基于社会计算的需求过程形式描述框架

在需求工程过程中,引入组织学和社会学的思想和抽象概念,将软件系统视为一个组织或者社会,对软件系统进行描述、分析、建模。在需求过程中引入社会科学的理论、方法,将系统分解为成员、角色、环境、组织,用层次化的组织结构对系统的关键要素:成员、角色、交互、规则、目标、环境自上而下分解为层次子系统,将子系统关键要素映射为需求过程中具体的需求活动,用具体的需求活动及需求任务实现子系统功能,同时,对子系统及具体的需求任务进行聚集,得到系统全局组织结构,实现软件系统整体功能,为需求工程过程提出一种新的、自然的建模方法和形式描述框架。     

基于社会计算的需求过程形式描述框架

在需求工程过程中,引入组织学和社会学的思想和抽象概念,将软件系统视为一个组织或者社会,对软件系统进行描述、分析、建模。在需求过程中引入社会科学的理论、方法,将系统分解为成员、角色、环境、组织,用层次化的组织结构对系统的关键要素：成员、角色、交互、规则、目标、环境自上而下分解为层次子系统,将子系统关键要素映射为需求过程中具体的需求活动,用具体的需求活动及需求任务实现子系统功能,同时,对子系统及具体的需求任务进行聚集,得到系统全局组织结构,实现软件系统整体功能,为需求工程过程提出一种新的、自然的建模方法和形式描述框架。     

面向过程的需求建模

提出目标、角色、需求任务建模方法,将软件系统高层目标层层分解、精化成操作化目标,分配给角色作为角色目标,在需求工程过程中,用具体的需求任务实现角色目标。定义了3个单一化规则对建模过程进行约束,可以避免操作化目标、角色和具体的需求任务之间的冲突。定义了操作化目标与角色目标之间的映射函数、角色目标与具体的需求任务之间的映射函数以及它们的复合函数,将操作化目标与具体的需求任务直接关联,使软件系统目标与需求工程过程紧密结合,可以更加直观、形象、准确地对系统需求建模,通过聚集需求任务实现系统高层目标。     

面向过程的需求建模

提出目标、角色、需求任务建模方法,将软件系统高层目标层层分解、精化成操作化目标,分配给角色作为角色目标,在需求工程过程中,用具体的需求任务实现角色目标。定义了3个单一化规则对建模过程进行约束,可以避免操作化目标、角色和具体的需求任务之间的冲突。定义了操作化目标与角色目标之间的映射函数、角色目标与具体的需求任务之间的映射函数以及它们的复合函数,将操作化目标与具体的需求任务直接关联,使软件系统目标与需求工程过程紧密结合,可以更加直观、形象、准确地对系统需求建模,通过聚集需求任务实现系统高层目标。     

面向Agent的基本思想研究

提出面向Agem的基本思想是以社会学理论为原则构造和演化复杂软件系统。基于人的社会化、社会互动、社会组织理论论述了面向Agent关键抽象模型Agent、交互、组织的定义;基于社会变迁理论提出多Agent系统演化的目标是Agent和组织的自增长以满足需求的变化。从关键抽象模型和软件技术发展的三要素比较了面向Agent与面向对象的不同。     

智能需求获取与建模研究综述

需求获取和建模是指从需求文本或记录中获取显式和隐式的需求,并通过表格化、图形化、形式化等方法构建相应模型的过程,是软件开发过程中极为关键的一步,为后续系统设计与实现铺平道路,提高软件开发效率和质量,提升软件系统稳定性和可行性.研究者们在需求获取与建模方面获得了一系列研究成果,根据其关注阶段不同,可以将它们分为需求知识提...     

涉众为中心的敏捷需求建模

提出一种将涉众为中心和敏捷方法有机结合的敏捷需求建模方法。所有软件系统需求获取以涉众为中心,基于涉众扩展特征建立涉众Power/Interest分布图来确定涉众优先级,并用优先级处理不同涉众之间的需求冲突,根据涉众为中心的敏捷需求方法,提出敏捷需求实践方法,融合敏捷方法的短周期、演化、增量、迭代、重构、反馈机制,使软件系统需求建模过程更加完备、精确、高效、快捷,用双变迁Petri网DTPN为该方法建立形式化敏捷需求模型,为软件系统需求建模提出了一种新的方法。     

一种基于目标转换的用例建模方法

在基于目标的需求建模方法中,从目标到需求的分析过程,因为过度依赖自然语言导致建模效率低和准确性不高等问题。本文引入可扩展标记语言XML,将目标转化为XML描述,给出XML转换算法,明确“关注点”及其关系,得到用例模型,其建模过程避免了自然语言的二义性。     

