浅析斜面冲击试验机的升级改造

正冲击是商品流通过程中的主要危害因素之一,因此在各国包装试验标准中,都必然涉及到冲击试验项目。冲击试验方法按其目的,可以分为三类:考察包装对产品的保护能力,包括跌落试验、水平冲击试验、垂直冲击试验、斜面冲击试验等;在运输包装测试中,对于大件物品,评估其侧面遭受冲击能力试验中使用较为广泛的一种测试就是斜面冲击测试。考察产品对冲击危害的耐受程度即商品冲击易损度的测定,冲击试验的应用及存在的问题,普通冲击试验测出的     

高冲击加速度虚拟测试技术研究

为了降低弹体对硬目标深层侵彻的试验成本,结合"虚拟测试"(Virtual Test)在现代科技和工程技术领域的应用,提出了高冲击加速度虚拟测试技术的概念,从正面和反面两个角度分析了高冲击加速度虚拟测试系统的组成,使试验在实际进行前可以通过该系统预测试验结果和可能出现的问题,从而大幅度缩短产品的研制周期和研制经费.     

Hopkinson杆冲击激励系统的原理与应用

冲击激励法是确定加速度传感器性能的常用方法之一,各种不同的冲击激励系统的原理与冲击激励范围有较大的区别.本文主要论述了基于Hopkinson杆的冲击激励系统的原理,从杆内部微元的角度分析了应力与所产生加速度的关系,说明了基于Hopkinson杆冲击激励系统的组成,并且通过试验说明了其产生冲击加速度的特点.     

斜面冲击试验机的设计

考虑包装实验教学对斜面冲击试验机的需求,设计了一种冲击面板可动的新型斜面冲击试验机。其优点在于冲击面板是可以活动的。开始时冲击面板水平放置,便于小车装卸;装入小车后,冲击面板在液压缸的作用下与冲击斜面成90°夹角,满足包装件的冲击要求。该设计对包装工程专业的实验教学及相关科研工作具有重要的实际意义。     

连续冲击载荷条件下收音机的冲击响应特性研究与分析

以一种典型的电子产品FH-2010型"烽火"牌收音机为对象,利用正弦振动试验、模态分析、连续冲击试验等方法研究了收音机在连续冲击载荷条件下的冲击响应,获得了冲击放大系数和冲击响应特性.这些研究方法及结果对进一步研究连续冲击载荷环境中电子产品包装结构的破损与防护理论技术有较好的参考价值.     

基于不同支撑结构的薄壁管冲击微动磨损行为研究EI北大核心CSCD

在新型冲击微动磨损试验机上对304不锈钢薄壁管进行冲击微动磨损试验,研究了支撑结构(角度)和管长对薄壁管冲击微动损伤行为的影响,并对其界面响应和磨损机制进行分析。研究结果表明:当管长相同时,随着支撑结构角度的增大,薄壁管的变形量和冲击接触时间增大,而冲击接触峰值力、能量吸收率和磨损程度降低。当支撑结构角度相同时,管长的增加会导致变形量和冲击接触时间的减小,接触峰值力、能量吸收率和磨损程度的增大。通过对磨痕分析,304不锈钢薄壁管的冲击微动磨损的损伤机制主要是材料表面的疲劳剥落。     

颗粒自激式冲击-振动耦合力学试验方法及试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

针对一类冲击-振动耦合力学试验的技术需求,提出了一种短间隔连续冲击及颗粒体自激振动复合的冲击-振动耦合力学试验方法,并研制了试验系统样机。基于EDEM软件和VC++二次开发建立了试验系统自激振动结构的离散元耦合仿真模型,分析了颗粒体自激振动响应的一般规律,在此基础上根据应用需求优化选择自激振动加载方案。基于研制的力学试验系统样机和自激振动方案开展试验研究,通过分析对比连续冲击加载和冲击-振动耦合加载响应加速度时频域信号,验证了选择的颗粒体自激振动加载方案的实际作用效果,该试验系统可满足一些苛刻高动态连续冲击试验和连续冲击-多频振动耦合试验的需求,研究具有较好的科学意义和工程应用价值。     

SHPB劈裂试验下橡胶水泥砂浆的动态力学、能量特性及破坏机理试验研究

基于静载巴西劈裂原理,开展了橡胶水泥砂浆的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)劈裂试验,对其动态力学、能量特性及破坏机理进行了研究.根据损伤力学,从强度和能量的角度分析了橡胶掺量、养护湿度和冲击荷载对水泥砂浆动态劈裂损伤的影响,并探讨了三种损伤因素下的六种损伤路径.结合圆盘试件的破坏模式,建立了冲击劈裂简化平面理想受力模型,分析了破裂方式-Ⅰ和破裂方式-Ⅱ两种截然不同的动态劈裂方式,并初步探讨了破裂方式-Ⅱ下圆盘试样的破坏机理.结果表明,掺入橡胶颗粒和降低养护湿度均降低了水泥砂浆的动态劈裂拉伸强度;普通水泥砂浆和橡胶水泥砂浆有着相同的应力率和应变率演化趋势;掺入橡胶颗粒和降低养护湿度均在一定程度上阻碍了能量在水泥砂浆圆盘试件中的传递;不同的单一损伤因素和复合损伤因素对水泥砂浆圆盘试样造成的动态劈裂损伤不同;在较大的冲击荷载下,圆盘试样会因"三角形压碎区"、"劈裂拉伸区"和"弯曲断裂区"的形成而被破坏.最后,从细观的角度分析讨论了界面过渡区(ITZ)对SHPB劈裂下橡胶水泥砂浆强度和抗冲击性能的影响.     

冲击试验过程中对试验结果产生影响的因素分析

冲击试验用于考核产品在寿命周期内可能经受的冲击环境下的结构和功能特性。本文作者结合自己在实验室的实际工作经历和经验,利用冲击碰撞试验台对冲击试验过程中影响试验结果的关键因素进行了系统的分析,并提出了保证试验结果准确性的几种方法。     

智能机器人全自动冲击试验系统在夏比摆锤冲击试验中的应用

全自动冲击试验机由于结构设计的原因,在进行夏比摆锤冲击试验时,测量设备状态及试验的人工冲击操作等降低了试验效率和结果准确率。介绍了智能机器人全自动冲击试验系统的构造、试验概述和优势,将自动冲击与人工冲击进行了对比分析。结果表明:智能机器人全自动冲击试验系统按照夏比摆锤冲击试验标准设定,冲击试验时间恒定,保证了试验节奏的一致性,得到的试验结果偏差小且数据分布更为集中,减少了人为误差和试验结果的波动性,降低了试验结果的误判和错判的概率,提高了试验效率和结果准确率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.