Kinetics on Hydrogenation of Cyclopentadiene over Pd/γ-Al_2O_3 Catalyst

The macrokinetics of hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene was investigated over Pd/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst. Experimental results showed that the relationship between the constituents and reaction time was in agreement with the characteristic of consecutive irreversible first-order reaction.Analysis on the reaction mechanism of selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene indicated that it is reasonable to express the hydrogenation rate of cyclopentadiene in the power law form.Parameters of the kinetic model were obtained by the Gauss-Newton method based on the experimental data.From the statistic test and residual error distribution the kinetic model was proved to be adequate.     

金鸡纳-铂催化2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯的不对称加氢

Enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate to ethyl （R）-2-hydroxy-4-phenyl- bu- tyrate on Pt/γ-Al2O3 modified by 10,11-dihydrocinchonidine was studied by investigating the influences of the amount of modifier, initial concentration of reactant, pressure and temperature on conversion and enantiometric excess in a stirred autoclave and the effects of the liquid velocity, gas velocity, modifier concentration and various catalytic beds in a trickle-bed reactor. The maximum optical yields were about 50% and 60% in the two types of reactors, respectively. It was assumed that the total hydrogenation rate included the reaction rates over the unmodified and modified active sites on platinum surface and a kinetic model, which fitted the experimental data well in autoclave, was obtained. A simplified plug-flow model was proposed to describe the bed average efficiency of trickle-bed reactor.     

稀土催化剂上丁二烯气相聚合的宏观动力学研究

The study of the kinetics of gas phase polymerization of butadiene with heterogeneous catalyst based on neodymium(Nd) was carried out.The effects of reaction temperature,reaction pressure,dispersing medium, and types of catalyst on kinetics of polymerization were investigated .A kinetic model with two kinds of active sites was proposed.The results show that the effects of the reaction temperature and the types of dispersing medium and catalyst on the kinetic performance of polymerization are significant,and that the combined model of first and second order decay of active site of catalyst can be used to describe the phenomena.     

Studies on Macro-kinetics of Gas Phase Polymerization of Butadiene with Rare-earth Catalyst

The study of the kinetics of gas phase polymerization of butadiene with heterogeneous catalyst based on neodymium (Nd) was carried out. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction pressure, dispersing medium, and types of catalyst on kinetics of polymerization were investigated. A kinetic model with two kinds of active sites was proposed. The results show that the effects of the reaction temperature and the types of dispersing medium and catalyst on the kinetic performance of polymerization are significant, and that the combined model of first and second order decay of active site of catalyst can be used to describe the phenomena.     

富镧稀土镍-苯浆液体系中液相苯加氢反应动力学研究

The kinetics of liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzene in misch metal nickel-five (MlNi5) and benzene slurry system was studied by investigating the influences of the reaction temperature, pressure, alloy concentration and stirring speed on the mass transfer-reaction processes inside the slurry. The results show that the whole process is controlled by the reaction at the surface of the catalyst. The mass transfer resistance at gas-liquid interface and that from the bulk liquid phase to the surface of the catalyst particles are negligible. The apparent reaction rate is zero order for benzene concentration and first order for hydrogen concentration in the liquid phase. The kinetic model obtained fits the experimental data very well. The apparent activation energy of the hydrogen absorption reaction of MlNi5-C6H6 slurry system is 42.16 kJ.mol-1.     

Degradation Kinetics of Xylose and Glucose in Hydrolysate Containing Dilute Sulfuric Acid

In preparation of fuel alcohol from biomass as feedstock, hydrolysis with dilute acid as catalyst is one way to produce fermentable saccharide, xylose and glucose. However, the acid is also the catalyst in degradation of xylose and glucose and the yield of sacchride is dependent on the kinetic behaviors of saccharide. The degradation kinetics of xylose and glucose in the hydrolysate was investigated under the conventional process conditions of hydrogen ion concentration from 0.05 to 0.2 mol/L and temperature from 150 to 200℃. With a numerical calculation method, the kinetic parameters were estimated, and the activation energy of xylose and glucose in the degradation reaction was obtained. The kinetic equations correlating the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the rate constants of degradation reaction were established. Comparison between the calculated results from the equations and experimental ones proved that the established kinetic model could satisfactorily predict the degradation behavior of xylose and glucose in the acidic hydrolysate.     

