大直径软岩嵌岩桩侧阻性状实测分析

嵌岩桩的侧摩阻力发挥不但与桩端支承与桩周土性有关,同时还受其他众多因素影响。根据同一场地桩周土性差异不大,而桩底岩土强度有较明显区别的两根达极限承载状态的嵌岩桩试桩资料,分析桩周土侧阻发挥过程。结果表明:对于长径比较大的嵌岩桩,桩周土极限侧阻大小随桩端支承条件不同而改变,且侧阻沿桩身分布呈现两头大中间小的特点,此外上部土层对桩身中部土层的侧阻发挥有一定的影响。     

嵌岩桩承载性状的有限元分析

在有限元分析的基础上 ,采用Duncan非线性弹性E -B模型对嵌岩桩垂直荷载作用下的承载性状作了较为全面的探讨。指出嵌岩桩确实存在着深度效应 ,当嵌岩达到一定深度后 ,继续增加嵌岩深度 ,对桩的承载能力的提高已不明显 ,甚至无助于承载能力的提高。并得出了嵌岩桩垂直承载力与基岩强度成指数关系的结论 ,强调桩底沉渣不仅增加嵌岩桩的平均侧阻力和桩身沉降 ,而且将显著提高桩侧岩层的局部应力。文中结论可为桩基工程的科研、设计和施工提供参考     

Centrifuge studies on the effects of existing piles on the end resistance and shaft friction of a newpile

The effects of existing piles on the vertical bearing capacity of piles of a new building were examined using vertical static loading centrifuge tests on a new pile located among existing piles. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) Existing piles increased the total shaft resistance of the new pile with a rough surface because the existing piles restrained the soil around the new pile and the positive dilatancy of the sand increased the confining pressure of the soil. (2) The shaft resistance of the lower part of the new pile with a rough surface fell rapidly during the loading tests, regardless of whether there were existing piles or not. The diminution of shaft resistance, known as ‘friction fatigue’, was probably caused by sand particle crushing in the vicinity of the pile end. (3) For a new pile with a rough surface, existing piles did not affect the end resistance when the new pile head settlement normalized by the pile diameter, s/D_p, was less than 0.2. (4) Existing piles did not affect the shaft resistance or the end resistance of the new pile with a smooth surface. Dominance of the sliding displacement along the pile–sand contact surface engenders the extremely small variation of the confining pressure of the soil around the new pileshaft.     

Effects of confining pressure and temperature on mixed-mode (I–II) fracture toughness of a limestone rock

Studying fracture toughness behavior at elevated temperatures and confining pressures is valuable for a number of practical situations such as hydraulic fracturing used to enhance oil and gas recovery from a reservoir, and the disposal or safe storage of radioactive waste in underground cavities. Mixed-mode (I–II) fracture toughness under simulated reservoir conditions of high temperature and confining pressure was studied using straight notched Brazilian disk (SNBD) specimens under diametrical compression. Rock samples were collected from a limestone formation outcropping in the Central Province of Saudi Arabia. Tests were conducted under an effective confining pressure (σ₃) of up to 28 MPa (4000 psi), and a temperature of up to 116°C. The results show a substantial increase in fracture toughness under confining pressure. The pure mode-I fracture toughness (K_IC) increased by a factor of about 3.7 under a σ₃ of 28 MPa compared to that under ambient conditions. The variation of K_IC was found to be linearly proportional to σ₃. The pure mode-II fracture toughness (K_IIC) increased by a factor of 2.4 upon increasing σ₃ to 28 MPa. On the other hand, K_IC at 116°C was only 25% more than that at ambient conditions. Some ductile behavior was displayed by the rock samples at a high temperature and confining pressure.     

