CGO硅钢各阶段织构遗传继承性的EBSD分析

利用EBSD技术对CGO硅钢热轧、中间退火、脱碳退火及二次再结晶退火组织及织构进行分析,研究了CGO硅钢各阶段加工制备过程中高斯{110}001晶粒的形状、尺寸及分布特点,分析了高斯取向晶粒在各工序过程中的遗传继承性特点。结果表明,CGO硅钢热轧板的次表层存在Goss取向晶粒,历经一次冷轧及中间退火后Goss取向晶粒基本消失,一次再结晶之后Goss织构仍不是主要织构,主要织构为{111}110和{111}112,说明Goss取向晶粒在二次再结晶退火前数量及尺寸上并不占优势,二次再结晶过程中Goss取向晶粒异常长大形成锋锐Goss织构。{111}110和{111}112织构组分的强度在一次冷轧中不断增加,{111}112织构组分的强度在二次冷轧后达到最大而{111}110织构组分是在初次再结晶后变强。     

基于CSP工艺一段式脱碳退火对取向硅钢初次再结晶晶界特征的影响

利用背散射衍射技术(EBSD),在一段式840 ℃不同时间脱碳退火条件下,研究了基于CSP工艺取向硅钢初次再结晶过程中的组织和结构变化。结果表明,在初次再结晶退火时间为4 min时织构类型较多,分别为{332}<`533>、{554}<225>、{111}<110> 、{001}<100>、 {111}<112>、{001}<110>、{110}<001>、{110}<110> 、 {112}<110>、{110}<112>、{112}<1`10>、{012}<001>和{111}<231>等。当初次再结晶退火时间延长为5 min时, {111}<112>取向晶粒数量明显增多,而{332}<`533>和{012}<001>取向晶粒比例下降。同时Σ3、Σ5和Σ9晶界比例升高,小角度晶界比例较少,而大角度晶界比例较多,这将有助于在二次再结晶退火时发生高斯织构。继续延长退火时间到6 min以后,Σ3、Σ5和Σ9晶界比例下降,小角度晶界比例提高,此时再结晶晶粒长大。     

低温高磁感取向硅钢初次再结晶特征对二次再结晶完成的影响北大核心CSCD

低温板坯加热法生产高磁感取向硅钢,其磁感低于传统高温高磁感取向硅钢的磁感值。为探究其原因,作为该研究的第一步,测定并对比分析了两种工艺下初次再结晶的晶粒尺寸和织构。结果表明,低温高磁感取向硅钢完成初次再结晶后,晶粒尺寸长大且不均匀,织构组分不够单一,高斯晶核及有利织构{110}<001>、{111}<112>、{111}<110>组分比例低于高温高磁感取向硅钢,其它不利织构组分含量更高,从而导致其二次再结晶后高斯织构发展不够完善,磁感值较低。     

取向硅钢初次再结晶组织结构的研究

研究了取向硅钢在初次再结晶过程中的组织和结构变化,包括晶粒长大情况、取向差、重合位置点阵(CSL)及织构的变化。研究表明,820℃盐浴再结晶退火3 s时即完成再结晶,随即发生晶粒长大。在初次再结晶的开始阶段,主要织构是{111}112、{100}110和弱的高斯织构;随着退火时间增加,{100}110织构和高斯织构逐渐减弱,{111}112织构先增强后减弱,并向{111}110和{111}231转化,退火3 min以后出现的{012}001织构是一种促进二次再结晶发展并最终有利于提高二次再结晶磁感和降低铁损的织构。退火时间增加到3 min以后,CSL的∑3晶界比例增加。退火时间增加到30 min时,CSL的∑1晶界比例增加,同时,小角度晶界比例提高,大角度晶界减少。     

低温高磁感取向硅钢初次再结晶特征对二次再结晶完成的影响

低温板坯加热法生产高磁感取向硅钢,其磁感低于传统高温高磁感取向硅钢的磁感值。为探究其原因,作为该研究的第一步,测定并对比分析了两种工艺下初次再结晶的晶粒尺寸和织构。结果表明,低温高磁感取向硅钢完成初次再结晶后,晶粒尺寸长大且不均匀,织构组分不够单一,高斯晶核及有利织构{110}001、{111}112、{111}110组分比例低于高温高磁感取向硅钢,其它不利织构组分含量更高,从而导致其二次再结晶后高斯织构发展不够完善,磁感值较低。     