Cu/Zn/Al/Zr纳米纤维催化剂上的CO2加氢合成甲醇过程

A highly active Cu/Zn/Al/Zr fibrous catalyst was developed for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation.Various factors that affect the activity of the catalyst,including the reaction temperature,pressure and space velocity,were investigated.The kinetic parameters in Graaf’s kinetic model for methanol synthesis were obtained.A quasistable economical process for CO₂ hydrogenation through CO circulation was simulated and higher methanol yield was obtained.     

氯苄双羰基化反应动力学

It is a multi-phase-catalyzed reaction to produce calcium phenylpyruvate by double carbonylation of benzylchloride. Based on the analysis of the reaction mechanism, a kinetic model of the carbonylation reaction was obtained. The model was verified through experiments in which the diffusion effect was neglected with the appropriate operation manner. But it is inevitable that the carbonylation process is controlled by diffusion as the autoclave scaling up.     

内部部分润湿催化剂的动力学行为

The global reaction rate of benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexane accompanied by partial internal wetting of catalyst pellets was measured by a new method, which investigated both adsorption and chemical reaction. The adsorption investigation was used to establish a relationship between the extent of liquid filling of the catalyst and the bulk conditions while the chemical reaction investigation was to study the effect of partial internal wetting of the catalyst on the global reaction rate. It was shown that the extent of liquid filling in the catalyst interior showed a significant effect on the global rate, and the current state of the catalyst depended on the history, i.e. whether it was a liquid evaporation process or a vapor condensation process, and two steady states were found under certain circumstances. A mathematical model was developed, which took multicomponent diffusion, chemical reaction, pore size distribution of the catalyst and capillary condensation of condensable components in the catalyst pellet into consideration. The predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Application of kinetics and computational fluid dynamics in pinene isomerization

A reliable kinetic model to describe the effects of various factors on the reaction rate and selectivity of pinene isomerization is developed. Furthermore, computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is applied to simulate the solid–liquid dispersion in reactor. The catalyst Ti M is obtained by improving the composition and structure of hydrated titanium dioxide. The kinetic equation of pinene isomerization is deduced based on reaction mechanism and catalyst deactivation model. The kinetic equation of pinene isomerization reaction is fitted, and the results show that the fitted equation is correlated with the experimental data. The rate and selectivity of pinene isomerization reaction are affected by the amount of catalyst, deactivation of catalyst, structure of catalyst, reaction temperature and water content of catalyst. The solid–liquid distribution of the reactor is calculated by computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation, and the solid–liquid dispersion in commercial scale reactor is more uniform than that in lab-scale reactor.     

ZL50活性炭吸附脱除二氧化硫的吸附动力学模型(英文)

A semi-empirical adsorption kinetic model was proposed with the time compensation method to describe the chemisorption of SO2 in flue gas by carbon adsorbents for flue gas purification. The change in adsorption capacity and adsorption rate with time at different water vapor concentrations and different SO2 concentrations was studied. The model was in good agreement with experimental data. The surface reaction was probably the rate controlling step in the early stage for SO2 adsorption by ZL50 activated carbon. The parameters m and n in the nth order adsorption kinetic model were related to the magnitude of the time compensation and adsorption driving force, respectively. The change of parameter n with water vapor concentrations and sulfur dioxide concentrations was studied and some physical implications were given. The sum of square errors was less than 1.0 and the average absolute percentage deviations ranged from 0.5 to 3.2. The kinetic model was compared with other models in the literature.     

