单火孔预混鼓风式煤气燃烧器喷头的设计原理

提出了单火孔预混鼓风式煤气燃烧器喷头的设计原理，讨论了在风机鼓风条件下，喷头主火孔影响煤气和空气的预混效果。经计算证明，喷头主火孔的直径是调节空气过剩系数的决定因素。同时，根据预混鼓风式煤气燃烧器在燃烧过程中会出现脱火的结论，提出燃烧器喷头必须带有稳焰结构，并给出了喷头的设计结构图。经使用证明：喷头制造成本低，结构简单，便于维修和更换，提高了燃烧器工作的稳定性。     

微细通道内可燃气体预混燃烧实验与微型发动机燃烧方案

针对微型涡轮气体发动机的研制现状，讨论了微细通道稳定燃烧面临的难题。开展了微细通道内燃气与空气预混燃烧的火焰稳定性实验研究，通过测试获得了氢气和乙炔燃烧的着火浓度极限。结果表明：微细通道内可燃气体与空气的预混燃烧具有可行性，但可燃浓度范围明显缩小；采用增压燃烧，可以扩大其可燃浓度范围，提高燃烧稳定性；与大通道相比，微细通道不易发生回火，但容易发生火焰吹熄，而燃气浓度较高的混合气流相对不易被吹熄，燃烧稳定性较好。     

生物质燃气预混层流燃烧特性的实验研究

在密闭燃烧容器中对常温、常压环境下的生物质燃气预混层流燃烧特性进行了实验研究,研究了不同燃气组分、不同当量比对生物质燃气预混层流火焰传播速度、火焰表面拉伸率和层流燃烧速度的影响规律。研究结果表明:发酵法制取的生物质燃气中甲烷含量越高,其层流火焰传播速度就越快;相同尺寸的火焰锋面上拉伸率越大,层流燃烧速度则越快;随着当量比的增大,层流火焰传播速度、层流燃烧速度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。     

基于燃料床的小坡度地表火蔓延模型研究

表述了几种常见的火蔓延模型，在传热分析的基础上，建立了一个比较理想的物理和数学模型，导出了描绘坡度火蔓延过程的微分方程及其初始、边界条件，并进行了数值计算．在燃料床上模拟了坡度地表火蔓延过程，通过对实验数据的测取和分析，讨论了火蔓延速率和温度场分布等随坡度大小变化的关系．最后将实验结果和理论计算结果对比分析，发现该模型能够揭示火蔓延规律，同时也得出了一些关于林火蔓延的结论，如上坡火能够加速火的蔓延和转化等。     

柴油油池火功率特性

在一些柴油油池火实验数据基础上,分析了油池火的初期增长过程以及影响油池火燃烧的因素．油池火由引燃至开始稳定燃烧的增长过程分为两个阶段:第一阶段约占增长过程的1／3,可通过时间平方增长来近似,其增长系数介于0．12-0．28之间;第二阶段约占增长过程的2／3,也可用时间的二次曲线来模拟其增长过程．油池火的稳定燃烧速率和热释放速率随着油面面积的增大、通风条件的改善而增大,其燃烧效率介于0．68-0．85之间．     

预混式燃气燃烧器的熄火保护装置的设计

介绍了预混式燃气燃烧器熄火保护装置的设计过程，根据对单火孔预混式燃气燃烧器燃烧时在火焰不同位置火焰电阻的测试结果，讨论了火焰导电信号的变化规律和信号处理方法，在此基础上设计出信号转化电路和与控制电路的接口，使火焰导电检测成为熄火保护装置的可靠、灵敏的火焰检测部件。     

定容燃烧弹中火核生成及初期发展的数值模拟

本发展了一种新的预混湍流火核生成及初期发展的模型，该模型基于准维模型的基本思想，摒弃了湍流燃烧速度模型，以数值生成的湍流场对火焰前锋面的客观影响推动燃烧计算过程。模型考虑了很多对火核生成及初期发展有影响的因素，如已燃区的传热，非绝热效应，曲率和伸展效应等等；通过利用模拟得到的３维湍流速度场，首镒实现了对火核几何形状的３维模拟；模型的模拟结果和试验结果有很好的吻合性，这说明模型是合理的。     