一种问题驱动基于场景的协同式需求诱导方法

在软件开发中,大多数的利益相关者并不能清晰地把握他们对于将要开发的软件系统的明确需求.文中提出了一种问题驱动基于场景的协同式需求诱导方法,试图在企业信息系统的上下文中为需求获取问题提供一种现实可行的解决方案.该方法的基本思想是:软件系统的需求不应该以一种主观的方式由利益相关者提出;而应该通过一种"问题识别与解决"的过程,逐步引导利益相关者提出具有客观依据的软件需求.即首先识别出组织的业务现状中存在的重要问题;然后,以解决问题为目标,提出相应的软件需求.基于这种思想,文中采用"场景"的概念作为描述组织业务状况的基本单元,并通过利益相关者之间的协同实现对业务现状的建模、对业务现状中问题的识别、对问题解决方案的确定以及对业务期望的建模等活动,从而实现对软件需求的有效获取.     

基于统一建模语言的软件开发实例

统一建模语言(UML)是功能强大的可视化建模语言, 针对UML在建模方面的优势, 以汉中茶叶客户投诉管理系统为例, 从系统的功能分析、系统设计到系统实施, 重点描述了基于UML的软件系统开发建模过程, 并通过建模工具Power Designer 15, 构建了系统的需求模型、静态模型和动态模型.     

业务流程中目标的可视化建模方法研究

从业务流程可视化建模的目的出发,对业务流程中的目标描述和表示方法进行研究,以使得业务人员能从直观的角度对业务流程中目标的执行有一个合理的设计。提出了一种利用目标树实现业务目标设计视图的建模方法,该目标视图将是进一步进行业务流程设计的基础。依据客户的需求目标树和业务规则,检索业务目标模板知识库,提取符合要求的目标模板,在业务人员的参与下生成目标视图,使用一致性算法对整个生成过程进行校验。     

Integrating visual goal models into the Rational Unified Process

The Rational Unified Process is a comprehensive process model that is tailorable, provides templates for the software engineering products, and integrates the use of the Unified Modeling Language (UML); it is rapidly becoming a de facto standard for developing software. The process supports the definition of requirements at multiple levels. Currently, the early requirements, or goals, are captured in a textual document called the Vision Document, as the UML does not include a goal modeling diagram. The goals are subsequently refined into software requirements, captured in UML Use Case Diagrams. Given the well documented advantages of visual modeling techniques in requirements engineering, including the efficient communication and understanding of complex information among numerous diverse stakeholders, the need for an enhanced version of the Vision Document template which supports the visual modeling of goals is identified. Here, an Enhanced Vision Document is proposed which integrates two existing visual goal models: AND/OR Graph for functional goals and Softgoal Interdependency Graph for non-functional goals. A specific approach to establishing traceability relationships from the goals to the Use Cases is presented. Tool support has been developed for the Enhanced Vision Document template; the approach is illustrated using an example system called the Quality Assurance Review Assistant Tool.     

基于概念的软件体系结构需求目标描述与识别

基于Goal-scenario coupling理念,提出了一种基于概念属性的结构化目标描述与识别方法,构造了目标模型,对目标进行了描述和识别,该方法可以与目标驱动的软件体系结构建模方法进行平滑集成,提高了信息系统的开发质量和生产效率。实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

User goals in social virtual worlds: A means-end chain approach

The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to investigate user goals in social virtual worlds; second, to introduce a methodological alternative (i.e., a means-end chain approach) for analyzing user goals in cyberspaces. The data were acquired from a web survey, and were analyzed by means-end chain analysis (MECA), which produces users’ goal structure in reference to a hierarchical system of interrelated goals (Olson & Reynolds, 1983). The results show that people come to social virtual worlds to satisfy their social and hedonic needs, and to escape from real world constraints, as do virtual community members and virtual gamers; they also pursue unique activities, such as creating virtual objects and selling them. On the other hand, by clarifying relations among users’ goals, MECA provides a richer explanation for user goals than prior research which only offers separate user goals for cyberspace users without explanation of relationship among goals.     

