以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂制备纳米钇铝石榴石粉体

以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,硝酸盐为原料,采用沉淀法,通过仔细控制沉淀过程的工艺参数,得到了煅烧后可直接生成纯相YAG的前驱体沉淀物,前驱体经过900℃煅烧即可获得纳米YAG粉体.BET,TEM和XRD的测试结果表明纳米YAG粉体的晶粒尺寸为67～175nm,晶粒形态为球形,分散性良好.粉体达到完全致密化的最低烧结温度为1450℃.所获得的粉体经过1700℃真空烧结3h,烧结体具有一定的透明度.研究表明,这种纳米YAG粉体所具有的良好烧结活性与粉体的纳米晶粒尺寸,球形晶粒形态及极佳的分散性有关.     

共沉淀法YAG、Nd:YAG纳米粉体的制备、结构与光谱性能研究

采用共沉淀方法,以氨水为沉淀荆,与硝酸盐的混合溶液反应得到YAG、Nd：YAG前驱体,并在不同的温度下对前驱体进行锻烧。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重／差热分析(TG／DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)等技术对YAG前驱物及煅烧粉体进行表征,对Nd：YAG粉体的发光性能进行了测试。结果表明,在800℃下煅烧YAG前驱体,得到纯YAG晶相,无YAP、YAM中间相的出现;XRD、TEM和比表面分析表明在800～1000℃煅烧所得粉体晶粒直径为40～100nm,具有较好的分散性。同时荧光测试表明Nd：YAG粉体具有良好的发光性能。     

共沉淀法YAG、Nd∶YAG纳米粉体的制备、结构与光谱性能研究

采用共沉淀方法,以氨水为沉淀剂,与硝酸盐的混合溶液反应得到YAG、Nd∶YAG前驱体,并在不同的温度下对前驱体进行锻烧。利用红外光谱(FT IR)、热重/差热分析(TG/DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)等技术对YAG前驱物及煅烧粉体进行表征,对Nd∶YAG粉体的发光性能进行了测试。结果表明,在800℃下煅烧YAG前驱体,得到纯YAG晶相,无YAP、YAM中间相的出现;XRD、TEM和比表面分析表明在800～1000℃煅烧所得粉体晶粒直径为40～100nm,具有较好的分散性。同时荧光测试表明Nd∶YAG粉体具有良好的发光性能。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备YAG的若干影响因素

采用溶胶-凝胶（sol-gel）法，以柠檬酸为络合剂，利用硝酸盐制备出了YAG粉体。实验合成了Y2O3占35％-40％（摩尔分数）的YAG粉体，利用热重，差热分析（TG／DTG）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅立叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、透射电镜（TEM）等手段对YAG前驱体及煅烧物粉体进行了表征。结果表明，通过提高对前驱体的煅烧温度，延长煅烧时间等方法，在900℃下煅烧不同配比的YAG前驱体，均制得了纯相的YAG粉体，表明在以往YAG的合成中易出现的中间相，并不只是组分的不均匀性造成的，还与煅烧温度和煅烧时间有关。     

微波均相合成YAG纳米粉体及其可烧结性研究

采用微波辐照尿素法均相合成技术制备了具有良好分散性的纳米级单相YAG粉体,分析了YAG前驱体的化学组成及其物相变化过程,并对YAG粉体的粒度和形貌进行了表征,结果表明在尿素与钇铝离子的摩尔比为15:1的低尿素用量条件下,合成的无定形前驱物经900℃煅烧直接结晶生成YAG单相粉体,在反应体系中添加适量(NH₄)₂SO₄可使YAG粉体的粒度分布和可烧结性明显改善,添加8%的(NH₄)₂SO₄得到的YAG粉体具有良好的可烧结性,在1500℃烧结即可实现致密化.     