预混燃烧混合器流动特性研究

对一种用于预混燃烧的空气引射燃气型混合器的流动特性进行研究,通过分析混合器基本公式来确定在满足一定混合器背压条件下选配风机所需的最小压力及其影响因素.利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件进行数值计算,得到混合器内部流场的压力分布及速度分布,同时得到了混合器中心轴线上压力及速度的变化曲线以及混合器出口处燃气的摩尔浓度分布.提出了混合器出口背压与所需风机的最小压头之间的关系式可以用于预混燃烧器风机的选取;另外,利用数值计算的手段对混合器流动特性进行研究,这对预混燃烧混合器的设计有着重要的参考借鉴意义.     

微细通道中甲烷与氧气的预混燃烧

对微细通道中甲烷/氧气预混火焰传播性质进行了实验研究．确定了微细通道中不同甲烷浓度下的火焰传播速度,以及混合气体流量与火焰传播速度的关系．结果表明,混合气体流量对火焰传播速度有显著的影响,在微细通道中火焰传播速度的分布趋势与宏观尺度下火焰传播速度的分布趋势基本相同,但在数值上随着流量的不同相差较大．实验证明,在室温条件下,甲烷和氧气预混火焰可以在细管中稳定停留在一点燃烧,并且可以很好地控制其移动;当量比为1．0时火焰传播速度受流量影响最大．     

燃料掺混方式对天然气柔和燃烧器燃烧性能的影响研究

燃气轮机在更高参数下的低污染排放限制和宽工况范围稳定运行的需求,对燃烧室燃烧提出了新的要求。柔和燃烧作为一种新型燃烧技术,具有燃烧稳定和污染物排放低的优势。高速射流引射掺混是实现柔和燃烧所需条件的一种可行方式。本文主要研究不同燃料掺混方式对柔和燃烧器污染物排放和稳定工作范围的影响。在前期工作基础上设计了可实现燃料不同掺混方式的天然气柔和燃烧器。在常压条件下,通过实验研究了不同当量比、不同燃料/空气掺混方式下天然气柔和燃烧器的污染物排放,并研究了不同掺混方式对燃烧贫燃极限的影响,通过OH~*自发荧光、OH平面激光诱导荧光测量和数值模拟对反应区和流场结构进行了观察和分析。实验结果表明,在相同当量比下,全预混模式下的NO_x排放最低,全预混模式下稳定燃烧的贫熄火当量比为0.57;扩散模式下NO_x排放相对高,但贫熄火当量比可低至0.15,燃烧稳定范围更宽;混合模式下污染物排放水平介于预混和扩散模式之间;非预混模式下较好的贫燃火焰稳定性得益于燃烧室头部扩散燃料周围形成的低速稳定反应区。     

Optimization of producer gas fired premixed burner

Much work is reported in the literature pertaining to premixed burners using hydrocarbon fuels. However, very little work is available on similar burners using producer gas as a fuel. The present work aims at testing and optimization of a premixed burner with producer gas as a fuel.A burner of 150 kW capacity is used in the experimental investigations. The burner is of concentric tube type fully premixed in which air is supplied through central pipe and gas is supplied through annular passage. Swirl vane is provided to air and gas for thorough mixing. The bluff body is provided for flame stabilization. The premixed burner was tested on open core throat-less down draft gasifier for flame quality. A stable and uniform flame was observed with this premixed burner. Thereafter, an instrumented test set up to evaluate burner performance was installed on an open core gasifier. The burner was experimentally optimized for size and location of bluff body and flammability limits. The burner was optimized by using bluff bodies of 46, 61, 73, 80, 85, 98, 110 and 122 mm diameters. The burner was operated in batch operation of 6–8 h for optimization of various parameters. The experiment reveled that the uniform and high-temperature premixed flame was observed at conventional bluff body having blockage ratio of 0.65. The flammability limits for producer gas fired burner was established in the range of 40–55.     

