Cr和Si元素对奥氏体不锈钢组织构成及凝固路线的影响

以316Ti奥氏体不锈钢为基础,设计不同Cr和Si元素含量的合金成分,结合Thermal-Calc热力学模拟计算与合金铸锭凝固组织形貌、成分分析,研究了Cr和Si元素对合金凝固组织构成的影响.研究结果表明,热力学计算能够获得奥氏体不锈钢中析出δ相的临界Cr和Si含量.合金凝固时的元素偏析和冷却过程中的δ→γ相变可对δ相析出预测产生一定影响.此外,本工作还针对δ相析出评价了两种凝固路线判据.     

脉冲电流对奥氏体不锈钢凝固组织的影响

采用储能电容为 15 0 μF的脉冲电源 ,在 5 2 1V和 2 6 4 7V两种充电电压下 ,对奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti进行电脉冲处理。结果表明 :脉冲电流能够细化奥氏体不锈钢的凝固组织 ,使奥氏体一次枝晶长度明显缩短 ,二次枝晶间距也有所减小。脉冲电流参数不同 ,其作用机理和效果不同。     

合金元素对Cr—Mn—Ni奥氏体不锈钢凝固组织的影响

日本金属工业有限公司的研究人员针对五种类型的Cr—Mn—Ni奥氏体不锈钢：14％Cr-1．2％Ni-10％Mn-0．13％N．15％Cr-4％Ni-8％Mn-0．05％N．15％Cr-4％Ni-8％Mn-0．12％N．17％Cr-4．5％Ni-3．5％Mn-0．3％Mo-0．10％N和17％Cr-4％Mn-6．5％Ni-0．05％N中合金元素对钢锭凝固组织的影响进行了研究。     

S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢凝固相转变的热力学分析

超级奥氏体不锈钢广泛应用于海洋、环保、化工等苛刻腐蚀环境。由于合金化程度较高,凝固过程凝固偏析严重,析出相多且复杂。本文结合热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc,分析S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢在凝固过程中组织的组成和析出相的演变规律,主要合金元素Mo、Cr、Ni、N在凝固过程发挥的功能及其对相组织演变的影响,Mo-Cr元素交互作用对凝固相组织演变影响规律。结果表明,该钢种液固相线温度分别是1 394.4℃和1 358.6℃,平衡凝固路径是L→γ,非平衡凝固路径是L→L₁+γ→L₂+γ+δ→γ+δ+σ。Mo偏析是导致σ相析出的主要原因,δ相和σ相析出时,液相中Mo含量分别为8.5%和11.3%。     

氮对304奥氏体不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

在０Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９奥氏体不锈钢成分基础上，加入一定的氮，并使钢中的镍含量控制在标准下限含量的条件下，研究了氮对组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：加氮后钢的强度提高，奥氏体稳定不变，固溶态组织不变，而敏化后晶界析出物类型有所不同。     

节镍奥氏体不锈钢凝固模式及氮的影响

选取氮含量不同的连铸板坯试样,利用THERMORESTOR-W型焊接热模拟机对试样局部加热熔化,令其在设定的冷却温度范围以特定的速度冷却,研究氮含量对节镍奥氏体不锈钢初凝组织的影响.试验结果表明:由于氮含量的差异,低氮钢式样(1号)与高氮钢式样(2号)的凝固模式不同,且它们随着冷却速度的增加,铁素体及晶粒内部沉淀相的含量变化趋势存在明显的差别.     

奥氏体不锈钢凝固组织中残留铁素体特征研究

 采用化学侵蚀、彩色金相和电子探针（EPMA）等方法对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢连铸方坯凝固组织及其残留铁素体的形貌、化学组成等特征进行了分析,并采用DICTRA软件对铁素体向奥氏体的扩散转变进行了模拟研究,结果表明AISI304不锈钢铸坯表层树枝晶区的二次枝晶间距为12~20μm,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体呈骨骼状分布;铸坯中心等轴晶区的残留铁素体为蠕虫状分布,中心等轴晶区的残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的同时富Si贫Mn,且其富Cr贫Ni的程度比柱状晶区的残留铁素体轻。钢液成分和先析铁素体向奥氏体扩散转变时间、距离是影响残留铁素体化学组成的主要因素。     

