工艺条件对Ni/Al2O3和Ni/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备γ-Al₂O₃载体和不同Ce添加量的CeO₂-Al₂O₃载体,然后用浸渍法制备Ni负载质量分数10%的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。在固定床微反装置中考察了反应温度、原料气配比和CH₄空速等工艺条件对Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响。结果表明,添加Ce的催化剂催化性能有较大提高,在Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂上,反应温度750 ℃时, CH₄转化率94.3％,与Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂相比,提高20％。Ni/γ-Al₂O₃和Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂的CH₄转化率均随反应温度的升高而增大。原料气中n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)和n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)的增加均能提高各催化剂的CH₄转化率。但n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)和n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)的变化对各催化剂的催化性能的影响不同。随着n(O₂)∶n(CH₄)的增大,产物中n（H₂）∶n（CO）降低,n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)升高;而n(H₂O)∶n(CH₄)增大时,产物中n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)均升高。随着CH₄空速的增加,Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂上CH₄转化率、n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n（CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)均较大程度下降;而在Ni/Ce₃₀Al₇₀O_δ催化剂上,随着CH₄空速的增加,CH₄转化率、n（H₂）∶n（CO）和n(CO₂）∶n(CO＋CO₂)变化不大。     

载体焙烧温度对Ni/CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响

采用浸渍-共沉淀法制备Ni/CuO-ZrO_2-CeO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂,Ni负载质量分数为10%。在固定床微反装置考察载体焙烧温度(600℃=、700℃、800℃和900℃)对Ni/CuO-ZrO_2-CeO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响。结果表明,载体焙烧温度800℃制备的催化剂活性较好。由XRD和TPR分析可知,随着焙烧温度的升高,各衍射峰的峰强度增强,峰尖锐,说明随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂中各氧化物晶粒增大。焙烧温度800℃的Ni/CuO-ZrO_2-CeO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的NiO峰强度较小,说明在该催化剂上NiO以高度分散的状态存在于催化剂表面。     

镍盐的焙烧温度对Ni-Cu/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢中的影响

以Na2CO3为沉淀剂,在pH为9的沉淀条件下,采用并流沉淀法制备催化剂载体,考察了催化剂的活性组分前驱体Ni(NO3)2的焙烧温度(550、650和750℃)对Ni-Cu/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3在甲烷自热重整制氢反应的影响,并采用SEM方法表征了催化剂的表面结构。结果表明,Ni(NO3)2的焙烧温度对Ni-Cu/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3催化剂上的NiO颗粒分散性及催化剂的低温活性有很大的影响,650℃焙烧生成的催化剂上的NiO颗粒较小,分布均匀,分散性好,在反应温度650～850℃内,该催化剂的活性明显高于焙烧温度为550℃和750℃制备的催化剂。     

甲烷自热重整催化剂的研究进展

简要介绍了甲烷自热制合成气的研究进展,重点从催化剂活性组分、载体、助剂方面介绍了自热重整反应常用的负载型金属催化剂,指出了联合活性组分和功能型载体是大规模自热重整制氢的发展热点.     

Cu-ZnO/γ-Al2O3与B205联合用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢工艺

采用等体积分步浸渍法以Cu为活性组分,ZnO为助剂,Al_(2)O_(3)为载体,制备Cu-ZnO/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂,并将Cu-ZnO/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂与工业催化剂B205联合应用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢工艺,考察反应床层温度、液空速和水醇比对氢产率的影响,并利用XRD及TPR对催化剂的结构、还原温度进行表征。结果表明,联合使用Cu-ZnO/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)与B205制氢催化剂对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢表现出较好的稳定性,在反应床层温度245℃、液空速0.36 h-1和水醇物质的量比4.0条件下,氢产率为2.5216 mol·mol^(-1)。     

助剂Co对硫化氢与甲烷重整制氢Mo/Al2O3催化剂稳定性的影响

H2S与CH4重整制氢反应是一条新型的制氢技术路线,但目前用于该过程的高活性Mo/Al2O3催化剂存在着稳定性不佳的问题.以商业γ-Al2O3 (Al2O3)为载体,通过共浸渍方式在20％Mo/Al2O3催化剂中添加不同含量(质量分数为1％～20％)的Co助剂,在常压、反应温度为800℃、H2S和CH4体积比为1∶5、...     

Cu-Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

采用共沉淀法、热分解和氢还原等步骤制备了纳米晶载体催化剂Cu-Ni/Al2O3-SiO2,应用X射线衍射、x射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜对催化剂的体相和表面结构进行了测定,采用固定床反应器考察了催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应的催化性能。实验结果表明,5%Cu-Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂对乙醇的低温水蒸气重整反应表现出较高的催化活性,350℃时乙醇的转化率已达到100%。在650℃时氢气的选择性可达78.5%。增加铜含量对增加催化剂的活性没有帮助。     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂的制备与性能

采用共沉淀法制备一系列不同质量比的CuO-ZnO-Al2 O3催化剂,用泡沫镍作为载体,研究其对甲醇重整制氢性能的影响.采用SEM和XRD等对催化剂进行检测表征,利用自制的平板式制氢反应器对催化剂性能进行检测.结果表明,催化剂在(230～270)℃表现出良好的催化性能.在一定的质量比范围内,随着CuO含量的增高,甲醇重...     

