Design guidelines of actively mode-locked fiber ring lasers

This letter presents guidelines of how to design actively mode-locked fiber ring lasers to generate nearly transform-limited soliton pulses. The minimum fiber cavity length and/or dispersion, with which nearly transform-limited soliton pulses can be generated, need to satisfy an additional condition besides two previously known conditions of stability     

Comparison of nonlinear pulse interactions in 160-Gb/s quasi-linear and dispersion managed soliton systems

The understanding and development of 160-Gb/s transmission systems requires the study of the impact of different dispersion compensation schemes on pulse propagation in nonlinear fiber. In this paper, we present an investigation of 160-Gb/s optical transmission systems, focusing on optimal propagation regimes, and in particular, we analyze different transmission limitations and dominant nonlinear effects by comparing quasi-linear and dispersion managed soliton systems. Two quasi-linear systems, one using nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) and the other single-mode fiber (SMF), and one short-period (1 km) dispersion managed soliton (DMS) system are studied, both for single-channel and wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) transmission. First, the performance of the two quasi-linear systems in single-channel transmission are compared and it is shown that the NZDSF and SMF systems allow similar error-free transmission distances with only small differences in the intrachannel four-wave mixing (IFWM) induced amplitude jitter. The effect of pulsewidth on transmission performance in this regime was investigated and the use of shorter pulses was found to result in lower amplitude jitter. We analyzed the behavior of the DMS system and showed that the reduced pulse broadening during transmission allowed a significantly longer single-channel transmission distance with a smaller impact of nonlinearities compared to quasi-linear propagation. The sensitivity of the DMS system performance to statistical fluctuations in the fiber dispersion was studied and the results show the level of accuracy in the dispersion management map which must be ensured in these systems. Finally, the performance of the DMS in WDM transmission was investigated and it was found that it was subject to very large penalties increasing the minimum channel spacing possible because of the strong impact of interchannel cross-phase modulation (XPM).     

10GHz ps光孤子在G652光纤中的绝热传输实验

利用二次谐波频率分辨光学门(FROG)脉冲分析仪,实验研究了一阶啁啾ps光孤子在普通单模光纤(SMF)中长距离绝热传输时脉冲波形、脉宽和啁啾的变化规律。实验结果表明,在色散较大的标准SMF中,一阶啁啾孤子的稳定传输长度超过1000个色散长度,即很好地保持双曲正割波形不变(啁啾不影响孤子的波形),但啁啾孤子的脉宽展宽速度高于非啁啾孤子绝热传输的微扰结果;采取预加重措施,可以减小孤子脉宽的增大。因此,对于占空比较小的ps孤子脉冲,可以不必采用复杂的消啁啾和色散管理措施,就可以利用绝热方式进行稳定传输。     

Stretched-pulse optical fiber communications

We compare numerically long-distance propagation of two types of nonlinear pulses: a stretched pulse in a fiber with alternating normal and anomalous dispersion and a soliton in a fiber with uniformly anomalous dispersion. Numerical evaluation of timing jitter and Q factor reveals that stretched pulses can be propagated over longer distances than solitons with the same (averaged) fiber dispersion in the presence of weak fixed-frequency filtering. We also examine pulse-to-pulse interactions between stretched pulses and the influence of fluctuations of the fiber dispersion.     

Self-starting, passively mode-locked Fabry-Perot fiber solitonlaser using nonlinear polarization evolution

The authors demonstrate pure self-starting mode-locked operation in a fiber Fabry-Perot cavity. The laser produces 1.6 ps transform-limited soliton pulses by means of nonlinear polarization evolution in conjunction with an intracavity fiber polarizer. This laser system can be used for the generation and study of soliton pulses in the picosecond regime. With a careful choice of the fiber dispersion and fiber length, the system should also be able to operate in the femtosecond regime. The advantage of the system over existing self-starting fiber soliton lasers is that an optical isolator (an expensive component) is not required. The replacement of the two mirrors with fiber reflection gratings would make this configuration a truly all-fiber device     