304奥氏体不锈钢亚快速凝固组织演化和形成机理

通过感应炉熔化的304钢(/%:0.053C、0.55Si、1.50Mn、0.030P、0.002S、17.02Cr、8.01 Ni、0.50Cu、0.08Mo)直接浇铸在水冷铜模上得到厚7 mm直径25 mm的圆形试样,研究了Cr、当量/Ni当量和1.5～1 000℃/s的冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢铸态凝固组织形态和分布的影响。结果表明,随冷却速率增加至75～90℃/s,该钢的凝固模式由FA(铁素体-奥氏体)模式向AF(奥氏体-铁素体)模式转变,初生相由枝晶铁素体转变成枝晶奥氏体,但冷却为～1 000℃/s时,观察到块状铁素体组织,并且枝晶状奥氏体转变成胞状奥氏体。     

反向凝固复合奥氏体不锈钢薄带的实验研究

采用１．２ｍｍ厚的１５Ｆ热轧板为母带，以奥氏体不锈钢１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９作为覆层材料，在实验室条件下研究了反向凝固法生产复合奥氏体不锈钢带的可行性。实验表明，随着母带在钢液中浸渍时间的增加，新相层的生长经历“快速生长”、“平衡相持”和“迅速回熔”三个阶段；新相层厚度则随着钢液过热度的增加而近似线性地减少。此外，母带表面状态、母带在钢液中的浸渍时间及钢液过热度对铸带质量均有显著的影响，但通过控制合格的工     

Austenitic solidification mode in austenitic stainless steel welds

The micro- and macrostructures of about 50 different stainless welds of the AISI/AWS 300 series are analyzed. The results indicate that in welding condition corresponding to a typical SMA welding those and only those welds in which the ratio Cr_eq/Ni_eq≲1.48, where Ni_eq and Cr_eq are the nickel and chromium equivalents on the Schaeffler diagram, solidify with the austenite as the primary or leading phase and the delta ferrite, if any, formed from the rest melt between growing cells or cellular dendrites of the austenite. At room temperature these welds are characterized by a regular general microstructure, soft forms of the ferrite and relatively large compositional differences mainly caused by solidification. T. TAKALO, formerly Research Staff Member, University of Oulu     

Ferritic-austenitic solidification mode in austenitic stainless steel welds

The macro-and microstructures of about fifty different stainless welds of the AISI/ AWS 300 series are analyzed. The results indicate that under conditions corresponding to a typical shielded metal arc (SMA) welding the welds with a ratio in the range 1.48≾Cr _eq /Ni _eq ≾1.95, where Ni _eq and Cr _eq are the nickel and chromium equivalents on the Schaeffler diagram, solidify in accordance with a duplex mode with the delta ferrite as the primary (leading) phase. The austenite forms between ferrite dendrites through a three-phase reaction between liquid, ferrite and austenite, and subsequently grows into the ferrite by either an equiaxial or an acicular mechanism, resulting in a drastic decrease in the volume fraction of the delta ferrite. The micro-structure at room temperature is characterized by a general irregularity and the varied morphology of the ferrite. The compositional differences observed at room temperature are a consequence both of the solidification and the solid state transformation. Formerly Research Staff Member, Laboratory of Physical Metallurgy, University of Oulu.     

High-temperature oxidation behavior of austenitic stainless steel Cr20Ni12Si2RE

Austenitic stainless steel Cr20 Ni12 Si2 RE was developed for use in hot-end components of automobile exhaust systems,especially in automobiles designed according to the China VI emission standard. The hightemperature oxidation kinetic curve of Cr20 Ni12 Si2 RE at 1 050 ℃ was obtained using the weighting method. The oxidation curves exhibit the parabolic law at 1 050 ℃; after 250 h of oxidation,the mass gain was 22 g/m~2. The morphology,structure,and composition of the oxide film were examined using scanning electron microscopy and Xray diffraction methods. A thin,stable,and dense spinel oxide film obtained after 250 h of oxidation at 1 050 ℃ was mainly composed of( Mn_(0.87)Fe_(0.13))( Mn_(0.13)Fe_(0.87)Cr) O_4 and Cr_2 O_3 with a silicon-containing oxide underneath. The addition of rare earth elements was found to restrict further diffusion of metallic atoms from the austenite toward the oxide film,and consequently,led to a low growth rate of the oxide film. The inner silicon-containing oxide was produced by the diffusion of oxygen atoms and enhanced the coherent strength of the oxide film.     

