设置透风孔的超高层建筑风荷载特性

采用同步测压技术,进行设置透风孔的超高层建筑刚性模型风洞试验,对该类建筑物的风荷载特征进行研究。结果表明:孔洞附近,顺风向阻力表现出一定涡激力特性,横风向升力功率谱的谱峰下降幅度较大,阻力与升力系数的根方差均减小,但扭转向扭矩系数根方差的减小幅度有限。受孔洞影响的区域,阻力系数与扭矩系数的自相关性减弱,但升力系数的自相关性增强,阻力系数、升力系数的相干函数衰减程度减弱,相干系数的数值减小。设置透风孔后,超高层建筑升力系数、扭矩系数与阻力系数的互相关性不能再忽略不计,但升力系数与扭矩系数之间的互相关性有所减弱。     

典型超高层建筑风荷载频域特性研究

在边界层风洞中对10个典型超高层建筑模型进行了测压试验,获得了测点层的顺风向、横风向和扭转风荷载,对风荷载的功率谱、相关系数和水平、竖向相干函数进行了细致分析。得出以下结论:方形建筑阻力系数谱的峰值频率基本上与来流纵向风谱保持一致,升力系数谱的频带随着地面粗糙度的增大而变宽,能量减小,扭矩系数功率谱的能量随紊流度的增加而增加;矩形建筑长边迎风时,升力和扭矩系数谱均表现出很强的旋涡脱落特征,斯特罗哈数约为0.11,短边迎风时,升力和扭矩系数谱的频带明显变宽,峰值频率降低;升力和扭矩系数的相关性比较强,而阻力系数和升力系数、扭矩系数之间的相关性则相对小些;在旋涡脱落频率附近,升力系数和扭矩系数的相干性都明显增强。     

X形超高层建筑层风激励谱计算模型研究

通过X形超高层建筑刚性模型多点同步测压风洞试验,研究高层建筑风荷载阻力系数和升力系数平均值、均方根值沿高度的变化规律,并与矩形高层建筑均方根升力系数进行比较.提出X形高层建筑顺风向与横风向动力风荷载功率谱密度函数、相干函数的计算模型,并根据风洞试验数据进行拟合计算,结果表明该计算模型与风洞试验结果吻合较好,可以以此为基础进行类似高层建筑顺风向与横风向动力响应的频域计算.     

矩形截面超高层建筑风致脉动扭矩的基本特征

利用刚性模型的同步测压风洞试验,研究了矩形截面超高层建筑脉动扭矩的基本特征。研究内容包括扭矩系数的根方差、功率谱密度、竖向相关性以及横风向脉动风力-扭矩相干函数,另外还考察了厚宽比和风场类别这两个参数对脉动扭矩的影响。研究结果表明,脉动扭矩系数随高度增加递减,随厚宽比增加而增加;脉动扭矩谱具有两个谱峰,谱峰形状随厚宽比改变发生很大变化;相对横风向风力,扭矩的竖向相关系数随距离衰减更快;脉动扭矩与横风向风力具有较强的相关性。     

高层矩形建筑横风向风力特性试验研究

在边界层风洞中对10个典型超高层建筑模型进行测压试验,获得了测点层的顺风向、横风向和扭转方向的风荷载,整理了横风向风荷载的功率谱、相关系数和水平、竖向相干函数,分析了流场绕流的特点,总结了横风向风力对扭转的贡献。得到如下结论:选取分离点作为参考点时,横风向水平相关性随厚宽比增加变化较大,通过确定其零点位置可以定量确定再附点位置;横风向风力竖向相关性受所选基点位置影响程度较小;竖向相干性随厚宽比增大而降低;模型厚宽比大于1.5时,结构扭矩谱几乎全部由横风向贡献。     

阵列式分布高层建筑群风致干扰效应研究

基于实际超高层建筑群的风洞对比试验,研究了阵列式分布高层建筑群建筑主体结构轴向风荷载静力、动力干扰效应及围护结构干扰效应,并结合CFD计算结果及基底弯矩谱分析了干扰机理.研究表明:①阵列建筑群角部建筑平动方向平均风荷载不高于单体建筑,但平均扭矩会有较大幅度增加,且横风向振动可能加强;②临近角部的边缘建筑,由于前方来流加速,平均风荷载相对于单体建筑约增加20％;风速增加导致横风向功率谱谱峰向高频方向移动,对结构横风向均方根响应影响较大;③受遮挡效应影响,离角部相对较远的边缘建筑主体结构平均风荷载不超过单体建筑;④两侧建筑干扰引起边缘中部建筑前方来流风速增加,与单体建筑相比,边缘中部建筑的迎风面极值正压增加,侧面极值负压增加.     