有序堆积床内预混气体燃烧特性实验研究

为研究预混气体在多孔介质燃烧器中的火焰燃烧特性,设计了一种新型多孔介质燃烧器,其中多孔介质区域由氧化铝圆柱体有序堆积而成.分别研究了当量比和入口速度对甲烷/空气预混气体在多孔介质燃烧器中的火焰温度分布、火焰最高温度以及火焰传播速度的影响.结果 表明:在当量比0.162～0.324、入口速度0.287～0.860 m/s...     

Effect of nitrogen on deflagration characteristics of hydrogen / methane mixture

In order to study the influence of nitrogen on the deflagration characteristics of premixed hydrogen/methane, the explosion parameters of premixed hydrogen/methane within various volume ratios and different dilution ratios were studied by using a spherical flame method at room temperature and pressure. The results are as follows: The addition of nitrogen makes the upper limit of explosion of hydrogen/methane premixed gas drop, and the lower limit rises. For explosion hazard (F-number), hydrogen/methane premixed fuel with a hydrogen addition ratio of 10% has the lowest risk, and nitrogen has a greater impact on the dangerous degree of hydrogen and methane premixed gas whose hydrogen addition ratio does not exceed 30%. In terms of flame structure, the spherical flame was affected by buoyancy instability as the percentage of nitrogen dilution increased, but the buoyancy instability gradually decreased as the percentage of hydrogen addition increased. The addition of diluent gas reduces the spreading speed of the stretching flame and reduces the stretching rate in the initial stage of flame development. The laminar flame propagation velocity calculated by the experiment in this paper is consistent with the laminar flow velocity of the hydrogen/methane premixed gas calculated by GRI Mech 3.0. Considering the explosion parameters such as flammability limit, laminar combustion rate and deflagration index, when hydrogen is added to 70%, it is the turning point of hydrogen/methane premixed fuel.     

Excitation of thermoacoustic oscillations by small premixed flames

Experiments have been carried out in which very small lean premixed flames closely representative of those formed by modern multiport domestic gas burners have been subjected to controlled acoustic perturbation. PLIF from CH has been used to visualise the flame response and the heat-release-rate fluctuations have been evaluated directly from the flame images. It is shown that small laminar flames can amplify the effects of acoustic velocity fluctuations by mechanisms that do not involve resonant heat loss to the burner and that the fluctuations in flame-front area are not adequately characterised by a Strouhal number alone. The measured transfer function is compared with the predictions of various analytical formulations and a new model of the flame oscillation is proposed which applies specifically to situations in which the design of the burner renders the flame base immobile.     

Occurrence and characterization of carbon nanoparticles below the soot laden zone of a partially premixed flame

An experimental study has been performed to detect the occurrence of nanosized carbon particulates below the soot laden zone of a co-flowing partially premixed flame. Samples have been extracted from different points across the flame and passed through DI water. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies have been performed with the collected water suspensions. The occurrence of carbon nanoparticles is evident across the inner flame front. In addition, evidence of naphthalene has also been found inside the inner rich premixed flame. The concentration of naphthalene decreases while that of the carbon nanoparticles increases as the inner flame front is reached. The stability of the nanoparticles in the sample has been ensured by observing that the change in fluorescence quantum yield from the sample over a long duration is small. The band gap energy has been evaluated using the absorption data to characterize the likely structures of the particles in the collected suspension. Two kinds of particles having different zones of band gap energy are found in the flame. Dynamic light scattering measurements show that the particle size grows with the increase in height in the lower part of the flame. While, at 3 and 6 mm elevations the particles are observed to be below 2.5 nm in diameter, the particles at 10 mm elevation are found in the size range of 2.5-5.5 nm.     