高非线性光子晶体光纤中飞秒脉冲压缩(特邀)

采用全矢量有限元法和分步傅里叶法模拟计算了高非线性光子晶体光纤在近红外光谱区（特别是在850 nm）的飞秒脉冲孤子效应压缩,提出了一种新的反常群速度色散（2=-50.698 ps2/km）、小高阶色散和高非线性（=268.419 1 W-1/km）二氧化硅芯光子晶体光纤结构,建立了包含高阶色散和拉曼散射的非线性薛定谔方程,研究了高斯脉冲在此光纤中传输时,光纤长度和孤子阶数对脉冲压缩的影响,分析了光纤中2~5阶色散,研究表明:孤子阶数为8时,品质因子和压缩因子均达到最大,初始脉冲的峰值功率P0=3 357.8 W,压缩效果最好;优化光纤几何和光学参数,可以得到了高品质因数、小底座的超短光脉冲。     

Higher order soliton pulse compression in dispersion-decreasingoptical fibers

Compression of higher order optical solitons in fibers with anomalous dispersion decreasing along their length is investigated. We demonstrate high-quality compression of pulses with initial soliton order 1相似文献   

基于交叉相位调制的孤子脉冲压缩效应研究

在负色散区 ,基本孤子在光纤中传输时其波形与脉宽保持不变。提出一种在负色散区利用交叉相位调制效应压缩基本孤子脉冲的新方法。采用分步傅里叶方法对非线性耦合方程进行了数值计算与模拟。研究了不同抽运功率、不同抽运脉冲啁啾参数以及不同脉宽对基本孤子脉冲压缩的影响。发现基本孤子脉冲不仅能够被压缩 ,而且光纤存在最佳压缩长度。在抽运功率一定的条件下 ,选取负啁啾的抽运脉冲 ,可获得更高压缩比的压缩光脉冲。另外 ,不同的脉冲宽度对孤子脉冲的压缩产生较大的影响 ,一般情况下 ,选用较窄的抽运脉冲易于产生较短的压缩光脉冲     

Pedestal suppression from compressed femtosecond pulses using anonlinear fiber loop mirror

The compression of higher order soliton pulses in dispersion decreasing fibers (DDF's) generates ultrashort fundamental soliton-like pulses accompanied by a broad low-intensity pedestal component. In this paper, we investigate the subsequent removal of the pedestal using a nonlinear optical fiber loop mirror (NOLM) to produce high-quality pulses. The influence of higher order effects such as stimulated Raman scattering and third-order fiber dispersion on the pedestal removal from ultrashort pulses are considered, and the effectiveness of using dispersion-flattened fiber within the loop is shown. The technique is experimentally demonstrated for 540-fs pulses generated by compression in DDF. In this case, high-quality pulses are produced by pedestal removal using a NOLM constructed from dispersion-shifted fiber     

Effects of group velocity dispersion on self/cross phase modulationin a nonlinear Sagnac interferometer switch

Time-resolved numerical analysis of a nonlinear Sagnac interferometer switch (NSIS) reveals that the combined effects of group velocity dispersion (GVD), self phase modulation, cross phase modulation, and pump-probe walk-off seriously degrade switching performance when the soliton number N of the pump pulse is under 5. This means that the peak power of short pump pulses cannot be reduced to less than the critical value at N>5 to prevent the effect of GVD. This restriction is more severe for pump pulses in the anomalous dispersion region than for those in the normal dispersion region because of higher-order soliton compression. System designs for time-division demultiplexers that use NSISs and picosecond pump pulses generated by a laser-diode coupled to erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are discussed. It is found that 1:32 demultiplexing from 160 to 5 Gb/s and 1:8 demultiplexing from 80 to 10 Gb/s with a switching contrast of more than 60 are possible using diode-laser-pumped 1- and 2-ps pump pulses, respectively     

