R32在小管径水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性试验研究

对R32在?5 mm的水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性进行试验研究和理论分析。试验的蒸发温度为5℃,质量流量范围为100~500 kg/(m2·s),热流密度为8~24 kW/m2。结果表明,沸腾换热系数在1~8 kW/(m2·K)之间,压降在1~4 kPa/m之间。沸腾换热系数随着干度增大而增大,质量流量的增大和热流密度的增大都有利于换热系数的增加。质量流量的变化对压降的影响比较明显。与R32在?7 mm管内流动传热性能相比,换热系数提高了30%左右。将得到的沸腾换热系数和压降试验数据与多个模型的预测结果进行比较,发现多数换热经验关联式的预测误差较大,仅有Fuji-Nagata关联式的预测值与试验值较为接近;压降的预测误差相对较小。     

管径变化对蒸发器性能影响的仿真与实验研究

家用空调换热器采用的管径不同,产生的传热效果等性能有差异。采用空气焓差法,对具有相同制冷量的5 mm管径换热器和7 mm管径换热器进行了蒸发工况的实验,并建立了不同管径换热器的仿真计算模型,分析了管径的变化对蒸发器制冷剂侧和空气侧的换热和压降的影响。对比实验与计算结果,发现:1)5 mm换热器空气侧表面传热系数提高了17%;2)在相同制冷量下,5 mm换热器的制冷剂质量流量减少了4.6%,质量流速增大了89.4%,同时由于管壁热流密度的增大,引起了蒸干点的提前;3)以制冷剂达到相同干度时的换热系数作为基准,随着干度的增加,5 mm管的管内换热系数增大到7 mm管的1.43~1.86倍;同时制冷剂的摩擦压降、加速压降和局部压降均为7 mm换热器的3倍,压降引起了蒸发温度降低1.1℃。     

R134a水平微细管内流动沸腾换热的实验研究

本文对R134a在水平微细管内的流动沸腾进行了实验研究。实验测试段选用了内径为1 mm、2 mm、3 mm共3种不同的水平光滑不锈钢管,实验的饱和温度为5~30℃,热流密度为2~70 k W/m2,流量范围为200~1500 kg/(m2·s)。实验结果表明:相同条件下,干涸前2 mm管较3 mm管换热系数平均增幅为11.6%,1 mm管较2 mm管换热增幅为26.3%,1 mm管径换热系数比3 mm管径平均增大40.8%。随着管径的减小,换热系数在更低的干度开始减小,质量流速和强制对流蒸发作用对换热系数的影响变小,热流密度的影响依然显著;塞状流和弹状流区域减小,泡状流和环状流区域增大。     

R404A小管径冷凝换热与压降关联式的适配性

针对R404A的冷凝换热与压降关联式有很多,但均为基于7 mm或者9.52 mm等大管径光管或者强化管,针对5 mm管径的关联式也都是适用于其它制冷剂,没有R404A小管径冷凝直接适用的关联式。本文采用实验测试与理论计算结合论证的方法,利用控制变量法、性质相似制冷剂优先法筛选出一批关联式,大量对比由关联式计算与由实验数据计算得出的换热系数与压降的偏差,研究关联式的适用性及可修正性。结果表明:M.K.Dobson等提出的冷凝换热关联式乘以修正系数2.13,能很好预测R404A在内螺纹管中的冷凝换热系数,与实验值正偏差为+15.51%,负偏差为-14.13%。X.C.Huang等提出的摩擦压降关联式能很好预测R404A在小管径内螺纹管内冷凝的摩擦压降,与实验值的正偏差为+12.56%,负偏差为-13.58%,两者均可为换热器设计计算提供较准确的理论指导。     

小管径铜管内含油制冷剂流动冷凝换热与压降特性的实验研究

实验研究了小管径铜管内R410A-油混合物的流动冷凝换热与压降特性。测试管为外径为5mm的光管和强化管。实验结果表明,润滑油的存在总是恶化5mm光管和强化管内的换热特性,最大分别恶化24.8%和25.1%。润滑油的存在对光管和强化管内的冷凝压降影响不同。对于光管,润滑油总是降低冷凝压降,最大降低19%。对于强化管,干度小于0.6时,润滑油的存在降低强化管内的压降,最大降低18%;干度大于0.6时,润滑油的存在增大强化管内的压降,最大增强9%。相同工况下,5mm强化管与光管相比,换热系数增大60%～130%、压降增大40%～65%。     

