冷矫直对压力容器用钢力学性能的影响

利用化学成分分析、残余应力测试、力学性能试验等方法,探讨了冷矫直对压力容器用钢拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:样坯冷矫直后,屈服强度偏大,抗拉强度、断后伸长率及断面收缩率基本不变;样坯冷矫直+退火处理后,屈服强度和抗拉强度均偏小,断后伸长率及断面收缩率变化不明显;冷矫直影响压力容器用钢力学性能的主要原因是冷矫直后产生了残余应力,出现了应变硬化,使材料的屈服强度增加。     

拉伸速度和制样方式对聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯拉伸性能的影响

研究了拉伸速度及制样方式对聚苯乙烯(PP)和聚丙烯(PS)材料的拉伸强度和断后伸长率的影响。结果表明:随着拉伸速度的增大,两种材料的拉伸强度均有所增加,而断后伸长率却呈现出不同的变化;PS注塑成型试样的拉伸强度和断后伸长率都明显高于压制成型试样,PP注塑成型试样的断后伸长率比压制成型试样的增加了69%,而拉伸强度几乎没有改变。     

焊接接头几种取样方式拉伸试验结果对比分析

以304不锈钢对焊试板为研究对象,分别沿母材、全焊缝以及垂直焊缝方向进行取样,探讨了采用接头横向拉伸试验获得焊缝屈服强度的合理性,同时对比了几种取样方式所获得的抗拉强度和断后伸长率的差别。结果表明:接头横向拉伸试验获得的屈服强度介于母材试样的与全焊缝试样的之间,且使用不同标距长度的引伸计及不使用引伸计所获得的屈服强度也存在较大的差异,屈服强度的测试结果受所选引伸计的影响极为显著;接头横向拉伸试验获得的抗拉强度也介于母材试样的与全焊缝试样的之间;而接头横向拉伸试验所获得的断后伸长率则远远低于母材试样的及全焊缝试样的。     

试样直径对TC4钛合金拉伸性能的影响

通过对不同直径的TC4钛合金试样进行室温拉伸试验,研究了试样直径对试验测得TC4钛合金抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率以及断面收缩率等拉伸性能的影响规律,并探讨了其影响机制。结果表明:试验测得TC4钛合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度随试样直径的增大呈指数函数关系下降,而断后伸长率和断面收缩率随试样直径的增大呈线性函数关系下降;该种变化规律是由不同直径试样TC4钛合金显微组织结构和加工方式等引起的。     

QT500-7球墨铸铁拉伸试样断口异常分析

拉伸试验中QT500-7球墨铸铁拉伸试样断裂后断口存在颜色较深的异常区。通过宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、力学性能测试等方法对异常区形成原因进行了分析。结果表明:球墨铸铁铸造过程中局部石墨球化不良或球化衰退造成了该区域显微组织中有大量的蠕虫状石墨,导致球墨铸铁拉伸试样断口异常,这严重降低了球墨铸铁材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率等力学性能。     

使用横梁位移测定铍材的断后伸长率

GB/T 228.1-2010规定了使用直接法和移位法测定金属材料的断后伸长率。但铍材拉伸试样的横截面积和断后伸长率较小,若使用直接法测定,其断后伸长率随断口所在位置及试样断裂部分拼接状态的变化而变化,不具备唯一性;若使用移位法测定,虽弥补了直接法的不足,但操作较为麻烦。笔者介绍了利用横梁位移计算铍材拉伸试样断后伸长率的方法,可弥补上述两种方法的不足。通过试验及数据统计分析,证明此种方法可以准确快速地测定铍材试样的断后伸长率。     

焊接接头横向拉伸试验结果分析

通过一系列对比试验,研究分析了Q345焊接试板焊接接头横向拉伸性能与全焊缝和焊板母材之间的差异,探索接头横向拉伸所得屈服强度与断后伸长率的合理性。结果表明,接头横向拉伸所获得的屈服强度值介于母材与全焊缝的值之间,且试验结果受所用引伸计标距的影响较为显著;接头横向拉伸断裂位置虽在母材上,但抗拉强度值要高于母材强度近20 MPa,断后伸长率则比母材低了近10%,但仍高于全焊缝的值。     

拉伸试验机自动测量断后伸长率面临的难题及解决办法

拉伸试验机、引伸计、试样测量台和机械手等技术的进步,使很多自动或半自动的拉伸试验机投入了使用,这些拉伸机测量抗拉强度、屈服强度等应力指标可以达到很高的精度,但是,自动测量断后伸长率却可能得出错误的结果。认识、验证和解决该问题是制造和使用拉伸机的有关人员面临的一个难题。介绍了笔者和某试验机制造公司共同进行的验证直接测量和不同修正方法得到的结果,并提出了用最大力总伸长率代替断后伸长率作为塑性指标。     

