一种连杆用非调质钢的连续冷却转变

通过Gleeble-3800热模拟机研究了一种连杆用中碳非调质钢的连续冷却转变组织变化规律,分析了冷却速度对转变组织和显微硬度的影响。结果表明,当冷却速度小于0.1℃/s时,组织为铁素体-珠光体;当冷却速度大于0.5℃/s时,开始发生贝氏体转变,在0.5～0.8℃/s冷速范围内,组织为铁素体-珠光体+贝氏体;当冷却速度大于1℃/s时开始发生马氏体转变,随着冷却速度的增加,贝氏体、马氏体含量逐渐增加,当冷却速度大于8℃/s时,组织全部为马氏体。实验钢的显微硬度随着冷却速度的提高而增加。     

37Mn5钢的连续冷却转变曲线

利用热膨胀仪测得不同冷却速度下的膨胀曲线,采用切线法确定各冷速下的相变温度,结合显微组织和维氏硬度检测绘制出37Mn5钢的CCT曲线。结果显示,当冷却速度＜5℃/s时,组织为铁素体和珠光体;冷却速度在5~40℃/s时,组织中形成贝氏体,冷速在5℃/s时开始发生贝氏体转变,10℃/s时开始发生马氏体转变;当冷却速度≥40℃/s 时,组织全部成为板条马氏体。     

新型耐候钢连续冷却转变曲线的测定

用膨胀法结合金相法,在gleeble1500热模拟机上测定了新型耐候钢0.14C-1.43Mn-0.69Si-0.79Al的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线).结果表明,CCT曲线上珠光体和贝氏体的转变区分开,且在珠光体和贝氏体转变区域之间不存在奥氏体亚稳区.冷却速度小于1℃/s,转变产物为铁素体和珠光体;冷却速度为1℃/s,开始出现少量粒状贝氏体;随冷却速度的增大,铁素体和珠光体含量逐渐降低,贝氏体含量逐渐增多;冷速在5～30℃/s范围内,转变产物主要为铁素体和贝氏体;冷速大于30℃/s,马氏体开始出现;冷速达到80℃/s时,贝氏体消失,转变产物为马氏体;水淬的组织全部为马氏体.奥氏体区变形使铁素体转变区向左上方移动,贝氏体转变区向左下方移动.     

冷却速率对ES355Al钢相变行为及组织的影响

采用DIL805淬火膨胀仪、金相显微镜及显微硬度计,研究了ES355Al钢连续冷却过程的相变及组织转变规律,分析了冷却速率对ES355Al钢相变及组织演变的影响。结果表明:过冷奥氏体在冷却过程中发生铁素体转变、珠光体转变、贝氏体转变和马氏体转变。在冷速为0.2~1℃/s时,发生铁素体析出和珠光体转变;在冷速为2~7℃/s时,发生铁素体析出、珠光体转变和贝氏体转变,其中7℃/s为珠光体转变结束的临界冷速;,2℃/s、15℃/s分别为贝氏体、马氏体开始转变的临界冷速。ES355Al钢的显微硬度随着冷速增加而增加,由冷速0.2℃/s时的170 HV5增加到20℃/s时的350 HV5。     

新型槽帮钢的连续冷却转变曲线及微观组织

采用膨胀仪、光学显微镜和维氏硬度计研究新型槽帮钢的连续冷却转变行为，获得连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明，CCT曲线存在高温铁素体-珠光体转变区、中温贝氏体转变区和低温马氏体转变区。随着冷却速度的增大，室温硬度不断提高，微观组织由铁素体-珠光体向贝氏体和马氏体过渡，最终形成单一马氏体组织。在实测冷却曲线中，当冷却速度小于0.14℃/s时，组织主要为高温铁素体-珠光体转变区；当冷却速度为0.14～0.81℃/s时主要为高温、中温复合转变区，室温组织主要为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体；当冷却速度为0.81～1.62℃/s时为高温、中温和低温复合转变区，室温组织为铁素体、珠光体、贝氏体和马氏体；当冷却速度为4.05℃/s时为中温、低温两相转变区，高温转变区消失，室温组织为贝氏体和马氏体；当冷却速度高于8.10℃/s时，为马氏体单相转变区。随着冷却速度由0.06℃/s提高到40.5℃/s,微观组织由铁素体-珠光体过渡为贝氏体-马氏体，直至单相马氏体组织，其室温显微硬度由195 HV5(冷速为0.06℃/s)增大到515 HV5(冷速为40.5℃/s)。     