HC290含油工质在水平微肋管内沸腾换热特性及压降的实验研究

实验测试了HC290-Suniso 3GS混合工质在含油浓度为0.43%～5.28%、质量流率为40kg/m2*s～220kg/m2*s,蒸发温度分别为-5℃、0℃、 5℃时在水平微肋管内的沸腾换热特性及压降.蒸发试验段为一套管蒸发器,有效长度为2.0m,内管为内肋强化管,其外径为12.7mm,最大内径为11.44mm,T型肋高0.25mm,螺旋角20°,肋数为60;外套管是一光滑铜管,其内径为19mm.实验结果表明含油工质沸腾平均换热系数随工质质量流率、干度的增大而增加,随含油率的增大而降低,蒸发温度对其影响不大;压降随其质量流率的增大而增大,与光管相比其压降随质量流率的增大要更快,润滑油的加入对压降影响不大.通过测试沸腾换热特性所得的40多个实验数据点,回归出了适用于本实验条件的经验关联式.     

R290在水平微细圆管内沸腾换热特性研究

本文研究了R290在内径为1 mm、2 mm和4 mm水平微细圆管内的沸腾流动换热特性,在饱和温度为15℃条件下,质量流速为50～600 kg/(m²·s)、干度为0～1、热流密度为5～20 k W/m²时,对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了分析。通过实验发现,增大质量流速对传热系数具有增强作用,质量流速对传热系数的影响在低干度区域比高干度区域小。在热流密度方面,传热系数随着热流密度的增大而增大,且在1 mm和2 mm管内观察到了临界干度对传热系数的影响,这时传热系数有断崖式下降的趋势。在管径对于传热系数的影响方面,通过对不同管径换热特性的横向对比,发现在一定工况下传热系数随着管径的减小有所上升。此外本文还对R290已有的部分关联式进行了适配性验证。     

两种不同工质在微通道内沸腾换热特性的实验研究

为研究流体物性、流动和换热过程的状态参量对微通道内沸腾换热特性的影响规律,本文采用去离子水和无水乙醇在当量直径为0.293 mm的矩形微通道进行了不同质量流量和热流密度条件下的沸腾换热实验研究,通过对实验数据的计算和处理,分析总结了流体的热物性、质量流量、热流密度、干度和Bo数等参量对沸腾换热系数的影响规律。结果表明:沸腾换热系数随着热流密度、干度和Bo数的增大而降低,核态沸腾占主导地位;相同的质量流量和热流密度条件下,去离子水的沸腾换热系数明显高于无水乙醇的沸腾换热系数,并且前者的换热系数随质量流量的增大而增大,而后者变化不明显。根据考虑了通道尺寸效应及流体物性参量总结出的换热系数关联式进行了计算,计算结果对去离子水和无水乙醇的平均绝对误差分别为14.2%和16.6%,可认为该关联式适用于微通道内沸腾换热系数的预测。     

水平光滑细管内R1234ze冷凝换热特性实验研究

对流体R1234ze在内径2 mm 的水平光滑圆管内的冷凝换热特性进行了实验研究,设定流体饱和温度为35 ℃、40 ℃,质量流量为100~400 kg/(m2?s),热流密度为4~22 kW/m2。实验获得了R1234ze在不同工况下的冷凝换热系数和摩擦压降。发现R1234ze的冷凝换热系数范围在1.5到8 kW/(m2?K)之间,且随干度的增加而增加,随质量流量的增大而增大,随饱和温度的升高而降低,比在相同工况下R134a 、R32的换热系数分别平均低约22%和31%。R1234ze的摩擦压降随质量流量增加而增大,随饱和温度的升高而降低,高于相同工况下R32的摩擦压降。并将本次实验值与其它经典换热模型和压降模型进行了对比分析,发现Baird等人的模型对本次实验的换热系数预测较好,对其它文献中的相似数据点预测也较好。Müller- Heck模型对摩擦压降预测最好。     

R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性

氨制冷剂存在可燃性和毒性,因此减少其在制冷系统中的充注量极为重要。小管径换热管通常可以提供更高的表面传热系数,这可以作为提升换热器紧凑性同时减少系统中充注量的有效方法。本文搭建了氨制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热及压降测试实验装置,测试了氨制冷剂在4 mm水平光管内的流动沸腾换热及压降,并分析了干度、质量流速及热流密度对换热及压降特性的影响。结果表明:流动沸腾换热表面传热系数随着干度的增加而增大,同时质量流速和热流密度越高,流动沸腾换热表面传热系数越大。此外,氨制冷剂在管内的两相摩擦压降也随着干度的增加而增大,在固定干度下,质量流速的升高导致压降增大。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.