A modified Hoek–Brown failure criterion for anisotropic intact rock

The Hoek–Brown criterion parameters (σ_ci, m_i and s) are significantly influenced by the strength anisotropy of intact rock. In the present study, the criterion was modified by incorporating a new parameter (k_β) to account for the effect of strength anisotropy, thus being able to determine the strength of intact anisotropic rock under loading in different orientations of the plane of anisotropy. The range of the parameter (k_β) for the rocks tested has been analytically investigated by carrying out triaxial tests, in different orientations of the foliation plane. The proposed modification was studied for metamorphic rocks (gneiss, schist, marble), but could also be applied to other rock types exhibiting “inherent” anisotropy, e.g. sedimentary as well as igneous rocks. The proposed modified criterion is intended for use for prediction of strength of intact rock, but can also be extended to rock masses.     

广东某电厂大直径嵌岩桩静载及阻力分布试验与分析

通过对大直径嵌岩桩静载与桩侧阻力、端阻力分布现场测试,分析讨论了嵌岩桩在荷载作用下的P-S关系特性以及端阻力、侧阻力分布规律,进而得到嵌岩桩荷载传递基本规律及承载力特征。     

高应变动力试桩法分析嵌岩桩的承载特性

利用波动方程理论建立嵌岩桩的动力分析模型 ,并通过 12根桩的CAPWAP分析 ,探讨了嵌岩桩的桩侧阻力和桩端阻力的承载特性 ,通过合理地选择动力分析参数 ,从而确定嵌岩桩的承载力     

嵌岩桩嵌岩段的岩石极限侧阻力系数

嵌岩桩在岩土工程中已得到广泛应用,但如何准确计算嵌岩段桩的极限侧阻力仍是工程设计人员面临的重要课题。收集整理了不同时期、不同地区、不同岩石强度和不同嵌岩条件下开展的145个嵌岩桩竖向下压承载力试验成果,主要包括嵌岩段岩石类型及其单轴抗压强度、嵌岩桩的直径与嵌岩深度、嵌岩段桩的极限侧阻力等。定义嵌岩段桩的极限侧阻力和岩石单轴抗压强度的比值为嵌岩桩嵌岩段岩石极限侧阻力系数,分析了桩径、嵌岩深度、嵌岩深径比和岩石强度对嵌岩段极限侧阻力和岩石极限侧阻力系数的影响规律,建立了嵌岩段岩石极限侧阻力系数与岩石单轴抗压强度之间的拟合关系式,给出了不同可靠度水平下岩石侧极限阻力系数取值。     

Hydrogeological behaviour of an unsaturated waste rock pile: a case study at the Golden Sunlight Mine,Montana, USA

Parent geology, mining operation, construction practice and weathering processes govern the hydrogeological behaviour of waste rock piles. Variable heterogeneity in such earth structures requires site specific correlations. Based on field investigation and laboratory characterization, this paper developed a physical model for the unsaturated East Pile at the Golden Sunlight Mine in Montana, USA. Results indicate that the pile had interfingered dipping beds characterized by a matrix-supported structure in the fine grained layers and a clast-supported structure in the coarse grained layers. Waste rock with at least 45% sand retained water (ψ _a = 2–4 kPa, ψ _r = 20–40 kPa, k _sat = 3.5 × 10⁻³ cm/s, k _unsat = 2–3 orders of magnitude lower at 100 kPa) whereas materials with less than 45% sand drained rapidly (ψ _a < 1 kPa, ψ _r < 10 kPa, k _sat = 1 × 10⁻¹ cm/s, k _unsat > 6 orders of magnitude lower at 10 kPa).      

A comprehensive study on the biological treatabilities of phenol and methanol—I. Analysis of bacterial growth and substrate removal kinetics by a statistical method

