基于机器视觉的轴承沟道曲率半径在线检测

在实际生产线上,根据不同的尺寸偏差对同一型号的轴承沟道曲率半径进行在线检测。针对该问题,设计基于机器视觉的轴承沟道曲率半径在线检测系统,以替代人工检测。运用CCD摄像机与MATLAB图像处理技术相结合的方法,对零件进行非接触式测量,并对采集到的零件图像进行预处理;通过对比各种边缘检测算法,采用Canny算法求取像素精度的轴承边缘;利用圆的Hough变换检测出带有圆弧的圆特征,计算此圆弧的圆心坐标和半径值。实验结果表明:该系统的测量精度可达到0.5μm,测量标准差小于2.5μm,符合工业检测要求。     

精冲件轮廓缺陷在线检测技术北大核心CSCD

为提高平板厚板型精冲件的轮廓检测速度与精度,基于机器视觉技术,研究了一种轮廓缺陷在线检测技术。利用Canny算子从均值偏移滤波后图像中提取边缘线,然后根据标准轮廓(模板)的尺寸,从中挑选出需要检测的轮廓。由于待检测轮廓与模板存在角度与位移偏差等问题,提出了一种先角度配准、再位置配准的两步图像配准算法,将配准后的待检轮廓与模板进行图形比对,差异图像经过形态学滤波等算法处理,获得缺陷区域的尺寸及位置,由此实现精冲件的在线检测。基于研究成果设计开发了一套零件在线检测系统,并进行了实验验证。结果表明,该系统能够识别的零件精度达0.4 mm,每件的识别时间小于0.3 s,完全能够满足大批量精冲零件的轮廓缺陷在线检测的需求。     

基于机器视觉的异形弹簧快速缺陷检测方法研究

为实现异形弹簧的尺寸和变形缺陷在线检测,基于机器视觉设计一套零件快速定位、测量和缺陷检测的方法.详细论述图像处理算法,即图像预处理、图像定位、尺寸测量和变形缺陷检测算法等.基于形状的模板匹配对零件进行定位,通过创建测量矩形完成对零件的尺寸测量.基于微分和自身对照的思想,对零件易变形区域进行微分,通过对比微分的小区域,实...     

面向自由曲面零件的在线检测技术研究现状

数控机床在线检测系统是集数控机床、测头及计算机等为一体的高度集成化系统.高精度在线检测是实现柔性制造系统连续可靠工作的重要手段,是保证数控机床加工精度和效率的重要措施.在航空、汽车、模具等现代工业生产中出现了越来越多的自由曲面零件,这对测量系统提出了更高的要求,因而对具有自由曲面的零件进行高精度高效率的检测将是当前的一个重要研究方向.本文主要介绍自由曲面零件的在线检测技术在国内外的研究现状与进展,包括检测系统开发、自由曲面零件的接触式测量及路径规划和误差补偿等3部分,指出了目前在该领域存在的有待于进一步解决的关键问题.     

虚拟式加工中心在线检测仪的开发

设计一种用于工件在线测量的虚拟式检测仪,从工件CAD图提取测量信息并自动生成检测宏程序,对测量数据分析后给出检测结果.对测头系统误差和评定算法误差进行分析,提出一种通过标定测头有效直径来补偿测头预行程误差的方法.对比验证结果表明,虚拟式在线检测仪能进行较高精度的测量.     

薄片零件尺寸机器视觉检测系统研究与开发

对薄片零件尺寸机器视觉检测系统的关键技术进行研究,开发一套完整的机器视觉检测系统。提出基于CAD信息的线扫描步长自适应优化方法用于被检测零件的图像采集;提出基于三次样条插值的矩形透镜法亚像素边缘检测方法用于边缘检测;提出基于曲率与HOUGH变换的平面轮廓图元识别方法用于图像识别。实验结果表明:检测系统的检测精度能达到1μm,检测时间能满足实时在线检测的要求,该检测系统是可行的。     

数控机床在线检测系统的定位误差补偿实验研究

为了提高数控机床在线检测精度,研究机床各个轴的定位误差对数控机床在线检测精度的影响。针对数控机床误差补偿进行实验研究,采用激光干涉仪在数控机床上测量出各个轴的定位误差,将各个轴的定位误差依次进行补偿;并以Visual C++6. 0为工具,编写了三次样条曲线的算法程序,将测量的数据点拟合成一条曲线,达到可以预测机床任意点误差的效果;进行标准块检测实验。结果表明:在数控机床在线检测系统中实施误差补偿,效果较为明显,利用补偿软件可以实现对数控机床任意点进行补偿。     

基于CCD的在线检测系统的研究

轴类零件是机器的重要组成零件。传统的检测方法不仅耗时,而且检测精度较低,不能满足生产需要。以细长轴零件的检测为例,主要介绍了在线检测系统的工作原理、关键技术以及系统的设计方案。     

基于稀疏匹配的机床零件瑕疵投影辅助视觉检测方法

机械臂在自动精准打磨机床零件前需要对机床零件进行特征识别,传统激光点阵扫描精度高,但设备成本高昂而难以规模应用。引入固定式投影产生扫描线图、棋盘格图和随机灰度图等特征作为测量辅助,并结合双目立体视觉测量对零件瑕疵进行检测,改善了传统双目视觉针对光滑平面零件难以识别特征进行立体匹配的情况。分析结果与激光点阵扫描结果进行精度校验。同时,通过5种经典局部立体匹配算法与所提方法进行精度比较,并对辅助图的关键参数进行精度关联分析。最后,引入自适应算法对所提方法进行优化以提高识别精度。结果表明：随机灰度图能够显著提高匹配精度,扫描线优化与子像素拟合能够进一步提高匹配精度,扫描线法与棋盘格法优化后精度提高较大,新方法可有效识别平面零件的瑕疵特征,检测精度达标区域占比大于98%。     

基于SKIP宏程序编程CNC无线测头在线智能检测系统设计

针对数控铣削加工精密零件尺寸精度测量时,因离线测量易产生测量误差、效率低、成本高等问题,通过赋值相关检测路径及补偿的参数,编写零件在线检测及误差补偿宏程序,开发了基于三菱M70数控系统跳过指令SKIP在线检测与误差补偿宏程序控制系统。应用结果表明：该系统在线检测重复定位精度能达到0.001~0.003 mm,能适用于精密零件数控铣削加工,具有一定的推广使用价值。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。