国内垃圾焚烧发电汽轮机技术发展现状

垃圾焚烧发电技术的推广应用既能缓解环境压力,又能带来经济效益。汽轮机作为电厂的关键设备之一,对保证整个电厂的能源转换效率起着关键作用。从汽轮机主蒸汽参数、功率等级、热力循环系统3方面介绍了垃圾发电汽轮机的最新技术发展方向。同时介绍了3款典型的非再热垃圾发电汽轮机产品,旨在推动国内垃焚烧圾发电行业的进一步发展。     

关于电厂汽轮机节能降耗的研究与探讨

为提高电厂经济效益,结合电厂实际,对汽轮机进行研究分析。首先对电厂汽轮机节能降耗工作进行可行性分析;总结出电厂节能降耗的主要影响因素,最后给出了电厂汽轮机节能降耗对策。     

大型电厂空冷技术及其特点分析

我国华北、西北、东北广大地区是煤炭的主要产地,但水资源短缺已成为这些地区电力工业发展、经济建设及人民生活水平提高的制约因素之一。空冷机组是解决富煤贫水地区的电力工业发展问题的有效措施。介绍了国内外电厂空冷技术的发展状况,分析了国内外电厂广泛应用的三种空冷系统的主要特点。     

上汽-西门子型百万千瓦超超临界汽轮机

介绍了上海汽轮机有限公司1000MW超超临界汽轮机的技术特点。通过采用高温材料、大容量单轴汽轮机模块以及一系列独特结构和先进技术,使机组的经济性和安全可靠性达到世界先进水平。该机组还能满足今后更高参数、更低背压、空冷、热电联供等不同超超临界电厂的要求,在我国高效洁净燃煤发电领域具有广阔的发展前景。     

燃煤电厂汽轮机的节能降耗

燃煤电厂在我国发电企业中所占比例较大,属于使用能源较多的电力企业。燃煤电厂的经济运行对能源的消耗以及发电成本的高低有着直接的影响,进而关系到企业的经济效益水平。其中,汽轮机进行节能优化改造对于燃煤电厂来说是非常重要的。通过对汽轮机运行方式进行改善和优化,充分了解影响汽轮机节能降耗的各个因素,同时根据不同因素提出相应的优化建议,确保电厂达到节能降耗的目的。     

城市垃圾热解焚烧发电主厂房布置设计

通过对垃圾热解焚烧设备及附属设备的总体布置,提供一种主厂房布置设计方法.并对垃圾电厂的一些特点进行针对性的设计.     

高效率的超临界汽轮机

即将于今年投入运行的丹麦斯卡拜卡电厂三号机将是目前世界上效率最高的汽轮机。该机组是两次再热式汽轮机，蒸汽参数是２８５ｂａｒ，５８０℃／５８０℃／５８０℃。能为丹麦公用事业集团Ｅｌｓａｍ供电以及区域性供热。     

我国汽轮机工况及容量规范的应用状况

对目前我国电力工业所采用的三种汽轮机容量定义规范的来由、特点和应用状况进行了简要的介绍.分析和论证表明,为充分发挥设备的功率贮备,提高电厂运行的经济性,降低单位千瓦制造和运行成本,应在汽轮机设计,制造以及电厂运行中采用国际通用的IECA5-1规范.     

运行层布置侧向／轴向排汽CM型凝汽器

目前汽轮机电厂布置市场趋势就是所谓的紧凑电厂，持别是联合循环电厂更是如此。为减少电厂’土建投资成本，电厂应建得尽可能的紧凑。这对透平／凝汽器的布置将产生显著影响。按照传统，凝汽器垂直布置在汽轮机     

电厂汽轮机运行的节能降耗

分析了影响电厂汽轮机运行过程中能源消耗的各项因素,提出了几点节能降耗的具体措施,如保障汽轮机良好的真空度、把握好汽轮机的给水温度、强化汽轮机运行管理、保持汽轮机凝汽器最佳真空等,为电厂的管理人员提供一定的参考与借鉴。     

Biogas from cattle slaughterhouse waste: Energy recovery towards an energy self-sufficient industry in Ireland

This study was carried out to assess the energy recovery potential from organic industrial by-products of a cattle slaughtering facility. There are several processes to convert organic material to energy; the technology of interest in this study was anaerobic digestion, the biological conversion of degradable organic material into methane. The scenario was initially confined to a full scale cattle slaughtering facility processing 3.28% of heads slaughtered in Ireland. The methane potential of dissolved air flotation sludge, paunch, soft offal as well as a mixed waste stream (combination of individual waste streams) was determined through a series of biochemical methane potential assays under mesophilic conditions. The methane potential of the characterised waste streams ranged from 49.5 to 650.9 mLCH₄ gVS⁻¹. The potential energy recovery from the mixed waste stream resulted in the prospective subsidy of 100% of the energy demands of the slaughtering facility as well as the energy demands for the production of the biogas. When investigating the impact of energy recovery from the entire sector the potential energy recovery equated to 1.63% of the final energy demands of the Irish industrial sector. This could potentially increase the RES in Ireland from 7.8% to 8.13% contributing to both RES-E and RES-H.     