固体燃料电池阴极材料La0．6Sr0．4Co0．2Fe0．8O3-δ的微观结构与阻抗特性研究

复合钙钛矿氧化物La1-xSxCo1-yFeyO3-δ是一种适于中温固体氧化物燃料电池的阴极材料.采用柠檬酸螯合法合成了La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ粉体,并通过XRD和SEM,研究了前驱体溶液pH值和煅烧温度对其粉体晶相结构的影响;同时,通过烧结体的SEM和交流阻抗分析,详细讨论了前驱体溶液pH值和烧结温度对烧结体显微结构和阻抗特性的影响.结果表明,前驱体溶液pH=4、煅烧温度为900°C的粉体,1400°C下烧结2h获得的烧结体,具有最低的阻抗.     

共沉淀法制备纯相钇铝石榴石(YAG)纳米粉体中的若干影响因素

探讨了影响生成纯相YAG纳米粉体的各种因素,并通过优化工艺参数,得到了纯相并具有单分散、无团聚、颗粒尺寸分布窄且近似球形特点的YAG纳米粉体.实验中,配制不同浓度的NH4HCO3水溶液作为沉淀剂,配制不同浓度的Y(NO3)3和NH4Al(SO4)2混合水溶液作为母液,在不同的的温度下,采用不同的滴定速度,得到不同的前驱体,前驱体在900℃以上的温度焙烧2h即可获得不同的粉体.主要采用X射线衍射(XRD)对这些粉体进行了物相分析,同时结合红外光谱法(F-IR)对部分前驱体进行了定性分析,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对纯相粉体进行了形貌观察.结果表明,在共沉淀过程中,混合溶液和沉淀剂的浓度直接决定了是否生成YAG为主相的粉体,环境温度和滴定速度则对是否生成纯相粉体有较大的影响.     

聚丙烯酸铵和柠檬酸铵分散剂对钇铝石榴石陶瓷透光率的影响

使用超声波-微波辅助的醇盐水解沉淀法合成了Y_3Al_5O_(12)(YAG)前驱体,加入烧结助剂及分散剂后真空烧结制备了YAG透明陶瓷,并对添加不同分散剂烧成的YAG透明陶瓷的晶相结构、微观形貌及光学性能进行了表征。结果表明:添加不同分散剂均可获得纯相YAG透明陶瓷;添加聚丙烯酸铵(NH_4PAA),晶粒之间没有明显的晶界,且气孔较大;添加柠檬酸铵(AC),晶粒分散良好,平均晶粒尺寸约为3μm。未添加分散剂时,YAG透明陶瓷在近红外波段处透光率为76%;添加NH_4PAA时,透明陶瓷透光率较低,仅为51%;而添加AC后透明陶瓷透光率可达到78%。添加AC能够细化YAG透明陶瓷晶粒,促进残余气孔排出,从而使YAG透明陶瓷获得更高的透光率。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备适用于还原性气氛下烧结的钛酸钡基超细粉体

以醋酸钡、钛酸四丁酯和冰醋酸为主要原料,采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备出适用于还原气氛下烧结的超细钛酸钡基陶瓷粉体.利用差热分析研究了前驱体的热转变过程.利用XRD分析了在不同烧结温度下,粉体的相结构.利用透射电镜研究了温度对粉体粒度和形貌的影响.实验结果表明,所得干凝胶在600℃度煅烧后就可以得到均匀且均相的掺杂改性钛酸钡粉体.在700℃度煅烧1h后,就可以得到形貌规则,粒度为100nm左右的高纯掺杂改性钛酸钡粉体.     

光学基质粉体YAG及荧光粉体Ce:YAG的制备与表征

采用共沉淀法制备出尺寸分布均匀、分散性良好的立方相钇铝石榴石(YAG)与Ce:YAG纳米粉体.考察了煅烧温度和时间对粉体物相和颗粒大小的影响及Ce~(3+)的掺杂量对Ce:YAG粉体的荧光光谱的影响.借助IR、XRD、BET、SEM和荧光分析仪等测试手段对前驱体、YAG及Ce:YAG纳米粉体进行了表征与分析.结果表明:共沉淀前驱体经900℃煅烧2h后可得到纯立方相的YAG(Ce:YAG)纳米粉体;所得Ce:YAG粉体具有较好的荧光特性且Ce~(3+)的掺杂量增加会造成其荧光光谱红移.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...