Ca-Mg处理对X80管线钢夹杂物及性能的影响

在工业生产中进行了X80管线钢Ca-Mg复合处理与Ca处理工业试验。分析了Ca-Mg复合处理和Ca处理钢中夹杂物的变化特征，研究了Ca-Mg复合处理对X80管线钢中夹杂物及性能的影响。结果表明：Ca-Mg处理钢中夹杂物主要是Mg-Ca-Al-O系夹杂，Ca处理钢中夹杂物主要是Ca-Al-O系夹杂；Ca-Mg处理钢中粒径小于1μm的夹杂物数量密度相对较高，大于1μm的夹杂物较少；Ca-Mg处理钢中存在大量尺寸细小的TiN夹杂物，可以起到细化晶粒、提升焊接热影响区韧性的作用。在100 kJ/cm的焊接线能量下，其焊接热影响区韧性大幅度提高。     

Ti-Mg船板钢铸坯中晶内针状铁素体的诱发机制

Ti-Mg船板钢铸态组织中发现大量晶内针状铁素体(IGF),IGF大幅提高铸坯强韧性的同时,也给连铸弯曲矫直工艺和连铸机寿命带来影响。为探明连铸坯中IGF的诱发机制,进行了冷却速率、钢中夹杂物尺寸及分布等因素对铸态组织中IGF诱发的影响研究。结果表明:对试验钢种而言,夹杂物的尺寸和分布是该类钢种铸态组织的决定性因素。与钢板焊接热影响区中能够诱发IGF的夹杂物尺寸多为3μm以下相比,在铸坯中能够诱发IGF的夹杂物多为5~15μm。因此为保证连铸机的寿命和拉矫工艺的稳定,最好将夹杂物尺寸控制在5μm以下,以降低IGF含量。     

37Mn5钢精炼过程大尺寸Al2O3-SiO2-MnO类夹杂物形成与演变机理

为探究37Mn5钢精炼过程尺寸在10μm以上的大尺寸Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MnO类夹杂物的形成与演变机理,在实际“EAF→LF→VD→钙处理→CC”工艺生产37Mn5钢的精炼全流程进行系统取样,检测了钢液成分并重点分析了不同冶炼阶段大尺寸Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MnO类夹杂物的形貌和成分特征,结合实际生产工艺与热力学计算,揭示了这类夹杂物的演变规律。研究结果表明：由于出钢过程局部钢液Al含量低而O含量高,大尺寸Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MnO夹杂物形成;LF精炼初期,局部Ca含量增加形成Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MnO-CaO夹杂物;LF精炼中期以后Ti含量增加会变性前期形成的这两类夹杂物,形成含TiO_x的夹杂物,随着冶炼的进行,Ti元素在夹杂物中分布逐渐均匀;VD后钙处理量不足导致夹杂物变性效果不理想,对大尺寸夹...     

不同冶炼方法下50Mn环件钢非金属夹杂物的分析

为了研究马钢转炉冶炼与电炉冶炼在非金属夹杂物控制水平方面的差异,利用ASPEX夹杂物分析仪分别对转炉钢与电炉钢轧制环件进行了夹杂物定量检测分析。结果表明:电炉钢轧制环件中单位面积内的夹杂物数量约为8.0个/mm2,而转炉钢轧制环件中单位面积内的夹杂物数量为17.6个/mm2;电炉钢中超过10μm的大尺寸夹杂物约占夹杂物总数的2.84%,而转炉钢试样中10μm以上的夹杂物约占夹杂物总数的4.85%。虽然电炉钢的洁净度优于转炉钢,但电炉钢10μm以上大尺寸夹杂物中脆性夹杂物的比例明显高于转炉钢,提高电炉钢中脆性夹杂物的控制水平仍是今后电炉钢冶炼控制的重点。     

钢中大尺寸稀土夹杂物的金相和透射电镜观察分析

以添加稀土等微合金化元素的5CrNiMo钢为例,通过金相显微镜和透射电镜等手段探讨了大尺寸稀土夹杂物的形成机理.研究表明,钢中大尺寸稀土夹杂物是以两个或多个夹杂物独立形核,长成0.3μm～0.5μm的夹杂物,由于稀土夹杂物的高吸附性,最终可相互吸引合并成为1μm～5μm的大尺寸稀土夹杂物.所形成的稀土夹杂物尽管尺寸具有数量级的差别,但形态呈球状或者近球状及椭圆状,没有尖角,进一步说明稀土元素起到了对夹杂物的变质作用.     