Ni-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂对丙三醇水重整制氢工艺条件优化

采用过量浸渍法,以γ-Al_2O_3为载体,Ni为活性组分,Li为助剂,制备Ni-Li/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂。考察了催化剂床层温度、水醇比、丙三醇液空速及夹带气流量对丙三醇水重整制氢工艺条件的影响,并对催化剂进行了BET、XRD及SEM表征手段。结果表明,当反应温度600℃、液空速0.36 h~(-1)、水醇比56时,氢产率可达5.066 mol/mol,说明Ni-Li/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂适用于丙三醇重整制氢工艺。     

Investigation of Ni/Ce-ZrO2 catalysts in the autothermal reforming of methane

Nickel catalysts supported on α-Al₂O₃, CeO₂, ZrO₂ and Ce-ZrO₂ were investigated in the autothermal reforming of methane. Ce-ZrO₂ supports formed a solid solution and presented better oxygen storage capacity per unit of mass of Ce when compared to CeO₂. Diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy spectra and temperature-programmed reduction profiles, showed the presence of Ni²⁺ in tetrahedral and octahedral geometries for catalysts supported on mixed oxides. Temperature-programmed surface reaction experiments showed that the catalytic activity for autothermal reforming is proportional to the amount of metallic sites on the surface. However, when operating under severe coking conditions, catalysts with a higher oxygen storage capacity were more stable in the autothermal reforming of methane. Time-differential angular correlation experiments provided an atomic view on how the mobility of oxygen on CeZrO₂ is enhanced by the presence of Ni, which increases the stability of the catalyst.     

Stable carbon dioxide reforming of methane over modified Ni/Al2O3 catalysts

CO₂ reforming of methane was studied over modified Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The metal modifiers were Co, Cu, Zr, Mn, Mo, Ti, Ag and Sn. Relative to unmodified Ni/Al₂O₃, catalysts modified with Co, Cu and Zr showed slightly improved activity, while other promoters reduced the activity of CO₂ reforming. Mn-promoted catalyst showed a remarkable reduction in coke deposition, while entailing only a small reduction in catalytic activity compared to unmodified catalyst. The catalysts prepared at high calcination temperatures showed higher activity than those prepared at low calcination temperature. The Mn-promoted catalyst showed very low coke deposition even in the absence of diluent gas and the activity changed only slightly during 100 h operation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of different promoters on Ni/CeZrO2 catalyst for autothermal reforming and partial oxidation of methane

Ni/CeZrO₂ catalysts promoted by Ag, Fe, Pt and Pd were investigated for methane autothermal reforming and partial oxidation of methane. The catalysts properties were determined by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), temperature-programmed desorption of CO₂ (CO₂-TPD) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Nickel dispersions were evaluated using a model reaction, the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. BET surface area results showed that the catalysts prepared by successive impregnation presented lower surface area which favored the smaller nickel dispersion. XRD analysis showed the formation of a ceria–zirconia solid solution. TPR experiments revealed that the addition of Pt and Pd as promoters increased the reducibility of nickel. CO₂-TPD results indicated that the AgNiCZ catalysts presented the best redox properties among all catalysts. The autothermal reforming of methane showed that, among different promoters, the sample modified with silver, AgNiCZ, presented higher methane conversion and better stability during the reaction. These results are related to the good reducibility and to the higher redox capacity observed in TPR and CO₂-TPD analysis. Samples prepared by successive impregnation technique resulted in a smaller catalytic activity. For partial oxidation of methane, just as happened in autothermal reforming, AgNiCZ also presented the best performance during the 24 h of reaction and the addition of silver by successive impregnation resulted in a lower methane conversion, probably, due to the smaller metal dispersion.     

Mixed and autothermal reforming of methane with supported Ni catalysts with a core/shell structure

Supported nickel catalysts with a core/shell structure of Ni/Al₂O₃ and Ni/MgO-Al₂O₃ synthesized under multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) conditions were tested for mixed steam and dry (CO₂) reforming and autothermal reforming of methane. In the previous tests, the supported Ni catalysts made of 10% Ni loading on Al₂O₃ or MgO-Al₂O₃ had shown good performances in the steam reforming of methane (methane conversion of 97% at 750 °C), in the partial oxidation of methane (methane conversion of 96% at 800 °C) and in dry reforming of methane (methane conversion of 96% at 850 °C) and showed high thermal stability for the first 50-150 h. In this study, the supported Ni catalysts showed good performance in the mixed and autothermal reforming of methane with their excellent thermal stability for the first 50 h. In addition, very interestingly, there was no appreciable carbon deposition on the surface of the tested catalysts after the reforming reaction.     

