores, with enhanced protective efficiency.     

The effects of niobium and nickel on the corrosion resistance of the zinc phosphate layers

In this investigation the viability of nickel substitution by niobium in zinc phosphate (PZn) baths has been studied. Samples of carbon steel (SAE 1010) were phosphated in two baths, one containing nickel (PZn + Ni) and the other with niobium substituting nickel (PZn + Nb). Potentiodynamic polarization curves (anodic and cathodic, separately) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the phosphated carbon steels in a 0.5 mol L^− 1 NaCl electrolyte. The phosphate layers obtained were analysed by X-ray diffraction and it was found that they are composed of Zn₃(PO₄)₂.4H₂O (hopeite) and Zn₂Fe(PO₄)₂.4H₂O (phosphophylite). Surface observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the PZn + Ni layer is deposited as needle-like crystals, whereas the PZn + Nb layer shows a granular morphology. The electrochemical results showed that the PZn + Nb coating was more effective in the corrosion protection of the carbon steel substrate than the PZn + Ni layer. The results also suggested that nickel can be replaced by niobium in zinc phosphate baths with advantageous corrosion properties of the layer formed.     

The effect of cysteine on the corrosion of 304L stainless steel in sulphuric acid

The effect of cysteine on the corrosion of 304L stainless steel in 1 mol l⁻¹ H₂SO₄ was studied using open-circuit potential measurements, anodic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the electrochemical measurements obtained in the presence of low cysteine concentration (10⁻⁶-10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹) presented the same behaviour as those obtained in the absence of cysteine, a passivated steel surface. However, for higher cysteine concentrations (10⁻⁴-10⁻² mol l⁻¹), a different behaviour was observed: the corrosion potential stabilized at a more negative value; an active region was observed in the anodic polarization curves and the electrochemical impedance diagrams showed an inductive loop at lower frequencies and a much lower polarization resistance. These results show that the presence of cysteine at high concentration turns the surface of 304L stainless steel electrochemically active, probably dissolving the passivation layer and promoting the stainless steel anodic dissolution. SEM experiments performed after immersion experiments at corrosion potential were in good agreement with the electrochemical results.