Heat Exchangers as Equipment and Integrated Items in Waste and Biomass Processing

Heat recovery systems play an important role in waste to energy and biomass processing. An efficient approach that follows a recommended hierarchy in design, process as a whole (e.g., incineration) → subsystem of the process (e.g., heat recovery system) → equipment (e.g., air pre-heater), is shown. Important factors have to be taken into consideration in processes for incineration (combustion of biomass), especially available energy, specific features of hot process fluid (flue gas), type of waste/biomass, fouling, and environmental impact. A combination of intuitive design, know-how, and a sophisticated approach based on up-to-date computational tools is shown. Some novel types of heat exchangers (e.g., air preheaters for high- and low-temperature applications, heat recovery steam generators and/or heaters, and those for specific applications) that can be substituted for conventional ones are presented. An improved or even optimum design of heat exchangers requires computational support in the following areas: a simulation based on energy and mass balance, the thermal and hydraulic calculation of heat exchangers, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) approach, optimization, and heat integration. Some examples are presented. An approach that ranges from an idea to an industrial application is demonstrated on the novel design of integrated compact equipment (combustion chamber installed inside heat exchanger) for the thermal treatment of waste gases, including heat recovery. This approach involves simulation for obtaining basic process parameters, thermal and hydraulic calculations, design of experimental facility, the manufacture of the equipment and building of this facility, operation and functionality testing, data acquisition for validating and improving the CFD model, and the utilization of feedback from industrial applications.     

Creation of a recycling-based society optimised on regional material and energy flow

One method of establishing a new society involving low environmental load, a so-called “recycling-based society,” is to recycle waste. If waste is incinerated, energy may be produced. However, if waste is to be converted to new raw materials or products, it is likely that energy will have to be provided. The extent of waste recovery affects the energy balance in the recycle process. Energy supply and demand is, hence, a key concept in making a recycling based society a feasible proposition. The main objective of this study was to develop a method of assessing the optimal extent of a recycling based society from the viewpoint of energy balance. The method is as follows. Energy consumption in the recovery process is estimated using the distribution of waste discharge sites and recycling facility locations having the minimum waste transport distance. The energy consumption in the conversion process and the energy supply in the incineration process are estimated using specific data from existing recycle and incineration facilities. The proper extent of recovery is one in which energy demand is equal to energy supply. As an example, we apply the method to the Aichi Prefecture in Japan and propose an effective industrial waste transport system for the region.     

余热锅炉可视化热力计算程序的开发

基于余热锅炉热力计算理论和实际工程中锅炉运行所得的宝贵经验数据,开发了界面友好、应用便捷的可视化热力计算程序,有效地改进了原有程序的不足,并根据工程需要实现新功能的开发,使得计算结果合理而准确,通过原有工程实例验证,证明该程序可行,通过该程序不仅提高了设计效率,也保证了设计质量。     

Assessment of environmental and economic performance of Waste-to-Energy facilities in Thai cities

Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies seem to be an option to tackle the growing waste management problems in developing Asia. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the environmental and economic attributes of two major WtE technologies: landfill gas to energy (LFG-to-energy) and incineration in Thai cities. Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, net fossil resource consumption and net life-cycle cost (LCC) were used as the basic indicators for measuring performance of these two technologies from a life cycle perspective. The assessment found that at the current efficiency level, both the LFG-to-energy project and the incineration facility contribute to GHG mitigation and fossil resource savings as compared to the Business as Usual (BAU) practice. However, the financial returns from these operations are very low and insufficient to compensate the costs. The paper argues that substantial improvements of WtE plants can be made by adopting proper management practices, enhancing the efficiencies of energy production. Such upgrading would further reduce GHG emissions, increase fossil resource savings and strengthen the financial performance to the benefit of local governments. The authors recognize the potential of incorporating other treatment options along with WtE technologies, for moving towards more sustainable waste management approaches like integrated waste management systems.     