Effect of superheat on the solidification structures of AISI 310S austenitic stainless steel

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the evolution of macrostructure and microstructure in AISI 310S stainless steel during solidification. Experimental findings suggested that the macrostructure and the microstructure of the cast material responded differently to variations in casting temperature. As the casting temperature decreased, the macro structure was refined, as expected, but the microstructure coarsened. A relationship was established between the proportion of equiaxed zone and superheat as follows: pct equiaxed zone =a +b ln (1/ΔT) wherea andb are constants. The relationship between grain width and superheat could be expressed by the equation $$gw = e^{\left( {c + d/\Delta T} \right)} $$ wherec andd are constants determined by the distance from the edge of the ingot. The relationship between primary arm spacing and superheat could be expressed by the equation $$\lambda _1 = p + q \ln \left( {1/\Delta T} \right)$$ wherep andq are constants determined by the distance from the edge of the ingot. The parameter “grain width ratio” has been introduced to describe the relationship between the shape and the nucleation and growth kinetics of the columnar grains.     

Effect of solidification conditions on the solidification mode in austenitic stainless steels

The effect of the solidification conditions on the solidification mode in the composition range in which the primary austenitic and ferritic modes compete is studied by varying the welding parameters in gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding and by comparing the results with those obtained from other laboratory experiments. A good agreement holds if the effect of the composition is described by the ratio Cr_eq/Ni_eq (Cr_eq = pct Cr + 1.37 × pct Mo + 1.5 × pct Si + 2 × pct Nb + 3 × pct Ti and Ni_eq = pct Ni + 0.31 × pct Mn + 22 × pct C + 14.2 × pct N + pct Cu) and the effect of the solidification conditions by the growth rate. The critical value of the ratio Cr_eq/Ni_eq corresponding to the transition from primary austenitic to ferritic solidification increases from 1.43 to 1.55 with increasing growth rate. The upper limit is valid in GTA welding at high welding speeds, while the lower limit corresponds to the practical conditions which exist in ingot and shaped casting. The validity and applicability of this solidification model are discussed.     

冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程影响的原位观察

通过采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行了原位动态观察研究.发现当冷却速率为0.05℃·s^-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以胞状晶方式凝固,其凝固模式为FA模式,即δ铁素体相先从液相中形核并长大,γ相在1 448.9℃时通过与液相发生包晶反应(L+δ→γ)在δ铁素体相界形成,当温度降到1 431.3℃时液相消失,δ铁素体相通过固态相变转变为γ相,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体位于胞状晶之间.当冷却速率为3.0℃·s^-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以枝晶方式生长,冷却到1346.4℃时包晶反应在液相与δ铁素体相界之间进行,其残留铁素体位于枝晶干,与冷却速率为0.05℃·s^-1时相比,其残留铁素体的数量增多,残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的程度减轻.     

Analysis of the microstructure and mechanical properties of 309L austenitic stainless steel

309L is a kind of austenitic stainless steel.This paper discusses 309L,which was smelted and rolled in a lab.Its microstructural characteristics in states of as-cast,hot-rolling,cold-rolling and solid solution were investigated respectively by optical microscope (OM).It is found that 309L is composed of austenite and residual δ-ferrite under these conditions,and the δ-ferrite cannot be eliminated easily by heat-treatment.Its hot plasticity and deformation resistance were investigated in a series of heat simulation tests.Its mechanical properties under different cold reductions were studied.All these provide valuable experimental data for the industrial production.