多因素影响下吸附杆吸附能力研究

连铸过程中,将耐材质吸附杆经塞棒插入到浸入式水口内,吸附流经水口的夹杂物,可提高钢水洁净度。通过高温热态试验,分析了凹槽深度、凹槽方向和凹槽个数等多因素影响下吸附杆的吸附能力。结果表明:不同结构吸附杆对钢液中不同尺寸级别夹杂物化学吸附作用不同,当凹槽深度、凹槽方向、凹槽个数共同作用时,对于5μm、10~20μm夹杂物,凹槽个数为3个,凹槽深度为2 mm,凹槽平行于旋转方向,且夹杂物位于试样中部时去除效果最佳;对于5~10μm、20μm夹杂物,凹槽个数为3个,凹槽深度为2 mm,凹槽平行于旋转方向,且夹杂物位于试样边部时去除效果最佳。同一结构下,吸附杆凹槽平行旋转方向时更有利于钢液中不同尺寸级别夹杂物的化学吸附。试验为洁净钢冶炼提供了数据支撑,具有一定的指导意义。     

Ca系氧化物冶金工艺对夹杂物及组织的影响

基于实验室数据,研究了Ca系氧化物冶金工艺中Ca含量对大线能量焊接热影响区夹杂物和组织的影响。与传统工艺相比,Ca系氧化物冶金工艺微米夹杂物的密度增加,平均尺寸减少,纳米夹杂物密度增加60%,平均尺寸减小25%,热影响区组织由传统工艺的粗大原奥氏体晶粒和魏氏组织为主转变为细小原奥氏体晶粒和晶内针状铁素体为主。随着Ca质量分数从4×10-6增加到27×10-6,微米夹杂物密度增加而尺寸变化不大;纳米夹杂物的密度增加尺寸变小。采用Ca系氧化物冶金工艺的50 mm厚板,大线能量焊接热影响区低温韧性提高到原来的4倍。     

铈对工程机械用700 MPa级高强钢焊接性能的影响

针对工业生产700 MPa级高强度调质态钢板,通过Gleeble3500热模拟机进行模拟焊接试验,利用光学显微镜、硬度仪、场发射扫描电镜等设备对比研究了稀土Ce对高强钢焊接热影响区（HAZ）显微组织、晶粒度和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,焊接热输入为25 kJ·cm?1和50 kJ·cm?1时,无稀土钢焊接热影响区冲击功分别为84.8 J和24.5 J,Ce质量分数为0.0018%的钢焊接热影响区冲击功分别为110.0 J和112.0 J,因此钢中加入适量Ce能够有效改善钢板焊接韧性。对比分析两种实验钢焊接热影响区晶粒尺寸和显微组织可以看出,随着焊接热输入值增大,高强钢焊接热影响区显微组织均逐渐从马氏体、下贝氏体转变为上贝氏体和粒状贝氏体组织,且奥氏体晶粒尺寸明显增大。但相同焊接热输入下,含Ce钢焊接热影响区晶粒尺寸显著减小,组织更加细小,且脆性的上贝氏体组织减少,从而显著提高了700 MPa级高强钢的焊接性能。      

脱氧工艺对钢中夹杂物的影响

为明确不同脱氧剂加入顺序对钢中夹杂物的影响,对夹杂物的形成进行了热力学分析,并在1 873K下,在MoSi2电阻炉上用φ70 mm×100 mm MgO坩埚开展了2炉低碳合金钢A冶炼实验.热力学计算表明,Si-Mn脱氧主要形成SiO2夹杂物及少量2MnO· SiO2复合化合物,A1-Si脱氧主要形成Al2O3夹杂物,实验结果与热力学计算相互吻合.实验结果表明,先采用Si-Mn脱氧的1号工艺与先采用Al脱氧的2号工艺相比,夹杂物尺寸和面积百分比均较低.1号工艺终点夹杂物总数为168个/μm2,小于1.5φm的夹杂物占70％以上,夹杂物平均直径为1.2um.先弱脱氧后强脱氧的工艺更利于夹杂物的控制.     

28MnCr5冶炼过程钢中夹杂物的变化情况研究

通过SEM、EDS和大样电解试验对28MnCr5冶炼过程中夹杂物的大小、形貌、数量进行了分析。结果表明：LF精炼后夹杂物多为钙镁铝氧化物及硫化钙夹杂,夹杂物的尺寸较小,多为1μm～3μm,形状为方形。经VD处理后,较LF阶段夹杂物尺寸增大,夹杂物的组成多是钙镁铝尖晶石类及MnS夹杂。连铸过程中夹杂物的成分主要为MgO-Al2O3-MnS-MnO系夹杂物,夹杂物多呈圆形,其尺寸在3μm～6μm。通过大样电解发现大部分大型夹杂物都是多元复合夹杂物,颗粒粒径多在100μm以上,对钢材性能影响极大。     

Effect of Aluminum and Titanium Treatment on Non-Metallic Inclusions and Microstructures of CGHAZ in HSLA Steel