Hydrogen addition effects in a confined swirl-stabilized methane-air flame

The effect of hydrogen addition in methane-air premixed flames has been examined from a swirl-stabilized combustor under confined conditions. The effect of hydrogen addition in methane-air flame has been examined over a range of conditions using a laboratory-scale premixed combustor operated at 5.81 kW. Different swirlers have been investigated to identify the role of swirl strength to the incoming mixture. The flame stability was examined for the effect of amount of hydrogen addition, combustion air flow rates and swirl strengths. This was carried out by comparing adiabatic flame temperatures at the lean flame limit. The combustion characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane flames at constant heat load but different swirl strengths have been examined using particle image velocimetry (PIV), micro-thermocouples and OH chemiluminescence diagnostics that provided information on velocity, thermal field, and combustion generated OH species concentration in the flame, respectively. Gas analyzer was used to obtain NO_x and CO concentration at the combustor exit. The results show that the lean stability limit is extended by hydrogen addition. The stability limit can reduce at higher swirl intensity to the fuel-air mixture operating at lower adiabatic flame temperatures. The addition of hydrogen increases the NO_x emission; however, this effect can be reduced by increasing either the excess air or swirl intensity. The emissions of NO_x and CO from the premixed flame were also compared with a diffusion flame type combustor. The NO_x emissions of hydrogen-enriched methane premixed flame were found to be lower than the corresponding diffusion flame under same operating conditions for the fuel-lean case.     

甲烷预混多喷嘴阵列燃烧器热声振荡模态实验研究

为研究燃气轮机模型燃烧室的非预混燃烧流场,采用大涡模拟方法分别结合火焰面生成流形模型（FGM）和部分预混稳态火焰面模型（PSFM）对甲烷/空气同轴射流非预混燃烧室开展了数值模拟研究,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明：FGM所预测的速度分布、混合分数分布、燃烧产物及CO分布与试验结果更符合;两种模型均能捕捉到燃烧室中的火焰抬举现象;燃烧过程中的火焰结构较为复杂,同时存在预混燃烧区域和扩散燃烧区域,扩散燃烧主要分布在化学恰当比等值线附近,预混燃烧区域主要分布在贫油区。     

体积力场对预混火焰面形状的影响

介绍了一种在燃烧场中产生大于1g体积力的实验系统,分析了影响体积力场的因素．利用实时摄像的方法,研究了在燃烧过程中体积力对预混火焰面形状的影响．结果表明,高温烟气在体积力场中的浮力效应,使火焰面向与体积力相反的方向弯曲、偏转．体积力增加将导致火焰面变形程度增加,并导致燃烧过程不稳定,以致发生熄火．气流的射流角不同,体积力对火焰面的影响效果不同,火焰面会发生弯曲、拉伸或压缩．当射流角为负值时,火焰容易发生吹熄．     

Pressure influence on the flame front curvature of turbulent premixed flames: comparison between experiment and theory

In gas turbines, lean premixed combustion is executed in strongly turbulent flow fields and under high-pressure to allow large thermal loads within small-size combustors. Previous research on turbulent premixed flames has revealed the vital importance of flame-vortex interactions, but most of these investigations have been performed only at atmospheric pressure disregarding the large pressure dependency of the flame front dynamics. We report about spatially high-resolved laser-induced predissociation fluorescence imaging of OH (OH-LIPF) in premixed, high-pressure bluff-body stabilized methane/air flames. For each of the two measurement series with different equivalence ratio (φ = 0.7 and φ = 1.0), the planar flame topology at different pressures (0.1 to 1.1 MPa) but constant exit velocity was detected and stored for analysis. As the pressure was increased, the flame front contour of both equivalence ratios became strongly wrinkled with formation of highly curved flame front elements. For quantification of this phenomenon, the probability density function of flame curvature was evaluated with definition of the mean curvature radius as representative folding scale. To discuss different mechanisms of flame front disturbances according to their relevance, the flame curvature is compared with characteristic turbulence scales of the flow field and with the expected folding scale derived with Sivashinsky‘s formulation of linear flame instability theory. Significant changes become obvious especially if the pressure is increased up to 0.5 MPa. The mean curvature radius decreases distinctly and can be linked to the decreasing size of the Taylor length. Additionally, the formation of highly convoluted flame front elements is enforced by the increasing flame instability behavior. As the results show, the flame stoichiometry has a strong impact on the flame front topology at increasing pressures due to the differences of their flame dynamics.