任意排列两方形断面高层建筑风致干扰机理研究

风致干扰效应是高层建筑群抗风设计中的常见难点问题之一。采用刚性模型测压试验,研究了均匀层流和两种大气边界层风场条件下任意排列两方形断面高层建筑的风致干扰效应,通过平均和脉动基底弯矩系数的干扰因子、风力系数、风压系数分布以及风荷载功率谱的研究,解释了其风致干扰效应的机理。结果表明,任意排列的两方形断面高层建筑风致干扰中,至少存在横风向静力干扰、顺风向静力干扰和横风向动力干扰三个值得注意的干扰区域。 窄道形成的加速效应使受扰结构上形成指向施扰建筑横风向平均吸力和阻塞形成的受扰建筑的横风向平均推力;遮挡效应使得受扰建筑承受指向位于上游的施扰建筑的顺风向风力;漩涡叠加增强位于尾流区受扰建筑上的横风向脉动荷载。不同风场的试验结果表明,提高来流的紊流度有助于减弱上述干扰效应。     

矩形截面超高层建筑风致脉动扭矩的数学模型

利用风洞试验结果,对矩形截面超高层建筑风致脉动扭矩数学模型进行研究。以厚宽比和风场类别为基本变量,采用最小二乘法得到了风致脉动扭矩系数根方差、功率谱密度、竖向相关性系数以及横风向基底弯矩-基底扭矩相干函数闭合计算公式。这些公式的计算结果与原始试验数据吻合较好,说明计算公式具有较高精度。此外,利用结构随机振动方法,用提出的公式以及直接采用试验风压数据计算一栋实际超高层建筑的扭转动力响应,对比了扭转广义力谱、顶层扭转响应谱以及扭转响应根方差等计算结果,对比结果表明两者吻合较好,从而验证了公式的适用性。     

方形结构风荷载Jensen数效应研究

为了解试验模拟的地表粗糙度偏差对方形结构风荷载的影响,在风洞中模拟不同缩尺比的A、B两类粗糙度指数风场,研究Jensen数分别为1 200、6 000时结构风荷载的Jensen数效应。结果表明:Jensen数变化对平均风荷载影响很小,对脉动风荷载影响较大; Jensen数由6 000减小到1 200时,顺风向、横风向、扭矩脉动风荷载增大幅度约为200%～250%; Jensen数减小会使风荷载功率谱低频段能量呈小幅增大趋势,高频段能量呈小幅减小趋势; 当来流与方形结构的直线边存在一定夹角时,Jensen数变化对各类型风荷载相关性影响变小; Jensen数增大会使各层间顺风向、横风向与扭矩风荷载相关性减小; Jensen数由1 200增大为6 000时,对扭矩风荷载相关性影响最大,降幅为63%,横风向风荷载相关性最大降幅为40%,顺风向风荷载相关性最大降幅为15%; 增大Jensen数会使顺风向风荷载相干函数与Davenport指数衰减形式吻合的频率范围增大,高频部分的竖向相干函数减小; 横风向风荷载与扭矩风荷载竖向相干函数更符合Davenport指数衰减形式。     

基于极值相关性的超高层建筑风荷载组合研究

为研究不同长宽比超高层建筑三维风荷载组合,通过高频测力天平风洞试验得到了5种长宽比的矩形超高层建筑基底剪力、弯矩和扭矩时程。基于试验数据和计算结果,分析了三维风荷载效应的分布及其极值相关性。在此基础上,对比分析了不同长宽比的超高层建筑顺风向与横风向、顺风向与扭转向以及横风向与扭转向之间的风荷载效应极值分布规律和统计参数。最后,采用概率统计方法评估了不同长宽比对结构三维风荷载组合系数的影响,并给出了一组基于极值相关性分析的结构三维风荷载组合系数推荐值。结果表明：对于超高层建筑,虽然不同方向风荷载效应之间相关系数可能很低,但其三维风荷载效应极值相关性不可忽略;以横风向或扭转向为主方向进行组合时,其余方向同步比值存在明显的非高斯分布特性;对于不同长宽比超高层建筑,其极值相关性的差异会导致组合系数存在差别,在确定风荷载组合方法时,应考虑长宽比的影响。     

典型超高层建筑风荷载幅值特性研究

本文对10个典型的超高层建筑刚性模型进行了测量表面风压的风洞试验,获得了各测量层的阻力、升力和扭矩系数的平均值和根方差。讨论了各测量层风荷载系数随风向角的变化规律,以及高宽比和断面长宽比对方形及矩形建筑风荷载的影响。结果表明,倒角方形、Y形和三角形建筑的风荷载均小于方形与矩形建筑;方形建筑高宽比的增大导致升力系数的根方差明显增大;矩形建筑断面长宽比的增大则使阻力系数的平均值、根方差减少,而升力系数的根方差增大;D类和B类风场中的平均气动力系数相近,而D类风场中脉动气动力系数的根方差大于B类风场。     

台风 “鲇鱼”作用下厦门沿海某超高层建筑风压特性的风洞试验与现场实测对比研究

为研究超高层建筑表面的风压特性,基于对厦门沿海某超高层建筑表面风压开展的现场实测和风洞模型试验,探讨了台风“鲇鱼”作用下超高层建筑表面的风压特性及其分布规律。研究结果表明：通过风洞试验和现场实测所揭示出的超高层建筑表面风压特性（平均风压系数、峰值风压系数）及其随风向角的变化规律基本一致;平均风压系数的现场实测与风洞试验结果在迎风面吻合较好,而背风面现场实测值明显较风洞试验结果小;峰值风压系数的现场实测与风洞试验结果除个别测点外相差较大。     