泡沫灭火后Q460高强钢力学性能试验研究

对室温及200～900℃高温自然冷却和泡沫灭火冷却后的Q460高强钢开展静力拉伸试验研究,获得高温及不同冷却方式后Q460高强钢的力学性能参数,并与Q235和Q690钢高温后力学性能变化规律进行对比分析,建立Q460高强钢力学性能参数随温度和冷却方式变化的数学模型.结果表明:Q460高强钢在不同温度和冷却方式下呈现不同的表观特征;温度和冷却方式对弹性模量的影响较小,却对Q460高强钢的强度和伸长率有较大影响,温度低于500℃时,Q460高强钢高温冷却后的强度和伸长率与常温时接近,但随温度的升高,强度降低而伸长率增大;温度高于500℃后,Q460高强钢自然冷却后的强度和伸长率发生明显变化,900℃时,Q460高强钢的屈服强度、极限强度和伸长率分别为常温时的38％、67％和107％;泡沫灭火冷却后Q460高强钢的力学性能参数发生明显变化的温度为600℃,900℃时Q460高强钢的屈服强度、极限强度和伸长率分别为常温时的39％、67％和131％.基于试验数据,建立了不同冷却方式下Q460高强钢的力学性能参数随温度变化的数学模型,可对火灾后Q460高强钢的力学性能进行有效评估.     

数控高速锯床加工H型钢拉伸试样的程序段设计及试验结果

为使D-450H型数控高速锯床满足H型钢拉伸试样的加工要求,对该型数控高速锯床的程序段进行设计,并对加工出的H型钢拉伸试样的试验结果进行对比验证试验.结果表明:采用经过程序段设计的数控高速锯床加工出的H型钢拉伸试样在拉伸试验时基本不会发生应变强化;试样尺寸及形状公差均满足标准要求;抗拉强度、屈服强度及断后伸长率与鳄鱼剪...     

Interface microstructure and strength properties of Ti–6Al–4V and microduplex stainless steel diffusion bonded joints

The diffusion bonding of Ti–6Al–4V alloy and micro-duplex stainless steel was carried out in the temperature range of 850–1000 °C for 45 min in vacuum. The influence of bonding temperature on the microstructural development, micro-hardness and strength properties across the joint region was determined. The layer wise σ phase, λ + FeTi and λ + FeTi + β-Ti phase mixtures were observed at the bond interface when the joint was processed at 900 °C and above temperature. The maximum tensile strength of ∼520.1 MPa and shear strength of ∼405.5 MPa along with 6.8% elongation were obtained for the diffusion couple processed at 900 °C. Fracture surface observation in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS) demonstrates that, failure takes place through λ + FeTi phase when bonding was processed at 900 °C, however, failure takes place through σ phase for the diffusion joints processed at and above 950 °C.     

TA22合金扩散焊接接头的组织与性能

利用真空扩散焊接方法，研究不同焊接温度对TA22合金接头组织和性能的影响，并通过焊后热处理改善接头的综合性能。结果表明:随着扩散焊接温度的升高，TA22合金扩散焊接接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度逐渐降低，而伸长率和断面收缩率则表现出先升高后降低的趋势，其拐点在950℃。经850℃退火处理后，TA22合金扩散焊接接头的塑性得到明显的改善。      

等径角挤压对AZ31镁合金组织及力学性能的影响

研究了电磁连铸AZ31镁合金沿A路径经常规等径角挤压(ECAE)和两步ECAE变形后的微观组织与力学性能.结果表明:与预挤压态相比,常规ECAE态合金随着挤压道次的增加,晶粒不断细化,伸长率不断提高,但屈服强度与抗拉强度逐渐降低;两步ECAE可以使晶粒进一步细化,伸长率、屈服强度与抗拉强度均提高.伸长率、屈服强度与抗拉...     

Effect of welding parameters on diffusion bonding of type 304 stainless steel–copper bimetal

Abstract

Stainless steel AISI type 304 and electrolytic cold rolled copper were joined by diffusion bonding at temperatures ranging from 650 to 950°C, for times from 5 to 45 min, and at pressures from 2 to 12 MPa. After bonding the microstructure of the interface was investigated, including the grain size, and shear and tensile strengths of the bonded specimens were determined. From the results, it was seen that the bond shear strength was dependent on interface grain boundary migration and on grain growth during the bonding process. In addition, attempts were made to find a relationship between grain size and shear strength in the bonding area. Taking into account the results of shear testing and microstructural observation, for a sound bond, optimum bonding conditions were obtained at temperatures of 800–850°C for 15–20 min at 4–6.5 MPa. The fracture behaviour of the diffusion bonded joint was investigated by means of shear and tensile testing under different bonding conditions. It was found that both shear and tensile strengths of the bonds were sensitive to the bonding conditions, and the intermetallic phases did not affect these parameters. Furthermore, the value of shear strength of the bond surface determined by shear testing was higher than the shear strength of the fracture surface determined by tensile testing.     

Fabrication of Al–Cu laminated composites by diffusion rolling procedure

Abstract

A diffusion rolling procedure was employed for the fabrication of Al–Cu laminated composites; the microstructure and mechanical properties of the interface were investigated. With diffusion bonding initially, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) occurred at the Al/Cu interface. After plastic deformation by rolling the laminated composites, the interface strip of IMCs broke and became discontinuous equiaxed particulates. Compared with roll bonding with heat treatment and diffusion bonding, the shear tensile strength of two-stage processed Al/Cu interface reached a maximum value equivalent to 90% of that of Al. Therefore, it is concluded that the diffusion rolling procedure yielded the highest strength of Al–Cu laminated composites.     

