金属有机骨架材料的合成方法及应用进展

金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)是近年来发展迅猛的一种具有三维孔结构的新型高分子材料,由有机配体和金属离子通过配位键自组装形成,具有比表面积大、孔隙率高、微孔结构有序等优良的性能在气体存储、吸附分离等领域受到越来越多的关注。综述了利用包括溶剂(水)热合成法、微波辅助合成法、扩散法、超声法、机械研磨法等合成MOFs的优缺点。对近年来MOFs在吸附挥发性有机物(VOCs)领域的研究进行了综述,对MOFs材料在未来的研究及发展进行了展望。     

金属有机骨架（MOFs）/纤维材料用于电阻式气体传感器的研究进展

总结了将MOFs材料与金属氧化物、纺织品以及碳基导电纤维材料相结合,并在电阻式气体传感器领域的研究与应用。其中金属氧化物结合MOFs过程中,MOFs主要有两个作用:一是作为分散剂提高金属氧化物的分散性;二是利用MOFs本身具有较大的比表面积和大量的活性位点,来提高材料对于气体分子的吸附量和选择性。当纺织品与MOFs结合的过程中,由于纺织品的导电性相对较差,所以需要结合一些导电性及气体选择性较好的MOFs来作为传感器。碳基导电纤维一般具有较好的机械性能和导电性能,因此将其与MOFs材料复合后用于柔性电阻气体传感器具有一定的优势。      

有机蒙脱石基复合相变材料的制备及研究

以有机蒙脱石为载体材料,聚乙二醇/硬脂酸为相变材料,采用液相插层法制备出了聚乙二醇/有机蒙脱石以及硬脂酸/有机蒙脱石复合相变材料.采用DSC对复合相变材料的热性能进行了研究.结果表明：复合相变材料中相变材料的适宜质量分数为50%;相同含量的情况下,聚乙二醇/有机蒙脱石的相变潜热比硬脂酸/有机蒙脱石的相变潜热小;硬脂酸质量分数为50%的复合相变材料的相变温度为54.56℃,相变潜热为79.8 J/g,经100次热循环后仍具有良好的热稳定性.     

粉芯丝材电弧喷涂的不稳定性分析

双丝电弧喷涂时,丝材顶端根据被加热状态可分为三个不同区域。其中,丝材顶端最外层被电弧直接加热（Ⅰ区）,这个区域的丝材完全熔化。由于传热效应使得相邻区域（丝材根部方向）的温度升高,从而产生软化区（Ⅱ区）。而与软化区相邻处（丝材根部方向）,传递的热量又软化了丝材并产生持续的变形区（Ⅲ区）,变形是由雾化气体所施加的动力产生的。采用高速摄像系统观察不同运行条件下丝材熔化、金属破碎并粒子形成的过程：Ⅰ区液态金属直接雾化成为很小的液滴,其尺寸是由熔化金属的特性和所施加的雾化气体压力所决定的,软化区是在阴阳极部位的金属薄片的源头。粉芯丝材的金属薄片要比实心丝材的尺寸小。受挤压作用形成的金属薄片形成二次引弧效应,因此增加了电弧喷涂过程的稳定性。本文分析了喷涂参数的影响、填充粉芯对熔化行为的影响、粒子形成以及喷涂过程的不稳定性,并将粉芯丝材和实心丝材的喷涂进行了对比。研究结果有利于提高双丝电弧喷涂模型的精度,并且可以通过优化喷管几何形状来增强金属液滴的雾化效果。     

纳米尺度多级孔金属-有机骨架材料应用研究进展

纳米尺度多级孔金属-有机骨架材料（NH-MOFs）融合了纳米尺度MOFs和多级孔MOFs的优势,拥有更大的比表面积、孔隙率和更多暴露的活性位点。NH-MOFs具有广泛的应用潜力,在各个领域引起了极大的关注,特别是在催化领域。NH-MOFs的纳米尺度晶体尺寸带来了更短的传质路径和更快的扩散速率,这种特性能够有效地提高反应物质在材料内部的传输效率,加速反应的进行,多级孔结构进一步增加了内部孔道的连通性,为分子的扩散和传输提供了更为便捷的通道,此外多级孔结构还导致更多的活性位点暴露在表面,进一步增强了催化活性和反应效率。这种高度可控的活性位点分布有助于优化催化反应的动力学和热力学特性,从而提高反应的效率和选择性。介绍了NH-MOFs在催化领域的研究进展,讨论了NH-MOFs未来大规模工业化生产和商业化应用存在的问题与挑战,最后对NH-MOFs未来的应用前景进行了展望。     

