冷喷涂沉积纳米结构涂层研究进展

纳米结构涂层因具有良好的耐磨性、耐高温、光催化活性及仿生性能等性能,在材料表面改性方面具有重要的应用价值。冷喷涂作为一种低温沉积技术可避免晶粒粗化,保持纳米结构涂层的特性。概述了冷喷涂的工作原理及沉积机理,介绍了影响冷喷涂沉积纳米结构涂层的主要工艺参数和冷喷涂辅助技术;分别从热障涂层、耐磨涂层、光催化涂层、仿生涂层方面阐述了冷喷涂沉积纳米结构涂层的研究进展。并对冷喷涂纳米结构涂层的发展前景进行了展望。     

粉末结构对冷喷涂纳米结构WC-Co沉积行为的影响

纳米结构WC-Co具有比常规WC-Co更高的硬度,因此受到了广泛关注.冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层过程中,因粒子温度低于熔点,沉积过程需要依靠WC-Co粒子的塑性变形,然而WC-Co粒子变形能力有限,使得WC-Co涂层难以实现有效沉积.文中从粉末结构角度出发,选用3种不同孔隙结构的WC-12Co粉末,运用扫描电镜研究不同结构WC-12Co单个粒子在基体上的沉积行为,分析了3种粉末在相同喷涂工艺参数下沉积的涂层的组织结构.研究发现,定点喷涂容易实现,沉积的WC-12Co沉积层组织结构致密,硬度接近块材,为粉末的连续沉积制备涂层提供了可能.涂层的连续沉积需要粉末和基体材料均产生一定的变形,具有一定孔隙结构的纳米结构WC-Co粉末,因其多孔结构促进了粉末拟变形的发生,适合于冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层.     

冷喷涂技术

冷喷涂技术是近年来发展迅速的工业表面喷涂新技术.本文介绍了冷喷涂技术的原理、系统构成与冷喷涂的特点,以及影响冷喷涂主要工艺参数、粒子沉积行为与涂层性能等研究现状.并结合国内外的发展现状对冷喷涂技术的应用前景进行了展望.     

冷喷涂特性

冷喷涂技术是近年来发展起来的新型喷涂技术，该方法通过低温（＜600℃）的高速固态粒子与基体发生塑性碰撞而实现涂层沉积，可以避免喷涂材料在喷涂过程中受热影响而发生氧化，分解等，可以将喷涂材料的组织结构在不发生变化的条件下移植到基体表面，简要介绍了冷喷涂技术的原理与特点，冷喷涂层的组织结构与性能以及涂层沉积特性与行为的研究现状，粒子的速度对于涂层的沉积起着决定性作用，对于一定的材料存在一临界速度，约为500－600m/s，当粒子速度超过该临界速度后，随着速度的增加，沉积效率增加，最高可以达到80％以上，迄今的研究表明，冷喷涂可以实现大多数金属材料甚至金属陶瓷材料的沉积。     

冷喷涂技术

冷喷涂技术是近年来发展迅速的工业表面喷涂新技术。本文介绍了冷喷涂技术的原理、系统构成与冷喷涂的特点,以及影响冷喷涂主要工艺参数、粒子沉积行为与涂层性能等研究现状。并结合国内外的发展现状对冷喷涂技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

冷喷涂沉积机理及其装备的研究进展

冷喷涂是近几年基于空气动力学发展起来的新型表面改性技术。冷喷涂技术在较低的温度下进行,相比热喷涂有很多优势,成为研制开发非晶、纳米及其他温度敏感材料的有效手段,在工业及国防领域有着重要的应用前景和价值。简要介绍了冷喷涂技术的原理、特点以及在保护涂层、功能涂层、近净成形、零件修复等方面的应用。涂层沉积机理的研究对冷喷涂技术的研究具有重要的理论意义,对工艺参数的优化以及优质涂层的制备具有重要的指导作用。冷喷涂装备对涂层质量和喷涂效率的提高至关重要。冷喷涂装备使冷喷涂技术的研究从理论研究到实验研究过渡,最终由实验室研究向工业应用过渡。详细阐述了冷喷涂涂层沉积机理及其研究进展。系统阐述了冷喷涂装备(真空冷喷涂、激光辅助冷喷涂、脉冲气体冷喷涂、激波风洞冷喷涂等)的工作原理及研究现状。     

金属喷涂、堆焊与修复

金属喷涂工艺与设备 冷喷涂Au纳米粒子在金属表面沉积过程的分子动力学模拟；降低热喷涂涂层孔隙率的方法；电弧喷涂铝基涂层耐腐蚀性能；电弧喷涂技术在转炉烟罩水冷壁防护上的应用；制备低孔隙超细涂层的高速电弧喷涂枪……     

冷喷涂粒子速度-温度协同作用及复合喷涂新工艺研究进展

从冷喷涂粒子速度与温度协同问题出发,归纳总结了影响冷喷涂涂层质量的主要因素,并在此基础上,重点综述了喷嘴结构、气体类型与性质、粒子形态与材料等工艺参数与粒子速度-温度的作用关系.提高喷枪喷嘴扩张段膨胀比,改善黏性效应,提高高速区面积,使用高热扩散系数材料的喷嘴,均能够显著改善粒子速度-温度的协同效果.在工业应用中,可采用喷丸辅助冷喷涂、激光辅助冷喷涂、静电辅助冷喷涂、真空冷喷涂等新型复合沉积技术,实现高强低塑性喷涂粒子材料的沉积成形.最后,就如何深入研究速度-温度高质量协同并获得高质量涂层进行了展望.     

基于材料性能的冷喷涂临界速度预测窗口研究取得新进展

正冷喷涂过程中,喷涂粒子被高速气流加速到较高的速度(200~1 200m/s),在固态下碰撞基体,通过粒子强烈的塑形变形沉积在基体上形成涂层。由于喷涂材料和碰撞速度不同,粒子或者从基体上反弹或者沉积于基体上,使得粒子开始沉积到基体上的速度被称为临界速度,它是冷喷涂技术的一个     

冷喷涂设备及冷喷涂技术应用研究进展

冷喷涂技术相比于传统热喷涂技术有许多优势,例如喷涂温度低,涂层氧含量低,孔隙率低,在喷涂过程中不易发生氧化、烧损、相变等现象,这使得传统喷涂技术难以制备的氧敏感、热敏感、非晶、纳米材料涂层成为可能。从冷喷涂技术原理出发,介绍了各类冷喷涂设备及冷喷涂涂层的沉积机理,详细阐述了冷喷涂涂层结合机理和结合方式(机械咬合、物理结合、冶金结合、化学结合),介绍了各类冷喷涂装备(高压和低压冷喷涂系统、真空冷喷涂系统、激光辅助冷喷涂系统、静电辅助冷喷涂系统、脉冲气体冷喷涂系统和激波风洞冷喷涂系统)及其研究现状。综述了近几年冷喷涂技术在防腐涂层、耐磨涂层、生物医用、抗菌涂层、电子工业、功能涂层、修复与再制造等领域的研究和应用现状,最后对冷喷涂技术的应用和发展前景进行了展望。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.