节流短管流量特性试验研究

通过试验研究R22流过节流短管的流动特性,分析影响节流短管中制冷剂流量的几个重要因素;上游压力、下游压力、上游过冷度和短管直径。试验结果表明,当节流短管的下游压力小于上游温度所对应的饱和压力时,制冷剂出现壅塞现象,此时制冷剂流量不再受下游压力变化的影响;上游压力、上游过冷度、短管直径对制冷剂流量的影响较大。     

节流式流量计流出系数准确性研究

本文在深入分析节流式流量计流出系数特性的基础上 ,提出了用动态流出系数提高流量测量精度的方法 ,对节流式流量计的具体应用 ,提高流量测量精度和范围度等具有指导意义     

短管节流流量特性实验研究

通过毛细管与短管节流气态流量特性的实验研究,对比分析两者的气态流量特性,得出节流短管气态流量与孔径的函数关系,证明节流短管内制冷剂的流量函数与N2的流量函数类似,短管节流与毛细管节流具有相似的气态流量特性,可以将节流短管当作长度较短的毛细管进行研究。     

两级压缩制冷循环热力分析

在相同制冷工况条件下,对四种两级压缩制冷循环的制冷系数进行了理论推导和分析,对不同的中间冷却型式和节流型式进行了系统的分析和比较,为实际应用中的选择提供了理论依据,同时获得了两级压缩制冷循环的特点,在选用中间冷却方式时要首先考虑制冷剂的因素,在制冷剂允许的条件下,尽量采用中间完全冷却,因为在相同条件下,这种方案的制冷系数较大;在选择一次节流或两次节流时,不必考虑制冷剂和制冷系数的因素,而应综合考虑系统其他因素.在实际问题中,具体问题具体分析,综合考虑各方面的因素,确定最优化方案.     

星型线分布椭圆入口七孔流量传感器的研究

基于流体连续性方程、伯努利方程、星型线方程,差压式流量计的基本测量原理,边界层理论,计算机模拟系统以及水流量试验装置,将星型线理论应用于差压式流量计节流元件中,建立了星型分布椭圆入口七孔流量传感器的数学模型,并确定了基本结构形式,采用仿真模拟与实流标定相结合的方法,采集流量系数,通过数值分析不同参数的结构形式的流量系数,最终确定星型分布椭圆入口七孔流量传感器的结构形式及精确度等级。     

空气源热泵热水器系统性能分析

为了预测空气源热泵热水器的运行性能,提高系统稳定性和降低能耗,建立空气源热泵热水器系统仿真模型,在焓差实验室对一台水箱容积为150L的一体式空气源热泵热水器样机进行变工况实验以验证模型的准确性,利用所建立的模型研究蒸发器入口空气流速及制冷剂质量流量对机组性能的影响。结果表明:系统制热量和COP都随环境温度的升高而不断增大;系统制热量随蒸发器入口空气流速的增大而呈增大趋势,在达到某值后,系统制热量变化趋于稳定;系统COP随制冷剂质量流量的不断增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,即制冷剂质量流量存在最佳值使得热泵性能系数最高。     

气液两相流流型振荡诱发制冷循环不稳定性的实验研究

研究利用变制冷剂流量制冷循环的实验平台结合流动显示方法发现:1)蒸发器出口的制冷剂气液两相流流型存在过热蒸汽流和雾状流两种型式,二者之间存在一个转变过渡区域,此时,两种流型闪动交替出现,回气温度随机性波动;2)膨胀阀出口(即蒸发器入口)的制冷剂气液两相流的流型存在液一气分相流、泡一气分相流两种型式,二者之间也存在一个转变过渡区,此时两种流型交替出现,制冷循环周期性振荡,蒸发温度、回气温度、排气温度等参数周期性波动:且振荡周期随着制冷循环制冷剂流量的增大而缩短.     

制冷系统毛细管节流特性的试验与分析

在一台采用旋转式压缩机的某品牌KC-25窗式空调器上,进行了毛细管节流特性的试验研究,得出了毛细管节流对空调器性能的影响以及气态制冷剂在毛细管中流动时的能量损失规律,经过DPS数据处理,拟合出了毛细管的流量随内径长度的变化曲线及其变化率曲线,推导出了其韦泊分布函数.为空调器的优化设计匹配,提高空调器的性能奠定了基础,为毛细管批量生产的质检提供了一些有益的参考.     

小型分体式空调器制冷潜热量利用的探讨

本文阐述了以氟里昂22为制冷剂的小型风冷式毛细管节流空调器(以下简称空调器)在制冷状态下,利用制冷潜热量(蒸发器上析出凝露水冷量)对毛细管节流前冷凝器出口侧的液态制冷剂进行冷却处理,以提高空调器的制冷系数ε和能效比EER的原理和方法,同时对相关问题作一些说明.     

GM制冷机预冷的氦节流制冷机流程研究（英文）

对采用GM制冷机作为预冷级的小型4He节流制冷机进行了设计及数值分析,对气体质量流量与节流孔径,节流制冷能力与高压侧压力、预冷机二级温度之间的关系进行了计算和分析。对节流压缩机的功率随排气压力,预冷机所需冷量随制冷剂质量流量变化的趋势进行了研究。通过以上分析和研究,给出了小型氦气节流制冷系统设计流程及主要部件的参数。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to