Hartree近似法研究色散缓变光纤中孤子的量子效应

利用含时Ｈａｒｔｒｅｅ 近似法得到色散缓变光纤的量子非线性薛定格方程,在一定条件下,有量子态的孤子解,并由此方程讨论经典和量子效应对孤子传输的影响,由此我们进一步发现,光场算符的量子力学的平均值是一系列修正的经典孤子的选加,色散缓解应等效为一个长距离分布参数的光纤放大器,导致非线性效应增加,使孤子受到压缩     

高阶色散和非线性效应下三阶孤子对传输的研究

高阶色散及高阶非线性效应是制约光孤子稳定传输的重要因素。基于光孤子传输的非线性薛定谔方程,综合考虑三阶色散和五阶非线性的影响,采用分步傅里叶算法,数值研究了三阶孤子对间的相互作用。结果表明：三阶色散导致三阶孤子对无规则地裂变,裂变后的光脉冲形状发生畸变,脉冲中心位置出现偏移;考虑负五阶非线性作用后,在一定程度上抑制了孤子裂变,但是光脉冲在传播过程中伴有能量转移。而正五阶非线性作用使三阶孤子对传输图形进一步恶化。适当地选取负五阶非线性参数值,可以完全消除三阶孤子对的裂变和相互作用,改善了脉冲中心位置的线性偏移。     

基于色散平坦光纤的二阶孤子压缩

将再生锁模光纤激光器(RMLFL)输出的约5.8 ps脉宽的高质量无啁啾双曲正割脉冲,通过掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)放大后注入4.28 km长的色散平坦光纤(DFF)中,利用二阶孤子压缩效应成功地将脉冲压缩到1.74 ps,压缩比为3.3,与理论计算结果完全一致。与基于色散渐减光纤(DDF)的绝热孤子压缩(ASC)方案相比,该方案在同样的孤子阶数下大大降低了入射功率,而且色散平坦光纤的非色散渐减特性决定了它对于不同波长、不同脉宽的输入都可以通过调整输入脉冲功率和选取合适的光纤长度来配合满足压缩条件。虽然压缩因子不大,但基本能满足需求。     

Microstructure Fiber Soliton Laser

We demonstrate femtosecond pulse operation of a soliton fiber laser at 1.06-mum wavelength. This laser makes use of a single piece of microstructure fiber that has been designed to simultaneously provide anomalous dispersion and laser gain. Using a saturable absorber mirror with deep modulation depth to initiate and sustain mode-locking, this fiber provides clean and nearly transform-limited pulses down to a pulse duration of 180 fs. To the best of our knowledge, this constitutes the first demonstration of a pure soliton fiber laser in the neodymium gain band     

光纤中双脉冲传输的频率啁啾及脉冲压缩

对双脉冲在光纤中传输时所满足的非线性耦舍方程进行了理论分析和数值计算,求得了脉冲演化时啁啾参量的一般表达式。结果表明,利用交叉相位调制效应压缩光脉冲时,无论泵浦脉冲还是信号脉冲,其线性源啁啾都对光脉冲的压缩产生重要影响。在泵浦功率一定的条件下,选取负啁啾的泵浦脉冲和正啁啾的信号脉冲易于获得更短的压缩光脉冲。     

Special erbium fiber amplifiers for short pulse switching, lasers,and propagation