Effects of metal support interaction on dry reforming of methane over Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalysts

Dry (CO₂) reforming of methane is conducted over two newly synthesized Ni20/Ce-γAl₂O₃ and Ni20/Ce-meso-Al₂O₃ catalysts. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that Ni20/Ce-meso-Al₂O₃ exhibits a better dispersion of nickel, while Ni20/Ce-γAl₂O₃ has larger amounts of nickel crystallites. The temperature programmed desorption (TPD) kinetics analysis indicated that Ni20/Ce-meso-Al₂O₃ had a lesser metal-support interaction than the Ni20/Ce-γAl₂O₃. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the incorporation of ceria into the Al₂O₃ matrix helps to stabilize Ni20/Ce-meso-Al₂O₃ during dry reforming of methane. The temperature programmed reduction (TPR) indicated that the synthesized catalysts were sufficiently reducible below 750 °C. A fixed bed reactor evaluation (at 750 °C) showed that both catalysts can facilitate methane reforming to syngas with minimal coking throughout the 30 hours time-on-stream (TOS). However, Ni20/Ce-meso-Al₂O₃ is more promising in terms of prolonged stability for dry reforming applications. Moreover, the syngas yield for Ni20/Ce-γAl₂O₃ is close to equilibrium prediction during the first 1 hour of reaction time.     

The effect of ceria content on the properties of Pd/CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts for steam reforming of methane

The effect of CeO₂ loading on the surface properties and catalytic behaviors of CeO₂–Al₂O₃-supported Pd catalysts was studied in the process of steam reforming of methane. The catalysts were characterized by S_BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD measurements indicated that palladium particles on the surface of fresh and reduced catalysts are well dispersed. TPR experiments revealed a heterogeneous distribution of PdO species over CeO₂–Al₂O₃ supports; one fraction of large particles, reducible at room temperature, another fraction interacting with CeO₂ and Al₂O₃, reducible at higher temperatures of 347 and 423 K, respectively. The PdO species reducible at room temperature showed lower CO adsorption relative to the PdO species reducible at high temperature. In contrast to Pd/Al₂O₃, the FTIR results revealed that CeO₂-containing catalyst with CeO₂ loading ≥12 wt.% show lower ratio (LF/HF) between the intensity of the CO bands in the bridging mode at low frequency (LF) and the linear mode at high frequency (HF). This ratio was constant with increasing the temperature of reduction. The FTIR spectra and the measurement of Pd dispersion suggested that Pd surface becomes partially covered with ceria at all temperature of reduction and with increasing ceria loading in Pd/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ catalysts. Although the PdO/Al₂O₃ showed higher Pd dispersion compared to that of CeO₂-containing catalysts, the addition of ceria resulted in an increase of the turnover rate and specific rate to steam reforming of methane. The CH₄ turnover rate of Pd/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ catalysts with ceria loading ≥12 wt.% was around four orders of magnitude higher compared to that of Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The increase of the activity of the catalysts was attributed to various effects of CeO₂ such as: (i) change of superficial Pd structure with blocking of Pd sites; (ii) the jumping of oxygen (O^*) from ceria to Pd surface, which can decrease the carbon formation on Pd surface. Considering that these effects of CeO₂ are opposite to changes of the reaction rate, the increase of specific reaction rate with enhancing the ceria loading suggests that net effect results in the increase of the accessibility of CH₄ to metal active sites.     

Preparation of nanocrystalline Ni/Al2O3 catalysts with the microemulsion method for dry reforming of methane

Mesoporous nanocrystalline nickel‐alumina catalysts with high surface area were prepared by a microemulsion (ME) method and were employed in methane reforming with carbon dioxide for syngas production. The catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area analysis (BET), temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR), temperature‐programmed oxidation (TPO), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results showed that the catalysts possessed mesoporous structure with high surface area (> 250 m² · g^?1) and small crystallite size (～5 nm). The catalytic results revealed high activity and stability for the prepared catalysts. In addition, the effect of feed ratio and GHSV on catalytic performance was investigated.     

Ni/CaO‐Al2O3 bifunctional catalysts for sorption‐enhanced steam methane reforming

Ni/CaO‐Al₂O₃ bifunctional catalysts with different CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratios were prepared by a sol–gel method and applied to the sorption‐enhanced steam methane reforming (SESMR) process. The catalysts consisted mainly of Ni, CaO and Ca₅Al₆O₁₄. The catalyst structure depended strongly on the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio, which in turn affected the CO₂ capture capacity and the catalytic performance. The catalyst with a CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio of 6 or 8 possessed the highest surface area, the smallest Ni particle size, and the most uniform distribution of Ni, CaO, and Ca₅Al₆O₁₄. During 50 consecutive SESMR cycles at a steam/methane molar ratio of 2, the thermodynamic equilibrium was achieved using the catalyst with a CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio of 6, and H₂ concentration profiles for all the 50 cycles almost overlapped, indicating excellent activity and stability of the catalyst. Moreover, a high CO₂ capture capacity of 0.44 was maintained after 50 carbonation–calcination cycles, being almost equal to its initial capacity (0.45 ). © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3547–3556, 2014