重塑COx泥岩在饱和过程中应力应变的演化规律

粉碎后的Callovo-Oxfordian(COx)泥岩在法国被提议为可选回填材料用于充填核废料处置库中的一些通道。通过一系列的一维固结实验,研究了高压实COx泥岩粉末在饱和过程中应力的发展规律和体积变形特征,重点探讨了初始轴向应力大小和粒度成分对土样水力学性质的影响。结果表明:在初始高轴向应力作用下,粗颗粒土样发生体积塌陷,轴向应力逐渐减小,而细颗粒土样的体积则呈现塌陷—膨胀—再塌陷的现象,轴向应力呈减小—增加—再减小的趋势;当初始轴向应力较低时,粗颗粒和细颗粒土样均表现出明显的膨胀性,轴向应力逐渐增加;饱和结束后,细颗粒土样的最终平衡轴向应力均高于粗颗粒土;通过计算,土样干密度达到2.0 g/cm3后,饱和后渗透系数小于10-11 m/s。     

砂砾回填柔性管道沟槽压实质量控制研究

在砂砾土粒度与性质分析的基础上,对其用于柔性管道沟槽回填适用的标准试验与现场压实质量检测方法进行了研究。结果表明:含有少量细粒组分(10%~15%)的砂砾土,其最大干密度需结合标准击实试验与粗粒土最大干密度试验确定;压实度并不能完全反映砂砾土回填密实度,而用相对密实度Dr作为压实质量控制指标更为合理;动态变形模量Evd与压实度、相对密实度回归拟合方程相关系数分别为0.995、0.990,回归效果显著,表明Evd可用于快速评定砂砾土回填压实质量。     

间断级配粗粒土压实特性试验研究

岩土工程中常遇到级配不连续的粗粒土,这类间断级配粗粒土的压实特性尚不清楚。通过开展室内压实试验,探究了影响间断级配粗粒土压实特性的主要因素。试验发现,间断级配与连续级配料相比,缺少d₃₀以下的粒径不利于压实,缺少中间粒径反而可能有利于压实。其干密度随基准级配分形维数D的增加而增大,并且D=2.5~2.7时压实性最好;随细料含量的增加先增后减,而最优细料含量与粗、细料单独堆积密度以及粗细颗粒堆积过程中的相互干扰程度有关。据此建立了间断级配粗粒土压实干密度的预测模型,通过少量压实试验即可得获得干密度与细料含量的关系曲线,从而得到最优细料含量和满足干密度要求的细料含量区间,可以较大程度上减少试验工作量。     

间断级配粗粒土压实特性试验研究

岩土工程中常遇到级配不连续的粗粒土,这类间断级配粗粒土的压实特性尚不清楚。通过开展室内压实试验,探究了影响间断级配粗粒土压实特性的主要因素。试验发现,间断级配与连续级配料相比,缺少d_(30)以下的粒径不利于压实,缺少中间粒径反而可能有利于压实。其干密度随基准级配分形维数D的增加而增大,并且D=2.5～2.7时压实性最好;随细料含量的增加先增后减,而最优细料含量与粗、细料单独堆积密度以及粗细颗粒堆积过程中的相互干扰程度有关。据此建立了间断级配粗粒土压实干密度的预测模型,通过少量压实试验即可得获得干密度与细料含量的关系曲线,从而得到最优细料含量和满足干密度要求的细料含量区间,可以较大程度上减少试验工作量。     

高放废物地质处置库中缓冲回填材料的收缩特征

缓冲回填材料的收缩特征对高放废物处置库的安全性和稳定性有重要影响。以COx泥岩缓冲回填材料为研究对象,采用不同的试验方法分别研究了饱和的压实试样和糊状试样在干燥过程中的体积收缩变形特征。试验结果表明：压实试样的体积收缩变形特征受初始干密度的影响比较明显,缩限、收缩系数和收缩应变均随初始干密度的增加而减小;压实试样的体积收缩存在明显的各向异性,在低压实度条件下,径向收缩大于轴向收缩,收缩几何因子大于3,在高密度条件下,轴向收缩大于径向收缩,收缩几何因子小于3;糊状试样的体积收缩过程可分为正常收缩、残余收缩和零收缩3个阶段,且绝大部分体积收缩变形发生在试样变为非饱和之前;相对于其他收缩模型,G&C模型对COx糊状试样收缩曲线的拟合精度最高。     

