高炉节能降耗的技术攻关

安钢6高炉通过采取精料、优化高炉操作、加强上料和出铁管理以及TNPM设备运作等降低工序能耗的技术措施后，2006年7月工序能耗（标煤）达到430 kg/t，比2005年同期降低57 kg/t。     

2010年中国铝工业节能减排成效显著

2010年中国铝工业各企业通过优化工艺技术参数与实施节能技术改造,在节能减排方面成效卓著。全年氧化铝综合能耗632.44kg标准/t,比2009年的平均能耗下降24.25kg标煤/t。利用国产一水硬铝石铝土矿拜耳法生产氧化铝的综合能耗     

上海铸造行业节能减排情况

1上海铸造行业能耗和污染排放现状 上海现有铸造企业约280余家，铸件年产量近80万t，产值约173亿元，能源消耗约42万t标煤（电力折标系数按3．0），每万元产值综合能耗为242kg标煤，每吨铸件综合能耗为525kg标煤。应该说，上海铸造的能耗远低于全国平均水平，但与发达国家相比，还存在着较大的差距（见表1）。     

宝钢负能炼钢达到国际领先水平

宝钢炼钢厂强化能源使用管理，炼钢能耗年年下降。去年，首次实现月月全工序负能炼钢，炼钢总工序能耗和转炉工序能耗分别达到—3．39和—10．52kg标煤／t钢，分别比1996年下降2．27和1．12kg标煤／t钢的能耗。两项指标均创历史最好水平，这标志着宝钢负能炼钢已处于国际领先水平。为进一步降低工序能耗，节约能源，创造更高的经济效益，去年，炼钢厂把降低炼钢工序能耗列入“降成本，增效率”的主要内容，并以此作为衡量宝钢整体炼钢水平赶超国际先进水平的一个重要标志。该厂在实施炼钢三电设备改造的同时，加强对能源回收设备的精心维护…     

本钢7号高炉炉况强化实践

本钢7号高炉采用中心加焦的布料模式，边缘过重导致产量和燃耗水平不佳，通过轻负荷、开边缘、减中心和提产量四步调整，经过一个月的炉况强化，高炉压量关系逐步改善，有效提高了煤气利用率水平，缓解了压量关系，鼓风动能大幅度提升，经调整后高炉参数稳定，炉温合适，壁体温度均匀、渣皮稳定，产量稳步提升至6850 t/d以上，焦比下降至370 kg/t，燃料比下降至525 kg/t，实现了产量的提升和能耗的降低，达到了预期的调整目标。     

葫芦岛有色集团铜系统改造全面启动

葫芦岛有色金属集团公司每年可产出20余万t竖罐炼锌的残渣,而残渣中含有35%的碳和少量有价金属,虽然漩涡炉可以处理8～9万t/a,但其中大部分被闲置堆放,而将罐炼锌的残渣作为燃料之一加入炉内既能变废为宝,节约能源,创造效益,又解决了残渣大量堆积的问题,最重要的是使用竖罐炼锌的残渣为燃料融合富氧顶吹熔池熔炼技术,改造公司原有的落后炼铜工艺可使粗铜的能耗降至459kg标煤/t粗铜,按年产铜10万t/a计算,全年节省标煤45800t,又可回收各种有价金属,实现了循环经济,创造性地将火法炼锌与火法炼铜有机的结合起来,使公司的炼锌技术和炼铜技术都有了新的进步,该技术达到了国际先进水平。     

文摘

经济日报有色金属:控总量降能耗工业和信息化部今天(1月30日)发布《有色金属工业"十二五"发展规划》,强调"十二五"时期有色金属要控制总量,加大节能减排。10种有色金属产量控制在4600万吨左右,年均增长率为8%;铜、铅、镁、电锌冶炼综合能耗分别降到300千克标煤/吨、320千克标煤/吨、4吨标煤/吨和900千克标煤/吨及以下,电解铝直流电     

中国电解铝能耗逐年下降

据中国有色金属工业协会莫欣达的资料(《中国金属通报》)2011年第10期第18页),自2006年以来中国电解铝平均综合交流电耗(kWh/t)及氧化铝综合能耗(千克标煤/t)逐年下降,前者2010年的交流电耗比2006年的下降4.65%,后者的电耗下降26.92%。     

鞍钢2号高炉高利用系数生产实践

对鞍钢2号3 200 m~3高炉低燃料比高利用系数进行了生产实践总结。通过提高焦炭质量,改进造渣制度,采取高风温、高富氧和高顶压等操作,并控制合理的鼓风动能和送风比和加强炉前管理等措施,使鞍钢2号高炉的燃料比长期稳定在500 kg/t以下、焦比低于300kg/t。2015年以后该高炉利用系数保持在2.3 t/(m~3·d)以上。     

宝山钢铁股份有限公司超额完成2012年工序节能目标

2012年,宝山钢铁股份有限公司（简称宝钢股份）以管理手段和技术手段并重,通过实施精细化管理,工序节能达6.35万t标煤,超额完成工序节能年度目标（4万t标煤）。随着公司规模的扩大、生产线的延伸及产品加工不断深化,吨钢综合能耗已不能简单、客观地反映公司能源管理的水平。2012年,宝钢股份首次提出“工序节能量”这一指标,即主要工序同比节能量为4万t标煤,并列为公司重要能源管理目标之一。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。