终轧温度对50W600无取向硅钢组织、织构和电磁性能的影响

利用工业试验和OM、SEM和EBSD等系统地研究了830 ℃和860 ℃终轧温度下50W600无取向硅钢组织结构的演变规律及成品电磁性能。结果表明,提高终轧温度有利于促进热轧板特别是其心部的再结晶和晶粒长大,促进退火冷轧板的晶粒长大。50W600无取向硅钢在热轧-冷轧-退火过程中的织构演变规律主要为高斯织构{110}<001>→{112}<110>、{001}<110>和{111}面纤维织构→{111}面纤维织构。终轧温度从830 ℃提高到860 ℃,一方面减弱了热轧板中的{111}面纤维织构组分,另一方面增强了冷轧板中的{111}面纤维织构组分并减弱了其{001}<110>织构组分,最终促进退火冷轧板中对磁性有害的{111}面纤维织构组分减弱和对磁性有利的{001}<110>织构组分增强。提高终轧温度有利于无取向硅钢的铁损降低和磁感应强度提高。     

W800无取向硅钢轧制过程中的织构演变

对W800无取向硅钢热轧、冷轧、冷轧退火各阶段沿厚度方向分布的织构进行分析,结果表明,W800无取向硅钢热轧阶段的主要织构组分为{001}110反高斯织构,其含量由表层到中心逐渐增加,卷取使得W800无取向硅钢热轧板{001}110反高斯织构减弱,而{111}110、{111}112γ纤维织构增强;冷轧阶段的主要织构组分为{001}110、{112}110α纤维织构和{111}110、{111}112γ纤维织构,其中,由表层到中心α纤维织构逐渐增强,γ纤维织构逐渐减弱;退火会导致{001}110反高斯织构减弱,{111}110、{111}112γ纤维织构加强。     

新能源汽车用含稀土无取向硅钢生产过程中组织、织构演变

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪及扫描电镜对含稀土无取向硅钢整个生产流程中的显微组织及织构演变进行研究。结果表明,热轧板在厚度方向上有显著的分层,即表层的再结晶层、过渡层、中间层的变形组织层,其织构主要包含铜型、黄铜型织构;正火后晶粒发生了完全再结晶,织构类型相对热轧基本无变化,但强度减弱;两次冷轧后的组织均为纤维组织,形成了以α、γ线性织构为主的织构类型,还出现了强度较高的反高斯织构如{001}<110>、{112}<110>、{111}<110>;脱碳退火后发生部分再结晶,织构相对于冷轧态α、γ线性织构强度均减小;在高温退火阶段晶粒发生再结晶,存在以{111}<112>、{111}<110>为主的γ织构,以及{100}<001>织构。     

退火温度对无取向硅钢再结晶行为的影响

使用EBSD和XRD技术研究了1.3%Si无取向硅钢在不同退火温度条件下的微观组织、宏观织构和微观取向。分析了退火温度对此成分体系无取向硅钢再结晶组织和织构的影响;讨论了退火温度与无取向硅钢成品板磁性能的关系。实验结果表明:无取向硅钢的退火温度对其再结晶组织和成品板铁损值有影响,随着退火温度的上升,再结晶晶粒平均尺寸增大且铁损值下降。γ纤维织构是再结晶织构中的优势组分,高斯{110}100织构强度也较高。退火温度对再结晶织构也有影响,随着退火温度上升,γ织构的含量不断上升,其中{111}121织构强度高于{111}110织构强度;退火温度的上升降低了立方{100}100织构和旋转立方{100}110织构但增加了高斯{110}100织构的强度,高斯织构的强度在870℃时达8.8。高斯取向晶粒主要在{111}121取向晶粒附近出现,旋转立方取向晶粒主要出现{111}110取向晶粒附近。由于{111}面织构强度增加和立方织构、旋转立方织构强度的降低,随着退火温度的上升,无取向硅钢的磁感应强度下降。     

CSP工艺高磁感取向硅钢形变和初次再结晶退火的研究

以实验室模拟CSP连铸连轧工艺制备的热轧硅钢为基板,通过实验室常化、冷轧和初次再结晶退火实验,采用XRD和EBSD技术对样品从热轧到初次再结晶阶段的织构演变进行了研究。结果表明:GOSS晶粒起源于热轧的次表层,沿着次表层到中心层逐渐降低,热轧板中心层主要为{001}110织构。一次冷轧后,次表层存在强的{001}110和{112}110织构;1/4层存在强的{001}110和{112}110以及较强的{111}112织构;中心层则只存在强的{001}110织构。初次再结晶后,硅钢形成了强点{111}112织构的γ织构,GOSS织构再次出现,且分布在{111}112织构周围。GOSS晶粒周围以35°~55°大角度晶界为主,同时还有很高的Σ3和Σ5重合位置点阵。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。