An unbiassed statistical method was developed to evaluate kinetic parameters in the biological oxidation of wastewaters. Through the statistical analyses of the biological oxidation kinetics, it was shown that the kinetic equations satisfactorily described the bacterial growth and substrate removal kinetics where X is biomass concentration, S is substrate concentration, t is time, a is cell yield coefficient, k_d is cell decay coefficient, K_s is Michaelis-Menten constant, and k is substrate removal rate coefficient. The coefficients K_s and a changed with temperature insignificantly while k and k_d were closely related to it. The temperature independent coefficients K_s and a were estimated to be 236 mg 1⁻¹ (standard deviation, σ = 70 mg 1⁻¹) and 1.21 (σ = 0.06) respectively for phenol, and 2330 mg 1⁻¹ (σ = 1410 mg 1⁻¹) and 1.25 (σ = 0.45) respectively for methanol based on total organic carbon (TOC) and volatile suspended solids (VSS). The oxygen utilization rate can be formulated as where Rr is the oxygen utilization rate (mg 1⁻¹ O₂ time⁻¹), as′ is a coefficient designating oxygen requirement per substrate utilized, and b′ is a coefficient designating oxygen requirement per biomass for endogeneous respiration. The coefficient a′ was 1.39 for phenol and 2.23 for methanol, and b′ was 1.42 k_d for both substances based on TOC and VSS.     

Stress–strain–electrical resistance effects and associated state equations for uniaxial rock compression

This paper reports stress–strain–electric resistance experiments for diabase, limestone and marble containing NaCl solution during the whole process of uniaxial compression. We obtained the complete testing data for the stress–strain curve and the associated electrical resistance–strain curve. The change caused by internal cracking of the rock causes the corresponding variation of rock electrical resistance. There is a minimum value for all the electric resistance–strain curves, corresponding to the cracking stress σ_c or the initial cohesion c_i. Based on the experimental results and stochastic property analyses of the rock fracture variation, we put forward a group of state equations for rock in sections to express the characteristics of rock during the whole process of uniaxial compression. The three variables, stress, strain and electrical resistance, together with data-fitted parameters, α₁,α₂ and β, are contained in the equations. The equations are used to express the inelastic response which intensifies with the propagation of cracking.     

Experimental study on friction fatigue of vibratory driven piles by in situ model tests

Friction fatigue is an important factor to consider for pile drivability during the installation of piles. Only a few studies have focused on the friction fatigue of vibratory driven piles. However, the friction fatigue of jack-in piles has been investigated extensively. Therefore, this study focuses on the friction fatigue of vibratory driven piles. A total of six in situ vibratory pile driving tests were conducted with different frequencies and different vibratory forces. Both the acceleration at the pile head and the axial strain of the pile were monitored during vibratory driving. The shaft friction, τ_Sij, was analyzed at each section of the pile during vibratory driving, and the decrease in friction (i.e., friction fatigue) was observed. The concept of accumulated shear work, W, was introduced during vibratory driving, and a unified relationship was established between the decrease in shaft friction normalized by the cone tip resistance, τ_Sij/q_c, and W. From a practical viewpoint, this concept will be helpful for the construction management of vibratory pile driving and for determining the vibratory hammer specifications.     

What intensity of fire can a fire fighter survive in a reflective shelter

A model predicting the thermal conditions to be endured by a person using a reflective shelter in a forest fire is described. The thermal parameters used in the model were quantified by laboratory experiments, by use of existing relationships, and by comparison with field data obtained for an empty instrumented tent. A refinement to allow for the energy absorbed by the occupants was included and the model was run using the temperatures recorded in highintensity experimental fires. Human survival criteria of 100°C for the maximum air temperature and 2°C for the rise in body temperature were applied to the model's predictions. A maximum survivable intensity of 5.6 MW per lineal meter of fire edge was predicted.Nomenclature C _g thermal capacitance of ground; kJ(°C)^–1 (µF for simulator) - C _i thermal capacitance of inside air; kJ(°C)^–1 (µF) - C _t thermal capacitance of tent; kJ(°C)^–1 (µF) - h hour - I _r Incident radiation, kW m^–2 (ma for simulator) - kW kilowatt - kPa kilopascal - kg kilogram - k kilo-ohm - m meter - ma milliamp - MBT Mean body temperature; °C - mm millimeter - MW megawatt - Q _c Rate of energy absorption by convection; watts - Q _w Rate of energy absorption from wall radiation; watts - R _et Thermal resistance external air to tent; °C kW^–1 (k for simulator) - R _gg Thermal resistance between layers of ground; °C kW^–1 (k) - R _io Thermal resistance internal air to occupant; °C kW^–1 (k) - R _tg Thermal resistance radiation from tent to ground; °C kW^–1 (k) - R _to Thermal resistance radiation from tent to occupant; °C kW^–1 (k) - R _ti Thermal resistance for tent to inside air; °C kW^–1 (k) - R _ig Thermal resistance for inside air to ground; °C kW^–1 (k) - s second - T _a Air temperature; °C - T _e External air temperature; °C - tha^–1 weight of combustible fuel; tonnes per hectare - T _i Internal air temperature; °C - T _w Wall temperature; °C - v velocity; m s^–1 - V volts - W watts - Stephan-Boltzmann constant; 5.672 × 10^–8 W m^–2 K^–4 - µF microfarad - °C temperature in degrees centigrade - K temperature in Kelvins     