Structure and properties of solid state diffusion bonding of 17-4PH stainless steel and titanium

Abstract

Solid state diffusion bonded joint between titanium and 17-4 precipitation hardening stainless steel was carried out in the temperature range of 800–1050°C in steps of 50°C for 30 min and also at 950°C for 30–180 min in steps of 30 min under a uniaxial pressure of 3·5 MPa in vacuum. Bonded samples were characterised using light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique. Up to 850°C for 30 min, FeTi phase was formed at the diffusion interface; however, α-Fe+λ, χ, Fe₂Ti and FeTi phases and phase mixtures were formed above 850°C for 30 min and at 950°C for all bonding times. Maximum tensile strength of ～326 MPa, shear strength of ～254 MPa and impact toughness of ～24 J were obtained for the diffusion couple processed at 1000°C for 30 min and 30–180 min time interval at 950°C, and maximum tensile strength ～323 MPa, shear strength ～243 MPa and impact toughness of ～22 J were achieved when bonding was processed for 120 min. The residual stress of the bonded joints increases with the increase in bonding temperatures and times.     

Low cycle fatigue properties of friction stir welded joints of a semi-solid processed AZ91D magnesium alloy

A semi-solid processed (thixomolded) Mg–9Al–1Zn magnesium alloy (AZ91D) was subjected to friction stir welding (FSW), aiming at evaluating the weldability and fatigue property of the FSW joint. Microstructure analysis showed that a recystallized fine-grained microstructure was generated in the nugget zone (NZ) after FSW. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of the FSW joint were obtained to be 192 MPa, 245 MPa, and 7.6%, respectively. Low-cycle fatigue tests showed that the FSW joint had a fatigue life fairly close to that of the BM, which could be well described by the Basquin and Coffin-Manson equations. Unlike the extruded magnesium alloys, the hysteresis loops of FSW joint of the thixomolded AZ91D alloy were basically symmetrical, while the non-linear or pseudoelastic behavior was still present. The FSW joint was observed to fail in the BM section rather than in the NZ. Fatigue crack initiated basically from the pores at or near the specimen surface, and crack propagation was mainly characterized by fatigue striations along with the presence of secondary cracks.     

A general strategy for the reliable joining of Al/Ti dissimilar alloys via ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding

Ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding (UaFSW) was used to join 6061-T6 aluminum and Ti6Al4V alloys. A small plunge depth endowed with the low heat input was used and the sound joints without obvious thickness reduction were achieved. A diffusion-type bonding without the intermetallic compounds layer was observed at the joint interface. The ultrasonic improved the diffusion thickness and decreased the average size of grains and titanium alloy fragments. A hook-like structure was formed at the bottom interface of the UaFSW joint, which improved the bonding length and the mechanical interlocking. The microhardness of the stir zone was increased because of the further grain refinement induced by ultrasonic. The maximum tensile strength of the UaFSW joint was 236 MPa, which reached 85% of the base 6061-T6 alloy.     

铜/钢爆炸焊接头界面组织及力学性能研究

为了揭示铜/钢爆炸焊接的结合机理,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和纳米压痕仪等对T2纯铜/Q245钢爆炸焊接头结合界面组织和微力学性能进行了分析.结果表明:T2纯铜/Q245钢爆炸复合板结合界面呈现较规则的正弦波形,界面结合良好,界面处原子发生强烈扩散,形成了过饱和铜钢固溶体;界面不同区域固溶体微力学性能不同,纳米硬度在2.02~3.08 GPa,弹性模量在129.6~172.1 GPa;由界面弹性模量分布云图可知,固溶体层连续分布在界面上,由于界面原子扩散程度不同,部分区域的固溶体层厚度很薄,在光镜下很难识别,而在波峰处固溶体则比较明显.固溶体的弹性模量均比铜基体的大,其原子键合强度强于铜基体原子,在一定程度上增强了界面的结合强度,从而使界面的结合强度高于铜基体;爆炸焊接头的拉剪试验断裂位置均位于铜侧,也证实了界面结合强度高于铜基体的强度。     

Improvements of mechanical properties in dissimilar joints of HDPE and ABS via carbon nanotubes during friction stir welding process

Thermoplastic materials can be joined via friction stir welding (FSW), but the traditional tools fail to get excellent quality. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the morphology and mechanical property of the dissimilar joints of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) during submerged friction stir welding (SFSW). Different amounts of MWCNTs were added to the interface of the joint. The results show that the number of defects, such as pores and crack, could be decreased by adding the MWCNTs. The tensile and hardness tests were carried out as the mechanical properties of the weld samples, and the results showed that adding the MWCNTs to the joint increased the tensile strength and elongation, but decreased the hardness of the joint. The volume of the groove is used to fill the MWCNTs, however, it is easy to form cracks in the joint when it was too large.