矿物成分相关的黏土一维压缩特性分析

为了探索不同黏土矿物成分对黏土一维压缩特性的影响,采用高岭土、伊利土、蒙脱石及绿泥石,按不同质量比例混合来制备重塑土样,进行室内标准一维压缩试验。大量试验结果对比表明：①高岭土与伊利土混合土样的压缩指数（C_c）和回弹指数（C_s）都随伊利土含量的增加而增加;②高岭土、伊利土与蒙脱石混合土样的C_c和C_s随蒙脱石含量的增加而增大,且蒙脱石的作用占主导地位;③高岭土、伊利土、蒙脱石及绿泥石混合土样的C_c和C_s随蒙脱石与绿泥石二者含量之和的增加而增大,且蒙脱石的作用占主导地位。基于试验结果,总结出各黏土矿物成分影响的压缩指数与回弹指数的非线性表达式。此外,试验表明所有混合土样的压缩指数与回弹指数的比值（C_c/C_s）介于6.1和9.1之间变化。     

结构性对压实黄土侧限压缩特性的影响

对一定试验含水率及干密度下具有不同结构性(排列)的压实黄土试样进行侧限压缩试验,分析制样含水率引起的结构性变化对不同试验含水率压实黄土侧限压缩特性的影响,探讨压缩性指标与初始结构性参数之间的关系。以饱和压实黄土的压缩曲线为基础,通过引入反映结构性影响的初始结构性参数,提出压实黄土压缩曲线的表达式,根据此表达式可以确定湿载耦合时压实黄土的压缩变形。研究结果表明:制样含水率引起的结构性变化对压实黄土的侧限压缩特性有一定的影响,影响程度随试验含水率增大而减小,对饱和压实黄土压缩特性几乎没有影响;压实土的初始结构性随制样含水率的增大或试验含水率的减小而增强,弹性指数基本上不受结构性的影响,结构屈服压力及压缩指数皆随初始结构性参数增大而增大。在不同的试验含水率及制样含水率下,压缩指数及结构屈服压力与初始结构性参数之间皆有良好的归一化非线性关系,且可用以饱和压实黄土的压缩性指标为参照状态的双曲线来描述。     

基于颗粒接触状态理论的粗细粒混合料液化强度试验研究

为探讨粗细粒混合料的液化强度CRR,对具有不同细粒含量FC和相对密度Dr的粗细粒混合料开展了一系列不排水循环三轴试验。基于颗粒接触状态理论,将粗细粒混合料分为类粗粒土、中间性态土和类细粒土;用骨架孔隙比esk表征混合料骨架颗粒的接触状态,引入参数b与m描述粗细粒混合料从类细粒土到类粗粒土过度中粗粒与细粒对颗粒接触状态的影响。试验结果表明:随着FC的增加,具有相同Dr粗细粒混合料的CRR先降低后基本保持不变。此外,具有不同FC和Dr的粗细粒混合料CRR都随esk的增大而降低。分析表明:基于颗粒接触状态理论的esk是合理地表征粗细粒混合料CRR的一个物理状态指标,且两者呈现较好的负幂函数关系。     

重复加卸载条件下全风化泥质砂岩累积变形与湿化规律试验研究

 全风化泥质砂岩强度低,遇水后易崩解、软化,表现出与一般填料不同的工程特性。采用X射线衍射试验分析土样矿物成分,采用压缩试验和平板荷载试验研究重复加卸载条件下土样累积变形与湿化规律,以指导现场压实控制。结果表明：(1) 全风化泥质砂岩填土的压缩曲线在固结仪中呈下凹型,在平板荷载试验中呈上凸型,回弹曲线均呈下凹型;(2) 第i+1次压缩–回弹曲线均位于第i次曲线下方,线形相似;(3) 等载压缩次数增加,沉降增量递减,累积沉降增大,3次压实后,土体的残余变形趋于稳定;(4) 超载压缩曲线将回归到首次压缩曲线的延长线上,具有记忆效应;(5) 重复荷载越大,单次压缩总变形和永久变形越大;(6) 重复荷载作用后的压实填土遇水产生湿化沉降;(7) 湿化土的压缩–回弹曲线均呈下凹型,超载越高,相同荷载作用下的变形越小。现场压实过程中,增加压路机能量比增加压实次数可取得更好的压实效果。     

高铁路基粗颗粒土非饱和水力学及微观特性研究

高铁路基粗颗粒土的水力学特性对路基内部水分运移及路基的长期累积变形有重要影响。采用了一种新型TDR与大直径渗透柱装置研究了不同压实度下高铁路基粗颗粒土的水力学特性,推导了考虑双层孔隙结构的不同干密度下的土水特征曲线模型。同时,由于土体的水力学特性与其微观结构密切相关,将水力学测试结果与扫描电镜实验以及压汞试验结果进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,随着压实度的增加,低吸力下,细粒含量为15%的路基填料的体积含水率降低,在高吸力下,体积含水率趋于一致。土体的微观特性结果显示,细粒含量为15%的路基填料中表现出双层孔隙结构,随着压实度的增加,大孔隙结构逐渐被压缩,而小孔隙结构则难以被压缩。微观测试结果与水力学测试结果一致,解释了不同压实度下路基填料的水分运移规律。     