南京夹江大桥主塔基桩承载性状分析

 应用南京夹江大桥主塔两根试桩的大吨位静载荷试验成果,采用ANSYS有限元计算,对超长大直径嵌岩桩的承载性状进行分析,包括桩顶沉降、桩端阻和桩侧阻的分配与发挥,并对最佳嵌岩深度进行讨论。结果表明,超长大直径嵌岩桩一般为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力不容忽视,当桩处于极限时,上覆土层的侧阻力已经发挥至极限,而嵌岩段阻力仍有一定潜力可挖。利用ANSYS模拟后发现,嵌岩段的侧阻力非线性特征明显,且呈现“两头大,中间小”的特征。同时,通过对不同嵌岩深度的研究,认为仅通过增加嵌岩深度来控制桩顶沉降作用不明显,软岩地区的嵌岩桩嵌岩深度可不必拘泥于规范所限的不大于5D。最后根据静载试验和有限元分析结果,对原设计提出了修改建议。     

Non-dilatant deformation and failure mechanism in two Long Valley Caldera rocks under true triaxial compression

We conducted laboratory rock strength experiments in two ultra-fine-grained brittle rocks, hornfels and metapelite, which together are the major constituent of the Long Valley Caldera (California, USA) basement in the 2025–2996 m depth range. Both rocks are banded, and have very low porosity. Uniaxial compression tests at different orientations with respect to banding planes reveal that while the hornfels compressive strength is nearly isotropic, the metapelite possesses distinct anisotropy. Conventional triaxial tests in these rocks reveal that their respective strengths in a specific orientation increase approximately linearly with confining pressure. True triaxial compression experiments in specimens oriented at a consistent angle to banding, in which the magnitudes of the least (σ₃) and the intermediate (σ₂) principal stresses are different but kept constant during testing while the maximum principal stress is increased until failure, exhibit a behavior unlike that previously observed in other rocks under similar testing conditions. For a given magnitude of σ₃, compressive strength σ₁ does not vary significantly in both Long Valley rock types, regardless of the applied σ₂, suggesting little or no intermediate principal stress effect. Strains measured in all three principal directions during loading were used to obtain plots of σ₁ versus volumetric strain. These are consistently linear almost to the point of rock failure, suggesting no dilatancy. The phenomenon was corroborated by SEM inspection of failed specimens that showed no microcrack development prior to the emergence of one through-going shear failure plane steeply dipping in the σ₃ direction. The strong dependency of compressive strength on the intermediate principal stress in other crystalline rocks was found to be related to microcrack initiation upon dilatancy onset, which rises with increased σ₂ and retards the failure process. We infer that strength independence of σ₂ in the Long Valley rocks derives directly from their non-dilatant deformation.     

