低碳钢拉伸形变时影响蓝脆的因素

本文研究了形变温度、形变速率及材料晶粒度等因素对10~零钢拉伸形变时蓝脆现象的影响。结果表明,温度改变着 PL 效应区的锯齿波型,晶粒尺寸增加和高的拉伸形变速率可提高 PL 效应区的起始温度 T(?)及终止温度 T(?),改变材料出现蓝脆现象的温度及其范围。位错结构变化证实,在 PL效应区内,溶质原子对运动位错的钉扎存在着由弱至强的转化过程。     

EFFECT OF FACTOR OF BLUE BRITTLE OF LOW-CARBON STEEL FOR TENSILE DEFORMATION

本文研究了形变温度、形变速率及材料晶粒度等因素对10~零钢拉伸形变时蓝脆现象的影响。结果表明,温度改变着PL 效应区的锯齿波型,晶粒尺寸增加和高的拉伸形变速率可提高PL 效应区的起始温度T(?)及终止温度T(?),改变材料出现蓝脆现象的温度及其范围。位错结构变化证实,在PL效应区内,溶质原子对运动位错的钉扎存在着由弱至强的转化过程。     

Mg-8Gd-0.5Zr合金热压缩过程中动态再结晶行为

将Mg-8Gd-0. 5Zr合金在350～500℃、应变速率为0. 002～1 s~(-1)范围内进行热压缩实验,研究合金的流变应力行为,观察热压缩后的组织,分析动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和温度的关系,并利用加工硬化率的方法计算合金的再结晶临界应变(εc)。结果表明:Mg-8Gd-0. 5Zr合金热压缩流变曲线符合动态再结晶的特征,随着温度升高或者应变速率的减小,峰值应力下降,且峰值应力对应的峰值应变(εp)也降低。在350～450℃范围内,再结晶晶粒细小,且其随温度升高增长较慢;而温度在450～500℃范围内,再结晶晶粒尺寸迅速长大至约25μm。根据加工硬化率的计算及组织分析,发现动态再结晶先于峰值应变发生,峰值应变和临界应变的关系为ε_c=0. 442εp,同时构建了再结晶的临界模型。     

5A90铝锂合金超塑性变形机理的定量研究

通过聚焦离子束在5A90铝锂合金试样表面蚀刻微米尺寸高分辨网格,在温度480℃、初始变形速率1×10~(-3)s~(-1)的变形条件下,定量研究其超塑性变形过程中晶界滑移和晶内位错滑移对总变形的贡献量,并采用扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射观察合金超塑性变形的组织演变作为佐证。结果表明:位错运动在超塑性变形初期(ε0.65)的贡献量约为60%～80%,为主要变形机制,在该阶段条带状晶粒逐渐细化和等轴化,平均晶粒尺寸减小约40%,晶粒转动作为协调机制;随着应变量的增大,发生明显的动态再结晶,晶粒尺寸开始增大,晶内位错滑移的作用逐渐减小,晶界滑移成为变形的主要机制。     

Nb,Ti微合金钢热变形的动态模拟变形抗力模型

本文报道 Nb,Ti 微合金钢的热变形动态模拟变形抗力模型。在试验中用热加工模拟试验机进行高温压缩试验,其变形温度为1123—1423K,变形速率为0.1—60s~(-1)。结果表明,在峰值以前该钢种的流变应力数学模型为:σ=5.99.ε~(0.167)·(?)~(6.47×10~(-5)·T)·exp(4064/T)。形变激活能(Q)为444 kJ/mol,β系数为0.080。峰值应力(σ_p),临界应变(ε_c)和温度补偿应变速率参数(Z)之间的关系分别为:σ_p=12.56·lnZ-391.8;lnε_c=0.157·lnZ-7.39。     

LD7铝合金热变形研究

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对LD7铝合金进行等温热变形实验,变形温度为300～500℃,应变速率为0.01～10s-1,研究其热变形的流变应力行为、显微组织及软化机制.结果表明LD7铝合金真应力-真应变曲线表现出动态回复特征,在应变速率ε=1.0s-1,变形温度高于420℃时,应力出现锯齿波动,表现出不连续动态再结晶特征.合金在压缩过程中主要软化机制为动态回复,同时也存在动态再结晶.变形后晶粒尺寸随变形温度升高而增大,随变形速率增加而减小.     

Mo对Ti-Mo系合金显微组织的影响及其强化效应

对不同Mo含量β单相区锻造的Ti-Mo合金在相变点以上进行固溶处理,然后对合金进行显微组织分析和力学性能测试。结果表明:Ti-1Mo合金和Ti-2Mo合金主要由等轴的α相组成,Ti-4Mo合金主要由针状六方马氏体α′相和原始β晶界组成,当合金Mo含量超过10%(质量分数)时,合金主要由等轴的β相组成。晶粒尺寸统计结果显示:晶粒尺寸与固溶时间呈指数关系;在固溶时间一定的条件下,晶粒尺寸随固溶温度的升高而增大,随合金中Mo含量的增加而明显减小。另外Ti-Mo合金的强度随晶粒尺寸的减小而提高,但合金的塑性变化不大,最后对影响合金强化的机理进行了探讨。     

TC16钛合金不同退火制度的显微组织研究

对TC16钛合金棒材各种退火制度下的显微组织进行了X射线及显微组织分析.结果表明:不同温度、保温时间及冷却条件下退火后的合金均由α + β两相组成.α + β两相区退火时,组织为片状α和等轴α分布在β基体上.随退火温度升高,α相等轴化程度提高,α晶粒尺寸明显增大;随退火保温时间延长,等轴α含量增加且晶粒尺寸增大;空冷条件下,组织中片状α和等轴α更细小.β单相区退火时,组织为粗大的β晶粒内分布着不同取向α片域,α片间为β中间层,原始β晶粒的晶界为α.     

流量计量技术互动平台

读者若有流量计量方面的问题,请与本刊编辑部联系。E-mail:chinajlbjb@sina.com电话:010-64297183孙延祚教授答:用差压式流量计测标况下气体流量公式为:Qn=c1-β4摇姨·ε·π4d2·2ΔPρ1摇姨ρn流量测量不确定度的公式为:Eq=±[Ec2+Eε2+(2β4/1-β4)2ED2+(2/1-β4)2Ed2+EΔp2/4+Eρ2/4]0.5而用速度式(如涡轮、涡街、旋进旋涡、电磁、超声)流量计测标况下气体流量公式为:Qn=Vπ4D2ρ/ρn其流量测量不确定度的公式为:Eq=±[EV2+2ED2+Eρ2]0.5从以上两种流量计的流量测量不确定度的公式可以明显看出:使用差压式流量计时被测介质的密…     

TA15钛合金β热变形对组织特征参数的影响规律研究EI北大核心

研究了TA15钛合金β区变形时变形温度、变形量、变形速率、冷却条件等热工艺参量对β晶粒尺寸D,α集束尺寸d,α片厚b的影响。结果表明:随变形温度增加,D,d,b呈现峰谷值变化,1050℃温度时,D,d最小,b最大,1050℃以上,温度增加,D,d增大,b减小;随变形量增加,D,d,b均下降;变形速率增加,D,d减小,b稍有增加;变形后水淬大于空冷的D,而d,b则相反。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...