对二甲苯液相氧化过程中燃烧副反应动力学

During the liquid-phase oxidation of p-xylene, over-oxidation of reactant, intermediates and solvent to carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is generally known as the burning side reaction. Batch and semi-continuous experiments were carried out, and the experimental data of the burning side reaction were analyzed and reported in this paper. The results showed that the rates of burning side reactions were proportional to the rates of the main re-action, but decreased with the increasing concentrations of reactant and intermediates. The inter-stimulative and competitive relationship between the burning side reaction and the main reaction was confirmed, and the rates of the burning side reaction could be described with some key indexes of the main reaction. According to the mecha-nism of the side reactions and the kinetics model of main reaction which were proposed and tested in the previous papers, a kinetic model of the burning side reactions involving some key indexes of the main reaction was devel-oped, and the parameters were determined by data fitting of the COx rate curves. The obtained kinetic model could describe the burning side reactions adequately.     

臭氧氧化阳离子红染料的动力学研究

The ozonation of Cationic Red X-GRL in a semi-batch reactor was studied with variation of the gas flow rate, initial Cationic Red X-GRL concentration, temperature, and pH value. By the evaluation of the liquid mass transfer coefficient, the interfacial area, and the stoichiometric ratio between ozone and Cationic Red X-GRL, the rate constants and the kinetic regime of the reaction between ozone and Cationic Red X-GRL were investigated by applying the experimental data to a model based on the film mass transfer theory. The results obtained support a second order overall reaction, first order with respect to both ozone and dye, and the rate constants were correlated by a modified Arrhenius Equation of temperature and pH value with activation energy of 18.06kJ·mol-1. Hatta number of the reaction was found to be between 0.026 and 0.041, it indicates that the reaction occurs in the liquid bulk, corresponding to the slow kinetic regime.     

Kinetics of Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation of Benzene in a Metai Hydride Slurry System Formed by MlNi_5 and Benzene

The kinetics of liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzene in misch metai nickel-five (MINi5) and benzene slurry system was studied by investigating the influences of the reaction temperature, pressure, alloy concentration and stirring speed on the mass transfer-reaction processes inside the slurry. The results show that the whole process is controlled by the reaction at the surface of the catalyst. The mass transfer resistance at gas-liquid interface and that from the bulk liquid phase to the surface of the catalyst particles are negligible. The apparent reaction rate is zero order for benzene concentration and first order for hydrogen concentration in the liquid phase. The kinetic modei obtained fits the experimental data very well. The apparent activation energy of the hydrogen absorption reaction of MINi5-C6H6 slurry system is 42.16kJ·mol-1.     

Benzene selective hydrogenation over supported Ni (nano-) particles catalysts: Catalytic and kinetics studies

This report aims to reduce the benzene in a mixture of benzene and toluene as a model reaction using catalytic hydrogenation. In this research, we developed a series of catalysts with different supports such as Ni/HMS, Ni/HZSM-5, Ni/HZSM5-HMS, Ni/Al_2O_3 and Ni/SiO_2. Kinetic of this reaction was investigated under various hydrogen and benzene pressures. For more study, two kinetic models have also been selected and tested to describe the kinetics for this reaction. Both used models, the power law and Langmuir–Hinshelwood, provided a good fit toward the experimental data and allowed to determine the kinetic parameters. Among these catalysts, Ni/Al_2O_3 showed the maximum benzene conversion(99.19%) at 130 °C for benzene hydrogenation. The lowest toluene conversion was observed for Ni/SiO_2. Furthermore, this catalyst presented high selectivity to benzene(75.26%)at 130 °C. The catalytic performance(activity, selectivity and stability) and kinetics evaluations were shown that the Ni/SiO_2 is an effective catalyst to hydrogenate benzene. It seems that the surface properties particularly pore size are effective parameter compared to other factors such as acidity and metal dispersion in this process.     