钴-铁双金属有机骨架衍生的硅/碳复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

硅拥有理论比容量高、锂化电压低和资源丰富的突出优势,是最具潜力的负极材料之一。然而,其巨大的体积变化导致的性能快速衰减和高成本的复杂合成工艺,仍是阻碍其工业化应用的关键。因此,我们通过将纳米硅嵌入到钴-铁双金属有机骨架(MOFs)中,制备得到多孔硅基复合材料(Si@CoFe/NC)。该结构兼具MOFs衍生材料的高导电性和独特的多孔特性,能有效的减缓充放电过程中电极的体积效应,因而展现出优异的电化学性能。所制备材料具有高达832 mAhg~(-1)(1Ag~(-1))的初始可逆比容量,且经过100次循环后,比容量依然维持在598mAhg-1。这项研究工作提出了一种简单的方法来制备具有优异电化学性能的硅基复合材料,在锂离子电池负极中具有较大的应用潜力。     

钎焊箔芯材与包覆层变形速度差异研究

从钎焊复合铝箔热轧及冷轧过程中芯材与包覆层变形速度差异方面分析、探讨钎焊箔与包覆层厚度均匀性的关系。     

多方位粒子相互作用的格子气自动机法相变模型

介绍了近年来以流体力学和分子动力学为背景而发展起来的格子气自动机法,本文中,通过各方向移动粒子间的相互作用以及静止粒子与各方向移动粒子间的相互作用建立了相变模型.通过模拟液体中气泡的形成,可观察到微观的相变过程,并由此证明了此模型的正确性和有效性.     

基于金属有机骨架材料的电阻传感器在检测VOCs中的应用

化学电阻传感器由于其结构简单、分析快速等特点在众多气体传感方式中脱颖而出,因此成为了目前应用广泛的传感器类型。其中,用于检测挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的电阻传感器中敏感材料对气体的选择性吸附和相应的检测至关重要,此外也需要一些额外措施保证检测的选择性。因此,传感材料的比表面积、孔尺寸、功能官能团以及辅助材料等决定了传感器的响应程度、选择和敏感程度。金属有机框架材料（MOF）是一类新型的有机?无机杂化材料,具有丰富多孔、高比表面积、结构多样性、化学稳定性良好等特点,除此以外一些MOF衍生物也具有比表面积大、导电性良好等特点,因此MOF及MOF衍生物已在气体传感器中得到广泛研究和应用。基于化学电阻传感器基本原理、MOF及MOF衍生物在电阻传感器检测挥发性有机化合物中起到的作用、原理、及其应用,对其发展前景和面临的挑战进行了展望。      

Brownian dynamics study of the interaction between plastocyanin and cytochrome f

The electrostatic interaction between plastocyanin (PC) and cytochrome f (cyt f), electron transfer partners in photosynthesis was studied using Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations. By using the software package MacroDox, which implements the BD algorithm of Northrup et al. (Northrup, S. H., J. O. Boles, and J. C. L. Reynolds. 1987. J. Phys. Chem. 91:5991-5998), we have modeled the interaction of the two proteins based on crystal structures of poplar PC and turnip cyt f at pH 7 and a variety of ionic strengths. We find that the electrostatic attraction between positively charged residues (K58, K65, K187, and R209, among others) on cyt f and negatively charged residues (E43, D44, E59, and E60, among others) on PC steers PC into a single dominant orientation with respect to cyt f, and furthermore, that the single dominant orientation that we observe is one that we had predicted in our previous work (Pearson, D. C., E. L. Gross, and E. S. David. 1996. Biophys. J. 71:64-76). This dominant orientation permits the formation of hydrophobic interactions, which are not implemented in the MacroDox algorithm. This proposed complex between PC and cyt f implicates H87, a copper ligand on PC, as the residue that accepts electrons from the heme on cyt f (and possibly through Y1 as we proposed previously). We argue for the existence of this single dominant complex on the basis of observations that the most favorable orientations of the interaction between PC and cyt f, as determined by grouping successful BD trajectories on the basis of closest contacts of charged residues, tend to overlap one another and have very close distances between the metal centers on the two proteins (copper on PC, iron on cyt f). We use this knowledge to develop a model for PC/cyt f interaction that places a reaction between the two proteins occurring when the copper-to-iron distance is between 16 and 17 A. This reaction distance gives a good estimate of the experimentally observed rate constant for PC-cyt f interaction. Analysis of BD results as a function of ionic strength predicts an interaction that happens less frequently and becomes less specific as ionic strength increases.     

Structural requirements and dynamics of mitosin-kinetochore interaction in M phase

Mitosin is a 350-kDa human nuclear protein which transiently associates with centromeres and spindle poles in M phase. Ultrastructure studies reveal that it is located at the outer kinetochore plate. In this work, we explored the detailed structural basis and dynamics of the mitosin-kinetochore interaction. Two major regions important for targeting to centromeres were identified by analyzing different deletion mutants expressed in CHO cells: (i) the "core region" between amino acids 2792 and 2887, which was essential for the centromere localization of mitosin; and (ii) the internal repeats between residues 2094 and 2487, which cooperated with the core region to achieve strong mitosin-kinetochore interaction. The core region is characteristic of two leucine zipper motifs. Deletion of either motif abolished the centromere localization activity. In addition, Cys2864, adjacent to the second motif, was also essential for the activity of the core region. In contrast, the internal repeats alone were insufficient for centromere localization. We propose that this region may serve as a regulatory domain to facilitate interaction of the core region with the kinetochore. We showed that mitosin molecules entering nuclei after nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) were not assembled onto kinetochores efficiently, suggesting that the mitosin-kinetochore interaction is stabilized prior to NEBD. This result supports the idea of an ordered process for kinetochore assembly. Our data also suggest that mitosin might interact with chromatin in interphase. Evidence for coordinated regulation between the centromere-targeting and the putative chromatin-binding activities is also provided.     