We show that specially tailored erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) can be useful for short-pulse soliton lasers, switching, and propagation. EDFA properties include group-velocity dispersion, birefringence, doping level, and doping distribution; and changing each of these properties enables novel applications. Polarization-maintaining EDFA's can Re used in erbium-doped fiber lasers to avoid intensity-dependent or temperature-dependent state of polarization. We have demonstrated a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser that generates nearly transform-limited 320 fs pulses with 40 pJ energy using a polarization-maintaining EDFA near the zero dispersion wavelength and a bulk InGaAsP saturable absorber. Moderately birefringent EDFA's can be used to control the walkoff and interaction between orthogonally polarized solitons in all-optical switches. For example, through numerical simulations, we design an all-optical cascadable logic gate with a fanout of 2.7 and energy contrast of 5.5 based on interactions in a soliton period long EDFA. Furthermore, distributed EDFA's can be used for long-distance soliton propagation to shepherd the pulse using bandwidth-limited gain. For picosecond soliton pulses, we show that soliton self-frequency shift and Gordon-Hans effects limit propagation to below 100 km even for low-dispersion fibers. Bandwidth-limited amplification in EDFA may counteract frequency shift due to the soliton self-frequency shift, while frequency filters may suppress the Gordon-Hans effect. Also, because the gain spectral profile for the three-level EDFA changes with pump intensity, complications arise from pump attenuation, and the corresponding changes in the gain spectral profile along the length of the fiber     

Generation of pedestal-free 22-fs ultrashort pulse using highly nonlinear fiber and reverse-dispersion fiber

We present an all-fiber system for generating pedestal-free 22-fs ultrashort pulses with a single-peak spectrum. High-power Raman soliton pulses and a normally dispersive highly nonlinear fiber are used to generate a smooth, broadened single-peak spectrum. Then, the higher order dispersion is compensated for using a hybrid fiber composed of a reverse-dispersion fiber and a standard single-mode fiber, which allows pedestal-free ultrashort pulses to be successfully generated. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of pedestal-free 20-fs-class ultrashort pulse generation without spectral distortion using an all-fiber configuration.     

有损色散渐变光纤中孤子串的产生

本文给出了超短脉冲在有损耗的色散渐变光纤中所满足的准非线性薛定谔方程，通过数值模拟，较全面的分析了双频差拍光信号在这种光纤中形成孤子串的过程，分析指出，计及和忽略损耗，脉冲串的传播行为有明显不同，因此损耗不能轻易忽略。     

Combined influence of third-order dispersion,intra-pulse Raman scattering,and self-steepening effect on soliton temporal shifts in telecommunications

Here, we discuss the influence of higher-order nonlinear effects like third-order dispersion, intra-pulse Raman scattering, and self-steepening effects on 1-ps soliton pulse shift or displacement from its initial position. The temporal shifts of soliton due to these higher-order nonlinear effects were studied numerically by “Method of Moments” to realize the contribution of these HOE on shifts. Further, we note the influence of positive and negative TOD on the shift produced by the combined HOE. The soliton shift is then analyzed in 160-Gbps telecommunication system implemented with conventional single-mode fiber (C-SMF) for the length 10 and 20 km. The disturbances between the adjacent soliton pulses in noted with different 16-bit data sequences, and the deterioration of system is characterized in terms of quality factor. It could be seen for an unchirped soliton of pulsewidth \(T_{\mathrm{o}}\sim 1\hbox {ps}\), the shift is highly influenced due to intra-pulse Raman scattering, while the shifting due to third-order dispersion can be treated negligibly small. Moreover, negative TOD was expected to inhibit the soliton temporal shift such that it would reduce collision with adjacent pulses; it results in more resonant radiation resulting in pulse decaying. Although negative TOD helps in good reception of pulses for 10 km, it fails to perform in system with 20 km C-SMF, where the dispersive components break more and more while traveling along the length of fiber.     

Mode-Locked Bi-Doped All-Fiber Laser With Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating

We demonstrate a bi-doped fiber laser with dispersion compensation provided by a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating. Reliable self-starting mode-locking was achieved by using an InGaAsN semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. The all-fiber laser generated short optical pulses with a duration of 1.9 ps at ~ 1165 nm. The large anomalous dispersion of the fiber grating ensured operation in the soliton pulse regime. This in turn enabled us to increase the repetition rate of the output pulse train up to 100.6 MHz via harmonic mode-locking.