60mm厚Q690D钢连续冷却转变静态CCT曲线及组织

利用膨胀法结合金相-硬度法,在Formast-F全自动相变仪上测定了60mm厚Q690D钢连续冷却转变静态CCT曲线,研究了冷却速度对显微组织、硬度的影响。结果表明:当冷速小于1℃/s时,转变产物为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体;当冷速为1~3℃/s,转变产物为铁素体、贝氏体;当冷速为5~40℃/s,转变产物为贝氏体、马氏体;当冷速大于40℃/s时,转变产物为完全马氏体;当冷速小于20℃/s时,显微硬度逐渐升高;当冷速在20~100℃/s时,显微硬度在390 HV左右。     

一种高耐磨合金钢CCT曲线的测定与分析

通过Gleeble热模拟机测定热轧圆钢以不同速度连续冷却到室温的膨胀曲线，结合金相组织和硬度试验，绘制出一种高耐磨合金钢的CCT曲线，并分析不同冷速对组织演变的影响。结果表明：当冷速在0.05～0.1℃/s时，转变产物为铁素体+珠光体；当冷速为0.15℃/s时，转变产物为铁素体+珠光体+少量的贝氏体组织；当冷速为0.2～0.35℃/s时，转变产物为铁素体+珠光体+贝氏体+马氏体；当冷速为0.5～1.5℃/s时，转变产物为贝氏体+少量的马氏体；当冷速大于2℃/s时，转变产物全为马氏体。     

高V、N微合金钢动态CCT曲线及纳米碳氮化物析出冷速敏感性

为实现对高V、N微合金钢轧制-冷却工艺过程中组织、析出相的精准控制,利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机研究了轧后不同冷速下实验钢的热膨胀曲线、相变规律、过冷奥氏体动态连续冷却转变曲线(动态CCT曲线),并着重研究了微观组织演变行为、显微硬度和纳米碳氮化物析出行为对冷却速率的敏感性。结果表明：冷却速率低于3 ℃/s时,实验钢显微组织由铁素体和珠光体组成;当冷却速率位于3 ℃/s时,发生贝氏体相变,基体组织由铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体组成;冷却速率为8 ℃/s时,珠光体组织消失,马氏体组织开始出现,基体组织由沿晶铁素体、贝氏体和马氏体组成;当冷却速率达到20 ℃/s时,基体组织中马氏体占主,并由少量先共析铁素体和贝氏体组成。此外,冷却速率对纳米碳氮化物的析出行为也具有显著影响,冷速处于1 ℃/s以内时,多边形铁素体中纳米析出相直径和数密度具有较强的冷却速率敏感性,纳米析出相直径随冷速提升显著降低,数密度随冷速提升而提高;冷速由1 ℃/s增加至3 ℃/s时,纳米析出相直径进一步降低,而数密度趋于稳定;当冷速继续增至5 ℃/s时,纳米析出相直径保持稳定,数密度呈现下降趋势。研究还发现,贝氏体组织中纳米析出相较少,贝氏体不利于纳米相析出。基于上述组织演变与析出规律的研究,工业化试制出了屈服强度700MPa以上、满足抗震要求的高V、N微合金钢。     

V-N微合金化600 MPa高强度钢筋钢的动态连续冷却转变曲线

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机测定了V-N微合金化600 MPa高强度钢筋钢在不同冷速下连续冷却转变的热膨胀曲线,结合显微组织观察,获得了该钢的动态连续冷却转变曲线。结果表明,当冷却速率小于1 ℃/s时,组织为铁素体和珠光体;当冷却速率为3 ℃/s时,出现少量贝氏体;当冷却速率为8℃/s时,珠光体消失,组织为铁素体和贝氏体;当冷却速率为10 ℃/s时,开始出现马氏体;当冷却速率在20 ℃/s以上时,组织全部转变为马氏体。     

一种矿山机械用贝氏体耐磨铸钢的连续冷却转变曲线

运用膨胀法同时结合显微组织观察及硬度测试确定了一种矿山机械用贝氏体耐磨铸钢的连续冷却转变曲线。结果表明:该矿山机械用贝氏体耐磨铸钢的Ac₁、Ac₃、Ms分别约为790、845和303 ℃;当冷却速度低于0.05 ℃/s时,组织为铁素体和珠光体;当冷却速度介于0.05 ~0.1 ℃/s之间时,组织为铁素体+珠光体+贝氏体;当冷却速度在0.25~15 ℃/s之间,为贝氏体+马氏体复相组织;当冷却速度大于30 ℃/s时,奥氏体几乎全转变为马氏体组织;马氏体临界转变速度在15~30 ℃/s之间。随着冷却速度的增加,显微硬度先快速增加后趋于585 HV0.01。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。