有机溶剂中树脂催化丙酮氰醇分解反应的动力学模型

Decomposition of acetone cyanohydrin is the first-step reaction for preparing (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (CPBA) by the one-pot method in organic media. Considering the compatibility of bio-catalysts with chemical catalysts and the successive operation in the bioreactor, anion exchange resin (D301) was used as catalyst for this reaction. External diffusion limitation was excluded by raising rotational speed to higher than 190r·min-1 in both solvents. Internal diffusion limitation was verified to be insignificant in this reaction system. The effect of acetone cyanohydrin concentration on the reaction was also investigated. An intrinsic kinetic model was proposed when the mass transfer limitation was excluded, and the average deviation of the model is 10.5%.     

Leaching calcium from phosphogypsum desulfurization slag by using ammonium chloride solution: Thermodynamics and kinetics study

Phosphogypsum(PG) desulfurization slag is a calcium-rich residue from reductive decomposition of PG using sulfur as the reductant. We proposed a technology of preparation light calcium carbonate with PG desulfurization slag, which mainly contains two steps: leaching and carbonizing. In this work, we concentrated on the former, in which ammonium chloride aqueous solution was utilized as leaching agent to extract calcium from the slag, and conducted thermodynamics and kinetics study on it. Fact Sage software was employed to do thermodynamic and phase equilibrium diagram calculations. The influence of leaching conditions including agitation speed, initial concentration of leaching solution, reaction temperature, and liquid/solid ratio on the calcium leaching rate was discussed in detail by means of experiment optimal design. A kinetic model developed from the shrinking core model was given to describe the leaching process. The apparent kinetic activation energy(Ea) of the leaching reaction was calculated to be 10.58 k J·mol~(-1).     

Model for seawater fouling and effects of temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy on seawater fouling☆

A kinetic model was proposed to predict the seawater fouling process in the seawater heat exchangers.The new model adopted an expression combining depositional and removal behaviors for seawater fouling based on the Kern–Seaton model.The present model parameters include the integrated kinetic rate of deposition(k d)and the integrated kinetic rate of removal(k r),which have clear physical signi ficance.A seawater-fouling monitoring device was established to validate the model.The experimental data were well fitted to the model,and the parameters were obtained in different conditions.SEM and EDX analyses were performed after the experiments,and the results show that the main components of seawater fouling are magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.The effects of surface temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy were assessed by the model and the experimental data.The results indicate that the seawater fouling becomes aggravated as the surface temperature increased in a certain range,and the seawater fouling resistance reduced as the flow velocity of seawater increased.Furthermore,the effect of the surface free energy of metals was analyzed,showing that the lower surface free energy mitigates the seawater fouling accumulation.     

惰性粒子喷动床中制备超细碳酸钙的实验与建模

A novel reaction-drying process was carried out in a spouted bed reactor with inert particles and used to prepare ultrafine CaCO3 particles. Effects of concentrations of CO2 and Ca(OH)2, and reaction temperature on Ca(OH)2 conversion were experimentally investigated. The particle sizes and composition of CaCO3 produced were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that ultrafine CaCO3 particles with mean size of 80 nm could be obtained with this novel process.By modifying the Arrhenius Equation and considering the Ca(OH)2 state, a kinetic model was established to describe the process in the spouted bed. The model parameters estimated from the reaction-drying experiments were found to fit well the experimental data, indicating the applicability of the proposed kinetic model.     

甲烷水合物在纯水和抑制剂体系中的生成动力学

Kinetic data of methane hydrate formation in the presence of pure water,brines with single salt and mixed salts,and aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol(EG) and salt EG were measured.A new kinetic model of hydrate formation for the methane water systems was developed based on a four-step formation mechanism and reaction kinetic approach.The proposed kinetic model predicts the kinetic behavior of methane hydrate formation in pure water with good accuracy.The feasibility of extending the kenetic model of salt(s) and EG containing systems was explored.