Development of revised R1 thermal energy efficiency guidelines for energy from waste plants

Energy from Waste (EfW) offers a means of generating usable energy from waste resources, which would otherwise go to landfill. The R1 energy efficiency formula developed by the European Commission is widely used in the assessment of the thermal energy efficiency of an EfW facility. The assessment of the thermal energy efficiency of an EfW plant is critical as this determines whether the facility passes as an energy generation or disposal facility impacting on whether the facility pays waste levy or not. The adoption of the R1 formula ‘as is’ disadvantages smaller‐sized plants and plants operating in warm climate regions, which impacts the heat demand as well as the efficiency of electricity generation. This study presents a review of a range of external factors, such as size and climate, and their impacts on the calculation of thermal energy efficiency. A key contribution is the development of mathematical relations to be used as sub‐criteria in conjunction with the European R1 formula in considering the impacts of these external variants. Climate and size correction factors have consequently been developed, and a means of applying the R1 formula to alternative end products such as biochar and biofuels has been proposed. The work offers a worked example to show how the sub‐criteria can be used in practice specifically in the Australian context. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heat and mass transfer characteristics of a rotating regenerative total energy wheel

An experimental investigation has been carried out to determine the operating performance of a rotating regenerative total energy wheel (TEW). A total energy wheel is a device which conserves both sensible and latent energies. It transfers heat from a warmer to a cooler airstream while simultaneously transferring moisture from a more humid to a less humid airstream. The effectiveness of a TEW device has been measured in a special experimental facility which incorporates features that enable the obtainment of data of high accuracy. The heart of the facility is a spacious, compartmented plenum chamber made from extruded, closed-cell polystyrene which is free of extraneous heat transfer and air leakage. The plenum allows for well-defined inlet and exit conditions for the heat/moisture exchanger being evaluated. Only the plenum need be reconfigured to accommodate each heat/moisture exchanger type, a task that can be performed in a day. The remainder of the facility is universal for all heat/moisture exchangers. Most of the instrumentation is located in the universal part of the facility and is not affected by plenum reconfigurations.     

Towards a standard methodology for greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems in comparison with fossil energy systems

In this paper, which was prepared as part of IEA Bioenergy Task XV (“Greenhouse Gas Balances of Bioenergy Systems”), we outline a standard methodology for comparing the greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems with those of fossil energy systems. Emphasis is on a careful definition of system boundaries. The following issues are dealt with in detail: time interval analysed and changes of carbon stocks; reference energy systems; energy inputs required to produce, process and transport fuels; mass and energy losses along the entire fuel chain; energy embodied in facility infrastructure; distribution systems; cogeneration systems; by-products; waste wood and other biomass waste for energy; reference land use; and other environmental issues. For each of these areas recommendations are given on how analyses of greenhouse gas balances should be performed. In some cases we also point out alternative ways of doing the greenhouse gas accounting. Finally, the paper gives some recommendations on how bioenergy systems should be optimized from a greenhouse-gas-emissions point of view.     

CAPE-OPEN simulation of waste-to-energy technologies for urban cities

Uncontrolled waste disposal and unsustainable waste management not only damage the environment, but also affect human health. In most urban areas, municipal solid waste production is constantly increasing following the everlasting increase in energy consumption. Technologies aim to exploit wastes in order to recover energy, decrease the depletion rate of fossil fuels, and reduce waste disposal. In this paper, the annual amount of municipal solid waste disposed in the greater metropolitan area of Thessaloniki is taken into consideration, in order to size and model a combined heat and power facility for energy recovery. From the various waste-to-energy technologies available, a fluidised bed combustion boiler combined heat and power plant was selected and modelled through the use of COCO, a CAPE-OPEN simulation software, to estimate the amount of electrical and thermal energy that could be generated for different boiler pressures. Although average efficiency was similar in all cases, providing almost 15% of Thessaloniki’s energy needs, a great variation in the electricity to thermal energy ratio was observed.     

Assessment of potential biomass energy production in China towards 2030 and 2050

The objective of this paper is to provide a more detailed picture of potential biomass energy production in the Chinese energy system towards 2030 and 2050. Biomass for bioenergy feedstocks comes from five sources, which are agricultural crop residues, forest residues and industrial wood waste, energy crops and woody crops, animal manure, and municipal solid waste. The potential biomass production is predicted based on the resource availability. In the process of identifying biomass resources production, assumptions are made regarding arable land, marginal land, crops yields, forest growth rate, and meat consumption and waste production. Four scenarios were designed to describe the potential biomass energy production to elaborate the role of biomass energy in the Chinese energy system in 2030. The assessment shows that under certain restrictions on land availability, the maximum potential biomass energy productions are estimated to be 18,833 and 24,901?PJ in 2030 and 2050.