Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢热变形和再结晶行为分析研究

在不同变形温度和应变速率下,利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机研究了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo型耐候钢的热变形过程,在获得该钢在不同变形条件下的真应力-真应变曲线的基础上,绘制了该钢的动态再结晶图,并研究了它在不同应变速率下的再结晶行为及显微组织特点。结果表明:该钢的动态再结晶图由三个区域组成,即完全动态再结晶区、部分动态再结晶区和非动态再结晶区;当变形量和温度一定时,应变速率越低,再结晶过程越易进行,且再结晶晶粒所占体积分数和晶粒尺寸也都越大。     

AZ31B镁合金热压缩变形的组织变化与变形机制

对铸态AZ31B镁合金在温度280℃～440℃、应变速率0.001s-1～0.1s-1条件下进行热压缩实验,分析变形程度、应变速率和加热温度对其微观组织变化的影响,探讨合金的热压变形机制。实验结果表明,该合金热变形时发生了动态再结晶。变形温度越高、变形速率越小和变形量越大时,动态再结晶进行的越充分;变形温度越低、变形速率越大和变形量越大时,动态再结晶晶粒越细小。该合金的热变形机制是滑移孪晶联合机制。     

高铝高强钢动态再结晶行为研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对高铝高强钢在变形速率为0. 01～10 s-1、变形温度为925～1225℃的热变形条件下进行压缩试验,以真应力-应变曲线为基础数据研究其高温再结晶行为。通过对晶粒尺寸的统计来探究热变形条件对热变形后晶粒尺寸的影响。通过处理加工硬化率-应力曲线,标定数据中能揭示动态再结晶演变过程的3个特征点,即临界应变、峰值应变及最大软化速率应变。引入表征晶体动力学的双曲正弦模型,通过线性回归求解得到动态再结晶激活能Q,建立流变应力本构方程,并引入Z参数作为预测发生再结晶程度的依据。结果表明:高铝高强钢热加工过程是加工硬化和再结晶软化共同作用的。在发生再结晶条件范围内,Z值越小,发生动态再结晶的程度越大。     

AZ31镁合金热压缩过程动态再结晶行为研究

通过AZ31镁合金热压缩试验,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术,对不同变形条件(不同温度、应变速率和变形程度)下镁合金热变形过程中的动态再结晶行为、晶粒取向和织构的产生等现象进行研究。结果表明,变形温度越高,再结晶程度表现得越充分,晶粒组织也越均匀,而变形程度越大或应变速率越小,再结晶程度则越大。在镁合金热变形过程中,变形温度是决定其动态再结晶机制的最大影响因素。300℃时,AZ31镁合金再结晶晶粒在原始晶界和亚晶界处形核,再结晶行为主要由亚晶界的转动形成,表现出典型的连续动态再结晶(CDRX)特征。400℃时,局部剪切变形时再结晶晶粒取向发生偏转,表现出典型的旋转动态再结晶(RDRX)特征。热压缩过程中产生■拉伸孪生,晶粒重新旋转基面取向形成基面垂直于压缩方向的纤维织构。     

30Cr2Ni4MoV低压转子钢的静态再结晶行为

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机上,使用双道次热压缩的方法,研究了30Cr2Ni4MoV低压转子钢在高温变形时的静态再结晶行为。讨论了变形温度、应变、应变速率与原始晶粒尺寸对其静态再结晶的影响。根据实验结果,建立了30Cr2Ni4MoV钢静态再结晶动力学模型以及静态再结晶晶粒尺寸模型。实验结果表明:间隔时间越长、变形温度越高、应变和应变速率越大,静态再结晶体积分数越大;变形温度越低、应变越大、原始晶粒尺寸越小,静态再结晶晶粒越细小。     

热加工工艺参数对310S铸坯等轴晶组织动态再结晶影响

通过热模拟实验和显微组织分析,研究了热变形工艺参数对310S钢再结晶行为的影响规律。结果表明,在1 100℃、0.1s~(-1)条件下,变形量15%时发生动态再结晶,变形量达到60%时,晶内和晶界均出现大量的再结晶晶粒。随着变形温度的升高,再结晶过程逐渐充分,晶粒尺寸趋于均匀。在相同变形温度下,应变速率越低,晶粒尺寸越大;随着应变速率升高,再结晶晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,在变形温度为1 000℃,应变速率为10s~(-1)、0.01s~(-1)条件下,再结晶晶粒尺寸分别为15μm和45.4μm。分析表明等轴晶310S钢的热变形再结晶机制主要由晶界弓弯形核和晶内亚晶界演变形核两种机制共同控制。     

铸态AZ61镁合金热压缩变形组织变化

利用Gleeble-1500对铸态AZ61镁合金在变形温度200~500℃,应变速率0.001~1s-1的条件下进行压缩变形;利用显微结构分析和硬度测试等研究不同变形条件下AZ61镁合金的组织和性能,引用Z值(Zener-Hollomon系数)研究温度和应变速率对AZ61镁合金组织的影响,建立再结晶晶粒尺寸与Z值之间的关系。结果表明:铸态AZ61镁合金在热变形时表现出动态再结晶特征,随温度上升,再结晶容易发生且峰值应力降低,再结晶晶粒尺寸随温度升高而增大;随应变速率上升,峰值应力增大且峰值应力对应的应变量增大,再结晶晶粒尺寸减小;硬度大小的变化也与动态再结晶密切相关。     

铸态304奥氏体不锈钢热变形条件下动态再结晶组织特征研究

由于304奥氏体不锈钢不能通过相变细化晶粒,无法用热处理来改变其组织,因此,严格控制温度、应变速率等锻造工艺参教达到细化晶粒,成为一种重要的方式.通过Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对900℃～1100℃,变形量为0.5、0.7,应变速率为0.01 S-1、0.1 S-1进行模拟.通过304奥氏体不锈钢显微组织的观察,结果表明:在一定的变形速率下,温度越高、变形量越大则越有利于动态再结晶的发生;而在一定的温度下(大于动态再结晶开始的温度),变形率越低越有利于动态再结晶的发生.     

AM80-xSr-yCa镁合金高温压缩变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对一种新型AM80-xSr-yCa镁合金进行高温压缩变形实验,研究其在温度300℃~450℃、应变速率0.01s-1~10s-1条件下的流变行为。高应变速率下,试样的变形热带来的温升不可忽略,对真应力-真应变的测量值进行相应修正后,求得了本构方程中的系列常量。结果表明,应变速率和变形温度的变化,强烈影响着合金流变应力的大小,流变应力值随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大;金相组织观察表明,动态再结晶是该实验条件下晶粒细化和材料软化的主要机制,再结晶的程度主要受变形参数影响。变形温度越高,变形量越大,动态再结晶进行的越充分;应变速率越大,再结晶平均晶粒尺寸就越小。     

奥氏体不锈钢06Cr19Ni9NbN的动态再结晶行为

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机模拟高温压缩实验,研究奥氏体不锈钢06Cr19Ni9NbN在900~1200℃、应变速率0.005~0.5s-1变形条件下的热变形行为,通过对实验数据的分析,得到了该钢的流动应力曲线,高温塑性本构方程,热变形激活能,建立了06Cr19Ni9NbN钢动态再结晶动力学模型和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸模型,为优化高温条件下的锻造加工工艺提供理论依据。结果表明,当变形温度越高、变形速率越小时,越易发生动态再结晶,同时在能够发生动态再结晶的条件下,变形量越大,动态再结晶越充分。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。