The coupled hydro-mechanical behaviours of compacted crushed Callovo-Oxfordian argillite

Callovo-Oxfordian(COx)argillite obtained from the excavation of high-level radioactive waste geological disposal has been evaluated as an alternative sealing/backfill material in France.This paper presents an experimental investigation into the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted crushed COx argillite.A series of oedometer compressive tests including various loading-unloading cycles were conducted on COx argillite powders at different initial water contents. After reaching the desired dry density(2.0 Mg/m 3 ),the vertical stress was reduced to different levels(7.0 and 0.5 MPa)and the compacted sample was then flooded under constant volume conditions while measuring the changes in the vertical stress. It was found that the initial water content significantly affects the compressive behaviour.The measured saturated hydraulic conductivity is less than 1×10-10 m/s.     

Deterioration of swelling pressure of compacted Gaomiaozi bentonite induced by heat combined with hyperalkaline conditions

Compacted bentonite has been considered a suitable engineered barrier material for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories for several decades. However, hyperalkaline groundwater produced by cementitious materials, combined with the heat generated by nuclear decay during the long-term storage of waste canisters, may cause the deterioration of the swelling properties of compacted bentonite. In this study, a series of swelling pressure tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were performed on compacted Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite (dry density 1.7 Mg/m³) to investigate the deterioration of the swelling pressure. Results indicated that the deterioration of the swelling pressure was facilitated by the temperature when the same concentration of NaOH solution was infiltrated, and a model of swelling pressure deterioration was developed to predict the long-term swelling pressure. Furthermore, the dissolution of montmorillonite and some silicate minerals, as well as the formation of non-expanding secondary minerals, led to transformations of the agglomeration patterns of the soil particles and structural damage to the bentonite, which controlled the long-term deterioration of the swelling pressure. Therefore, for the long-term operation of an HLW repository, the deterioration of the swelling pressure of compacted bentonite should be monitored, and safety assessments should account for the effects of heat and alkalinity.     

高放废物处置库缓冲材料导热性能研究

 缓冲材料是高放废物深地质处置库中的重要工程屏障,其导热性能参数是高放废物处置系统设计的关键参数之一。利用ISOMET导热仪,研究内蒙古高庙子天然钠基膨润土GMZ01与石英砂和石墨混合材料GMZM不同压实密度和不同含水量样品的导热性能。结果表明,GMZM的导热系数、热容量和热扩散系数随压实密度的增大而显著增大,随着含水量的增大而增大;与GMZ01的导热性能相比,随着压实密度的增大,石英砂和石墨作为添加剂可以明显提高缓冲材料的导热性能和热扩散性能,但对比热没有显著影响。压实干密度大于1.8 g/cm3后,GMZM的导热系数和热扩散系数比GMZ01的导热系数和热扩散系数均提高20%以上。缓冲材料的导热性能与其含水量、干密度、矿物组成和微结构等有关,导热系数随着含水量和干密度的增大而增大,但是导热系数与含水量和压实干密度不具有一致的线性关系。当GMZ01的饱和度大于20%时,不同压实干密度样品的导热系数、比热、热容量、热扩散系数均与饱和度具有线性关系。     

荆门膨胀土的水稳定性及其力学效应

本文针对湖北襄荆高速公路膨胀土,在室内开展了原状土在脱湿吸湿过程的无侧限抗压强度演化特征与击实土的胀缩性状及力学效应试验研究,发现原状膨胀土的工程性状同时受含水率与裂隙性的耦合影响,耦合程度随裂隙发育程度和膨胀潜势等级而各异;膨胀土的CBR值随其含水率的变化规律类似于击实曲线,但CBR峰值含水率大于最佳含水率,并非压实度最大时CBR值也最大,CBR值取决于击实膨胀土浸水膨胀后的含水率与干密度以及结构所处状态;膨胀土路堤填筑除考虑压实度与CBR值要求外,尚需考虑胀缩总率的影响,为深入认识膨胀土的工程特性提供了帮助。     

Effects of void ratio and grain size distribution on water retention properties of compacted infilled joint soils

The effects of the initial void ratio and the grain size distribution (GSD) on the water retention properties of a compacted infilled joint soils from Beihetan (China) were investigated. Three initial void ratios (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) and three GSDs were selected based on the in situ soil states. A total of nine drying water retention curves (WRCs) was established with the filter paper method. The microstructure of the specimens was also studied to better understand the water retention properties. It was found that the denser samples underwent smaller volume changes, and that the volumetric strain increased with the increasing clay size fraction. The void ratio had a significant effect on the WRCs in terms of the degree of saturation; however, the WRCs were independent of the void ratio in terms of the gravimetric water content. In terms of the degree of saturation, the WRCs were seen to shift upwards with the increase in clay size fraction, indicating an increase in the water retention capacity. The results from mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) tests revealed that the difference in the inter-aggregate pores is the main reason for the different shapes of the WRCs. Moreover, the infilled joint soils with lower void ratios and coarser particles were found to be more suitable for MIP-based evaluations of water retention properties.     