The Effect of A1 and Ti treatment on non-metallic inclusions and microstructures of coarse-grain HAZ in HSLA stee1 was investigated in this paper based on experiments and thermodynamic calculations.The results showed that the inclusions in A1 treated steel were mainly aluminum oxides and titanium nitrides which could not promote the formation of acicular ferrite microstructures.Microstructure of coarse-grain HAZ in A1 treated steels consists of heavy grain boundary ferrite and ferrite side plate.The inclusions in Ti treated steel were A1,Ti,Mg,Ca composite oxides with size in the range of 0.5-3μm and titanium nitrides with size less than 0.3μm.Ti composite oxide could promote the formation of acicular ferrite and microstructures of coarse-grain HAZ in Ti treated steel consists of grain boundary ferrite,small amounts of ferrite side plate and large amounts of intragranular acicular ferrite.The size of grain boundaries ferrite was increased and the amount of ferrite side plate was decreased with the increase of soaking time at the peak temperature.The amount of grain boundary ferrite and the size of acicular ferrite were also increased with the increase of cooling rate during ferrite phase formation.     

Ti-Mg复合脱氧对钢热影响区组织和冲击性能的影响

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行焊接热模拟实验,研究16Mn钢经微Ti和Ti-Mg处理后焊接热影响区组织及冲击性能的变化,并利用扫描电镜和能谱分析法观察和分析实验钢的夹杂与冲击断口形貌.Ti和Ti-Mg复合处理试样的热影响区显微组织分别主要是晶界块状铁素体+晶界侧板条铁素体和晶内针状铁素体+晶界块状铁素体.经Ti处理后钢中夹杂物主要为5μm左右的TiO_x+MnS复合夹杂,经Ti-Mg复合脱氧后钢中夹杂物主要为2μm左右Ti-Mg-O+MnS组成的复合夹杂,且后者明显细化了钢中夹杂物尺寸.Ti-Mg复合脱氧试样中存在大量细小夹杂颗粒,一方面可钉扎裂纹,另一方面诱导形成了使大量针状铁素体,大焊接热输入条件下Ti-Mg复合脱氧试样热影响区冲击韧性明显强于单独Ti处理的试样.      

Effect of Inclusions Containing Ti,Mg on Microstructure and Performance of HAZ in Low Carbon Steel

In order to study the effects of inclusions containing titanium,zirconium and magnesium on the impact toughness of heat affected zone (HAZ) of steel,two low carbon steels deoxidized by titanium,zirconium and magnesium were obtained.After some treatments,the inclusion characteristics (size,morphology and chemistry) analysis,Charpy-type test,microstructure and the fracture observation were carried out on the prepared specimens.The following results were found.The inclusions containing Mg can keep more stable in HAZ.The inclusion containing Mg can enhance the impact toughness of HAZ,and the impacting energy reaches 249J at 253K when simulated input energy is 150kJ/mm.The inclusions with diameter smaller than 1.5 μm play a key role of pinning effect.     

Precipitation behaviour and control of TiN inclusions in rail steels

This paper studied the precipitation behaviour and the control of TiN inclusions in rail steels by thermodynamic calculation and industrial experiments. The results showed that TiN inclusions could not precipitate in molten steel at present condition owing to low [Ti] and [N] content in rail steels; but when solid fraction exceeded 0.87 in mushy zone during solidification process, TiN inclusions could precipitate because of the separation–crystallisation of [Ti] and [N], and even long strip inclusions were formed around grain boundaries. Two types of TiN inclusions, including long strip type with size ranging 20–30?μm and block type with size below 10?μm, could be found in rail steels. The formation of TiN inclusions could be affected by the content of [Ti] and [N], the superheat of liquid steel, secondary cooling intensity and the intensity of strand electromagnetic stirring. The metallurgical process III was conducive to the control of TiN inclusions precipitated and grown up. The results of thermodynamic analysis were consistent with those of the metallurgical process tests.     

Effect of sulfur content on the microstructure and toughness of simulated Heat-Affected zone in Ti-Killed steels

Four Ti-killed steels were made to study the specific influence of sulfur on the inclusion, microstructure, and toughness of a simulated heat-affected zone (HAZ). The HAZ toughness was mainly determined by the volume fraction of intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) which was closely related to the supercooling required to initiate austenite to ferrite transformation. The extent of supercooling was strongly influenced by the composition of grain boundary and inclusions. Sulfur addition up to 102 ppm caused a segregation of sulfur to the grain boundaries and a change of inclusion phase from predominantly Ti-oxides to Ti-oxysulphides and MnS. This behavior, in turn, suppressed the formation of polygonal ferrite and promoted the formation of IAF. Further addition of sulfur elevated transformation temperature and promoted the formation of polygonal ferrite due to the refinement of grain size and the increase of grain boundary associated inclusions. A methodology was proposed to evaluate the intragranular nucleation potential of inclusions, and the results showed that Ti-oxysulphides possessed better nucleation potential for IAF than Ti-oxides and MnS. With the lowest transformation temperature and most effective nuclei, the best HAZ toughness can be obtained at sulfur content of 102 ppm due to the achievement of the maximum volume fraction of IAF.     