MetricM: a modeling method in support of the reflective design and use of performance measurement systems

Performance indicators play a key role in management practice. The existence of a coherent and consistent set of performance indicators is widely regarded as a prerequisite to making informed decisions in line with set objectives of the firm. Designing such a system of performance indicators requires a profound understanding of the relations between financial and non-financial metrics, organizational goals, aspired decision scenarios, and the relevant organizational context—including subtleties resulting from implicit assumptions and hidden agendas potentially leading to dysfunctional consequences connected with the ill-informed use of performance indicators. In this paper, we investigate whether a domain-specific modeling method can address requirements essential to the reflective design of performance measurement systems, and which structural and procedural features such a method entails. The research follows a design research process in which we describe a research artifact, and evaluate it to assess whether it meets intended goals and domain requirements. In the paper, we specify design goals, requirements and assumptions underlying the method construction, discuss the structural specification of the method and its design rationale, and provide an initial method evaluation. The results indicate that the modeling method satisfies the requirements of the performance measurement domain, and that such a method contributes to the reflective definition and interpretation of performance measurement systems.     

The user modeling shell system BGP-MS

BGP-MS is a user modeling shell system that can assist interactive software systems in adapting to their current users by taking the users' presumed knowledge, beliefs, and goals into account. It offers applications several methods for communicating observations concerning the user to BGP-MS, and for obtaining information on currently held assumptions about the user from BGP-MS. It provides a choice of two integrated formalisms for representing beliefs and goals, and includes several types of inferences for drawing additional assumptions based on an initial interview, observed user actions, and stereotypical knowledge about pre-defined user subgroups. BGP-MS is a customizable software system that is independent from applications, operates concurrently with them, and interacts with them through inter-process communication. For tailoring BGP-MS to a specific application domain, the developer must select those components of BGP-MS that are needed in this domain and fill them with relevant domain-dependent user modeling knowledge. This paper first summarizes the user modeling services that BGP-MS provides to application programs at runtime. It discusses the representational and inferential foundations that determine the scope and the limits of these services, and also gives a detailed example illustrating the interaction between the various system components. It describes interfaces that are available to application developers for tailoring BGP-MS to the specific user modeling needs of their application domains. Finally, it compares the system with all other major user modeling shell systems, and describes a first application that employs BGP-MS for adapting hypertext to users' terminological knowledge.The managing UMUAI editor for this paper was Sandra Carberry, University of Delaware.     

模拟执行操作目标的方法研究

模拟执行的检测方法是检测需求规格说明书的一种重要手段。在目标和场景相结合的需求建模方法的基础上,提出了对操作目标集合的模拟执行方法。该方法为代理的层次划分提供了理论支持,并将操作目标集合转换成了基于规则的层次式有穷状态自动机,通过对基于规则的层次式有穷状态自动机的模拟执行,达到了对操作目标集合的模拟执行。     

Guiding goal modeling using scenarios

Even though goal modeling is an effective approach to requirements engineering, it is known to present a number of difficulties in practice. The paper discusses these difficulties and proposes to couple goal modeling and scenario authoring to overcome them. Whereas existing techniques use scenarios to concretize goals, we use them to discover goals. Our proposal is to define enactable rules which form the basis of a software environment called L'Ecritoire to guide the requirements elicitation process through interleaved goal modeling and scenario authoring. The focus of the paper is on the discovery of goals from scenarios. The discovery process is centered around the notion of a requirement chunk (RC) which is a pair 〈Goal, Scenario〉. The paper presents the notion of RC, the rules to support the discovery of RCs and illustrates the application of the approach within L'Ecritoire using the ATM example. It also evaluates the potential practical benefits expected from the use of the approach     

Assessing requirements-related risks through probabilistic goals and obstacles

Requirements completeness is among the most critical and difficult software engineering challenges. Missing requirements often result from poor risk analysis at requirements engineering time. Obstacle analysis is a goal-oriented form of risk analysis aimed at anticipating exceptional conditions in which the software should behave adequately. In the identify-assess-control cycles of such analysis, the assessment step is not well supported by existing techniques. This step is concerned with evaluating how likely the obstacles to goals are and how likely and severe their consequences are. Those key factors drive the selection of most appropriate countermeasures to be integrated in the system goal model for increased completeness. Moreover, obstacles to probabilistic goals are currently not supported; such goals prescribe that some corresponding target property should be satisfied in at least X % of the cases. The paper presents a probabilistic framework for goal specification and obstacle assessment. The specification language for goals and obstacles is extended with a probabilistic layer where probabilities have a precise semantics grounded on system-specific phenomena. The probability of a root obstacle to a goal is thereby computed by up-propagation of probabilities of finer-grained obstacles through the obstacle refinement tree. The probability and severity of obstacle consequences is in turn computed by up-propagation from the obstructed leaf goals through the goal refinement graph. The paper shows how the computed information can be used to prioritize obstacles for countermeasure selection toward a more complete and robust goal model. A detailed evaluation of our framework on a non-trivial carpooling support system is also reported.