Across-wind loads of typical tall buildings

Previous studies have indicated that the across-wind dynamic responses of super-tall buildings are usually larger than the along-wind ones. With the increase of heights, the across-wind dynamic response of super-tall buildings has been a problem of great concern. In this paper, 15 typical tall building models are tested with high-frequency force balance technique in a wind tunnel to obtain the first-mode generalized across-wind dynamic forces. New formulas for the power spectra of the across-wind dynamic forces, the coefficients of base moment and shear force are then derived. Parametric analyses of the effects of factors on the across-wind loads of the buildings are performed. Besides, a SDOF aeroelastic model of a square tall building with an aspect ratio of 6 is selected from the above buildings and is tested to investigate its across-wind dynamic response and aerodynamic damping characteristics. The power spectrum of the across-wind force of the square building is employed to compute its across-wind dynamic responses with and without considering the effect of the aerodynamic damping. The computed responses are then compared with the corresponding responses from the aeroelastic model test to verify the present formulas of the across-wind loads of buildings.     

Characteristics of aerodynamic forces and pressures on square plan buildings with height variations

Many studies on reducing across-wind responses of tall buildings have been investigated, mainly focusing on the effect of corner shape. And it is also known that changing section along the height through tapering or set-back could reduce across-wind responses of tall buildings. In this paper, to investigate the mechanism of aerodynamic force reduction, the wind tunnel tests for fluctuating pressure and fluctuating force were carried out. Two models with different tapering ratio of 5% and 10%, one set-backed model and one prototype square prism with side ratio of unity were employed under two typical boundary layers which represent suburban and urban flow condition. It is concluded that tapering or set-back helps to reduce the mean drag force and the fluctuating lift force. Reduction ratio increases as tapering ratio increases, and the set-backed model is more effective to reduce the fluctuating lift force than the tapered model with identical surface area, reducing the coefficients about 40% in suburban flow condition. And by tapering and set-back, the power spectra of wind pressures at sideward surface become wideband and the peak frequencies depend on height, which makes the correlation near the Strouhal component low or even negative.     

Monitoring of dynamic behaviour of super-tall buildings during typhoons

This paper presents the field measurement results of the wind effects on two super-tall buildings (having height over 400 m) in Hong Kong during the passage of Typhoon Nesat in 2011. The field data such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses were simultaneously recorded during the typhoon. Detailed analysis of the field data was conducted to investigate the wind field over an urban area, structural dynamic properties and wind-induced responses of the super-tall buildings. The typhoon-generated wind characteristics including turbulence intensity, gust factor and power spectral density of fluctuating wind speed were presented and discussed. The acceleration responses were analysed by Fourier transform to represent an averaged perspective over the records. Then, the wavelet transform was used to present time-frequency energy distributions of the structural vibrations. Instantaneous spectra were also presented for further discussions of the non-stationary signals. A high-pass Kaiser FIR digital filter was adopted to eliminate the multipath effects on the displacement responses recorded by global positioning system. Then, the resonant and background responses as well as their contributions to the total displacements were identified. Damping ratios of the high-rise structures were evaluated by the random decrement technique, which demonstrated amplitude-dependent characteristics. Finally, the serviceability performance of the super-tall buildings under wind actions with different return periods was estimated.     

超高层建筑风荷载的试验研究

超高层建筑的风致振动是结构设计的主要控制因素之一。但目前对横风向风荷载的研究远不能满足工程应用和规范制定的需要。本文应用高频动态测力天平技术,对常见的１３种典型断面的超高层建筑模型进行了不同风场条件下的风洞试验,研究了其风荷载,特别是横风向风荷载。结果表明,外形和风场对风荷载有很大的影响,而长细比对无量纲风荷载的影响甚微。本文最后给出的一阶横风向广义风力系数谱的拟合公式,可供规范修订参考。     

Wind‐induced torsion vibration of the super high‐rise building of Shenzhen Energy Center

The synchronous multipoint scanning system technique in wind tunnel tests and random vibration theory method were used to analyze the wind‐induced torsion vibration of some irregularly shaped super high‐rise buildings in downtowns. The torsion vibration modes and the spectra of torsion wind load were studied, and the proportions of mean wind torsion, inertia torsion and the mass eccentricity torsion caused by horizontal inertia forces are discussed. The following conclusions can be drawn. First, the third and fourth modes have torsion vibration shapes, and their frequencies are in the high‐energy area of the spectra of the torsion wind load; the third and fourth modes are included in the resonant component of the spectra of the top torsion angle of the building, and the third mode is dominant. Second, the torsion stiffness is weak in the high stories of the building, so the inertia torsion is dominant, whereas the torsion stiffness is strong in the low stories; the mean wind torsion is dominant. The proportion of the mass eccentricity torsion moment caused by horizontal inertia forces is small. Finally, the wind‐induced torsion moment at a 90° wind angle is the largest, whereas the torsion eccentricity is 46% of the radius of gyration and is much greater than the mass eccentricity; thus, the wind‐induced torsion should be considered. The wind‐induced torsion vibration of the building is sensitive to wind directions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.