软岩桩基承载性能试验研究

 地王商会中心和佳得鑫广场是南宁市两座相邻的高层建筑,其基础均采用人工挖孔扩底桩,桩端嵌入第三系泥岩。广西南宁盆地广泛分布的第三系泥岩是典型的软岩,通常被选择作为建筑物桩基的持力层。为掌握软岩桩基的工程性质,采用自平衡试桩法进行上述2个工程共8根嵌岩桩的承载性能试验。考虑到各试桩的嵌岩深度和尺寸不同,为获得较好的试验结果,桩身荷载箱的设置采用不同型式。通过试验解决大吨位软岩扩底桩承载力测试难题,为工程设计提供所需的重要参数。对试验数据进行对比分析结果表明,浸水对软岩桩基的承载性能有较大的削弱。根据试验研究结论,施工中采取有效措施防止泥岩浸水,为今后类似工程的建设积累了宝贵的经验。     

软土地基嵌岩桩的受力性状

结合现场嵌岩桩试桩资料,对嵌岩桩的竖向承载机理、嵌岩深度、端阻力、桩侧阻力等问题进行了深入的探讨,揭示嵌岩灌注桩的承载特性、荷载传递机理、不同桩长的桩在不同荷载水平下的受力性状及桩长压缩规律,得出对嵌岩灌注桩的设计、施工一些具有指导意义的结论。     

武汉绿地中心大厦大直径嵌岩桩现场试验研究

武汉绿地中心大厦高636 m,基底平均压力达1500 k Pa,开展了桩径为1200 mm,有效桩长25.9~33.6 m,以较硬岩(微风化砂岩)和软岩(中—微风化泥岩)为桩端持力层共4组嵌岩桩承载力静载荷试验,并对桩身轴力与变形进行了量测。试验表明:4根试桩Q–s曲线皆为缓变型,极限承载力不小于45000 k N,对应工程桩桩顶标高沉降为9.7~10.8 mm,桩端沉降为2.4~2.8 mm,桩顶沉降的90%为桩身压缩量。软岩嵌岩桩与较硬岩嵌岩桩的侧摩阻力分布曲线及承载特性存在显著差异。四根试桩的端阻比介于45.3%~58.7%。软岩嵌岩桩的实测桩端阻力大于基岩单轴抗压强度,采用桩基规范方法计算将低估其实际承载力。本工程4根试桩均表现出较好的承载与变形控制能力,静载试验结果为本工程嵌岩桩设计提供了依据,同时为武汉地区大承载力嵌岩桩实践与理论研究提供了有益参考。     

Model tests comparing the behavior of pre-bored grouted planted piles and a wished-in-place concrete pile in dense sand

The compressive bearing capacity of wished-in-place (WIP) concrete piles and pre-bored grouted planted (PGP) piles in dense sand was investigated by means of model tests. In total, three model piles were tested. The load–displacement response, axial force and tip resistance of each model pile were measured in the static load test process. Several conclusions can be drawn from the model test results: the pre-bored grouted planted nodular (PGPN) pile and the pre-bored grouted planted pipe (PGPP) pile have ultimate skin friction 1.23–1.36 times and 1.34–1.46 times greater than the ultimate skin friction of the wished-in-place (WIP) pile, respectively. The tip bearing capacity of the PGP pile is similar to the tip bearing capacity of the WIP pile, and the hyperbolic model of normalized tip resistance (q_b/q_c) and normalized tip displacement (S_b/D) can represent the tip load–displacement response of the WIP and PGP piles well.     

Discussion on “Empirical methods for determining shaft bearing capacity of semi-deep foundations socketed in rocks”[J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 6(2017)1140-151]

A new comprehensive set of data(n = 178) is compiled by adding a data set(n = 72) collected by Arioglu et al.(2007) to the data set(n = 106) presented in Rezazadeh and Eslami(2017). Then, the compiled data set is evaluated regardless of the variation in lithology/strength. The proposed empirical equation in this study comprises a wider range of uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)(0.15 MPa σ_(rc) 156 MPa) and various rock types. Rock mass cuttability index(RMCI) is correlated with shaft resistance(r_s) to predict the shaft resistance of rock-socketed piles. The prediction capacity of the RMCI versus r_s equation is also found to be in a fair good agreement with the presented data in Rezazadeh and Eslami(2017). Since the RMCI is a promising parameter in the prediction of shaft resistance, the researchers in the rock-socketed pile design area should consider this parameter in the further investigations.