LF-VD精炼过程中GCr15钢中夹杂物的行为

对GCr15在精炼过程产生的夹杂物进行分析,为减少夹杂、提升钢材质量奠定理论基础。采用金相、电子探针、光谱等方法,取样分析了西宁特钢EAF-LF-VD-CC流程冶炼的CA2r15在LFVD精炼时非金属夹杂物数量和尺寸的变化,并确定了各工位的夹杂类型和形成原因。试验结果表明,精炼过程夹杂总量一直呈下降趋势。LF精炼后,各...     

20CrMnTi齿轮钢中TiN夹杂物的特征与分布

为了研究含钛齿轮钢中TiN夹杂物的析出与控制,利用扫描电镜对20CrMnTi齿轮钢两个端淬试样中TiN夹杂的分布与形貌进行了观察,通过夹杂物自动分析系统统计了试样中TiN夹杂的尺寸、数量,建立了数学模型,对试样中TiN夹杂的析出与长大进行了计算。结果表明,较高钛含量的试样凝固过程中TiN析出更早,析出量也更大,由于析出了更多数量的TiN夹杂,从而使得析出TiN夹杂的最终尺寸更小,当TiN夹杂的数量密度由37.28增加为58.65个/mm2时,TiN平均尺寸由2.33减小为1.49 μm。通过在凝固过程中为TiN夹杂提供充足数量的氧化物颗粒作为析出核心,提高异质形核率,从而增大TiN的析出数量,就可以降低析出TiN的整体尺寸,这为含钛齿轮钢中TiN夹杂物的控制提供了一种新的思路。     

Development of oxide metallurgy technology at Baosteel

Oxide metallurgy technology has been developed at Baosteel for improving the heat affected zone toughness of steel plates for high heat input welding. After deoxidation with strong deoxidizers of Mg alloy,the complex inclusions containing parts of compounds of MgO,Ti2O3,MnO,Al2O3,MnS,CaS and TiN are formed.These kinds of inclusions are beneficial for promoting the formation of intragranular ferrite.After two-electrode vibratory electrogas arc welding with the V-type groove and a high heat input of 395 kJ/cm in a single pass,the former austenite grain is very fine in size,with an average grain size of only 85 μm.Excellent heat affected zone toughness is obtained for the developed steel plates with a thickness up to 68 mm.     

扫描电镜和电解萃取法用于超洁净钢中夹杂物的表征

非金属夹杂物对轴承钢性能有较大危害,全面掌握钢中夹杂物的信息对提高轴承钢质量至关重要。实验采用ASPEX扫描电镜检测和水溶液电解萃取相结合的方法检测了超洁净轴承钢中夹杂物颗粒的尺寸、分布、类型、原始三维形貌等信息,并且对比了两种检测方法。结果表明,两种方法都检测出该超洁净钢中夹杂物类型包括硫化物、氧化物、硫化物和氧化物的复合型夹杂物以及钛的化合物,其中大部分夹杂物是硫化物,其次是氧化物和硫化物的复合类夹杂物,颗粒尺寸多小于5μm。这两种方法在检测夹杂物类型和尺寸方面的结果是一致的,且均可靠。在大尺寸夹杂物检测方面,两种方法都检测到大尺寸的CaO夹杂物,而电解萃取的方法进一步检测到约18μm的SiO_2·Al_2O_3复合氧化物夹杂,因此电解萃取法对于数量稀少的大尺寸夹杂物的检测更为有效和可靠。     

广义帕累托分布在轴承钢夹杂物评价方面的应用

通过ASPEX试验检测技术与广义帕累托分布(GPD)模型,分析了中国和日本4批超洁净GCr15轴承钢中的TiN夹杂、氧化物夹杂与硫氧复合夹杂3种类型夹杂物的数据。发现所有钢中TiN夹杂物均可通过GPD模型计算出最大夹杂物极限尺寸,但氧化物夹杂、硫氧复合夹杂则在某些情况下由于数据中存在少量远大于平均值的极端值而无法得到极限尺寸;这是由于氧化物夹杂在产生后上浮的过程中可能由于偶然的碰撞、聚集长大至很大尺寸,硫化物容易包裹氧化物形成较大的硫氧复合夹杂物,而微米级的TiN多是在钢水凝固过程中析出的,聚集长大可能性小。另外,GPD模型计算结果表明,转炉工艺对于氧化物夹杂的尺寸控制较电炉工艺为优;但硫氧复合夹杂物的尺寸与冶炼工艺的关系更为复杂,无明显规律。