混合型缓冲回填材料抗剪强度特性研究

高放废物深地质处置中,缓冲回填材料的抗剪性能对处置库的安全设计、施工及运营有重要的影响。本文从工程应用的角度出发,测试不同掺砂率时膨润土-砂混合物标准击实样在最优含水率条件下的抗剪强度指标。研究结果表明:随着掺砂率的增大,膨润土-砂混合物的抗剪强度指标略有下降;纯膨润土的抗剪强度指标随着干密度的增大而增大,随着含水率的增大而减小。通过测试和分析不同干密度和含水率时纯膨润土的抗剪强度指标,引入有效粘土密度和有效含水率的概念,对最优含水率条件下不同标准击实样的抗剪强度指标进行分析。     

多边界条件下缓冲/回填材料的膨胀特性

高放废物处置库中缓冲/回填材料的膨胀特性是评价其屏障性能的关键因素。受试验仪器等条件的限制,以往的膨胀试验基本都是在恒体积和恒应力这两种极端边界条件下开展的,无法有效反映处置库中的复杂应力–应变环境。研发了一套新型的多边界条件膨胀仪,集成了恒体积、恒应力和柔性等刚度3种边界条件。利用该膨胀仪对中国高庙子(GMZ)缓冲/回填材料开展了一系列膨胀试验,分析了边界条件对试样膨胀特性的影响。结果表明:研发的多边界条件膨胀仪具有操作简单、性能稳定等特点,能有效地模拟各种边界条件;边界条件对试样膨胀指标具有重要影响,对应的最终膨胀力关系为:恒体积柔性等刚度恒应力边界条件,最终膨胀率关系为:恒应力柔性等刚度恒体积边界条件;膨胀平衡极限(SEL)曲线可作为评价土体在复杂边界条件下水化时的最终体变和膨胀力的参考。研究结果对进一步认识土体的膨胀特性和指导高放废物处置库中缓冲/回填材料的设计具有一定参考意义。     

On the hydro-mechanical behaviour of MX80 bentonite-based materials

Bentonite-based materials have been considered in many countries as engineered barrier/backfilling materials in deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste.During the long period of waste storage,these materials will play an essential role in ensuring the integrity of the storage system that consists of the waste canisters,the engineered barrier/backfill,the retaining structures as well as the geological barrier.Thus,it is essential to well understand the hydro-mechanical behaviours of these bentonite-based materials.This review paper presents the recent advances of knowledge on MX80 bentonite-based materials,in terms of water retention properties,hydraulic behaviour and mechanical behaviour.Emphasis is put on the effect of technological voids and the role of the dry density of bentonite.The swelling anisotropy is also discussed based on the results from swelling tests with measurements of both axial and radial swelling pressures on a sand-bentonite mixture compacted at different densities.Microstructure observation was used to help the interpretation of macroscopic hydromechanical behaviour.Also,the evolution of soil microstructure thus the soil density over time is discussed based on the results from mock-up tests.This evolution is essential for understanding the longterm hydro-mechanical behaviour of the engineered barrier/backfill.     

Experimental study on the physico-mechanical properties of Tamusu mudstone – A potential host rock for high-level radioactive waste in Inner Mongolia of China

Tamusu mudstone, located in Bayin Gobi Basin in Inner Mongolia of China, has been selected as a potential host rock for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal in China. A series of tests has been carried out, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, disintegration tests, permeability tests and triaxial compression tests, to estimate the physico-mechanical properties of Tamusu mudstone in this work. The mineral composition of Tamusu mudstone was analyzed and it was considered as a stable rock due to its low disintegration rate, i.e. approximately 0.11% after several wet/dry cycles. Based on the results of permeability test, it was found that Tamusu mudstone has a low permeability, with the magnitude of about 10^–20 m². The low permeability makes the mudstone well prevent nuclide migration and diffusion, and might be influenced by temperature. The triaxial tests show that Tamusu mudstone is a stiff mudstone with high compressive strength, which means that the excavation disturbed zone would be smaller compared to other types of mudstone due to construction and operation of HLW repositories. Finally, the properties of Tamusu mudstone were compared with those of Opalinus clay, Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) argillite, and Boom clay to further discuss the possibility of using Tamusu mudstone as a potential nuclear waste disposal medium.