羟基磷灰石气凝胶复合相变材料的制备及其性能

以相变材料为核心的潜热储存技术,对加快新能源开发和提高能源利用率起着关键性作用。以油酸钙为前驱体,通过水热法合成了具有自支撑网络结构的羟基磷灰石（HAP）气凝胶,并采用浸渍法制备出自支撑羟基磷灰石复合相变材料。通过扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重法、差示扫描量热法等手段对所制备复合相变材料的形貌、稳定性、热性能等进行了表征及测试。实验结果表明,负载石蜡或十八醇的羟基磷灰石气凝胶复合相变材料均具有良好的热性能,质量分数60%石蜡@HAP气凝胶复合相变材料的熔融焓和凝固焓测量值分别为85.10和85.30 J·g?1,结晶度为81.50%;质量分数60%十八醇@HAP气凝胶复合相变材料的熔融焓和凝固焓测量值为113.78和112.25 J·g?1,结晶度为86.20%,且具有很好的热稳定性和化学稳定性。此外,羟基磷灰石气凝胶载体材料阻燃性好,无腐蚀且安全环保,有效拓展了相变材料在智能保温纺织物和建筑材料等领域的实际应用。      

生物质多孔碳基复合相变材料制备及性能

目前,通过多孔高导热载体与相变材料复合的方式提升有机复合相变材料综合性能的方法得到广泛应用。多孔碳作为负载能力强,导热性能良好的载体材料成为研究的热点,但如何绿色、廉价、简易地制备出该类载体仍是研究的难点。本文以天然生物质材料松木和竹木为碳源,在梯度温度和氮气气氛下热处理,使生物质材料碳化并进一步发生石墨化转变,制备出生物质天然孔道结构的多孔高导热碳基载体材料。采用真空熔融浸渍法将有机相变材料石蜡和多孔碳基载体材料进行高效复合,制备得到生物质多孔碳/石蜡复合相变材料。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、红外光谱仪（FTIR）、同步热分析仪（TGA）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、拉曼光谱仪（Raman）、压汞分析仪（MIP）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、激光导热仪对载体材料及复合相变材料进行结构表征和性能测试。测试结果表明:生物质多孔碳载体材料孔道结构保存完好,石墨化转变明显,保证了有机相变芯材的高效稳定负载。传热效率上,相比于纯石蜡芯材,以松木和竹木为碳源制得的多孔碳/石蜡复合相变材料热导率分别提高了100%和216%,达到了0.48 W·m?1·K?1和0.76 W·m?1·K?1。在此基础上,通过对比松木和竹木为原料制得的复合相变材料的芯材负载量,相变焓值,热导率的变化,进一步探讨了生物质结构对复合相变材料性能的影响机制。      

Effect of alloying on the interaction between the components of sintered materials containing solid lubricants and on the frictional characteristics of these materials

Conclusions By adding to the Cu-MoS₂ system an alloying element forming a solid solution with the matrix metal, it is possible to decrease the intensity of the physicochemical reaction between the copper and solid lubricant. The addition to a composite of an element forming, as a result of reacting with the former's components, a compound possessing good lubricating properties improves the frictional characteristics of the material. Bronze-Pb-WSe₂ composite materials can be recommended for operation under dry friction conditions.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 2(206), pp. 67–69, February, 1980.     

Molecular basis for the interaction between human IgM and staphylococcal protein A

To examine the relationship between VH gene usage and reactivity of immunoglobulins, we cloned B cells from peripheral blood from adults and from human neonatal cord blood by EBV transformation. Nearly one-third of the B cell clones from both sources produced IgM reactive with staphylococcal protein A (SPA). None of such IgM reacted with other antigens, except for the crude extract of Staphylococcus aureus. All of 22 B cell clones producing IgM reactive with SPA expressed VH3 genes, while none of the control 15 clones secreting IgM nonreactive with SPA expressed VH3. The IgM proteins reactive with SPA could be clearly divided into two subjects based on the differential binding avidity to solid-phase SPA. Both kappa and lambda light chains were used in each subset of SPA-reactive IgM. Sequence analysis of the PCR products from seven VH3-IgM clones revealed that the VH3 genes were used in nearly germline configuration. The D and J gene usage was diverse. Comparison of amino acid sequences between antibodies with high and low avidity to SPA suggests that the differential avidity is related to amino acid sequence differences in the complementarity determining region 2 and framework region 3. The high frequencies of B cells committed to the production of SPA-reactive IgM in normal blood and the restricted use of VH3 heavy chain genes in nearly germline configuration in these cells support the notion that SPA behaves like a superantigen toward human B cells.