多点标识下的挖掘机工作装置姿态测量

针对传统视觉测量挖掘机工作装置姿态中人工靶标易被泥土污染遮挡和受背景环境影响导致姿态测量失败的问题,提出基于多点标识的挖掘机工作装置姿态测量方法,利用一台RGB摄像机和YOLOv3深度学习算法实现对无任何传感器挖掘机工作装置的姿态测量。设置区别于背景环境、易于识别和定位的关键点标识,捕获大量工作装置图像并标注建立数据集,以此数据集训练获得视觉模型实现关键点标识的检测;根据关键点间的约束关系和相机成像原理还原关键点标识的三维信息,并计算相应杆件的姿态角。研究结果表明：提出的姿态测量系统能够解决姿态测量中存在的问题,且对挖掘机工作装置姿态测量瞬时偏差在±2°范围内,平均测量偏差在±1°范围内,满足视觉伺服中姿态角的反馈;同时,测量系统对每帧图像平均处理时间为108.26ms,满足实时测量条件。     

面向激光跟踪测量的大范围高精度姿态测量

针对我国高端制造业对高精度空间六自由度测量系统的迫切需求,提出一种面向激光跟踪测量的基于单目视觉的大范围全自动高精度姿态测量方法。阐述了面向激光跟踪测量的姿态测量系统构成、合作靶标硬件设计,并建立了姿态测量数学模型;其次,分析了自适应清晰成像的姿态测量模块特性,基于光学畸变模型与张正友标定法建立了实时相机成像模型,动态校正特征点像素坐标模型,提升了特征点的提取精度;之后,结合合作靶标几何特性、EPnP算法、Soft-POSIT算法提出一种改进的姿态测量方法,建立了姿态测量系统的自动监测纠错机制,实现测量范围内任意动态位姿的自动测量。最后,利用二维精密转台搭载合作靶标对激光跟踪测量的姿态测量系统进行精度测试。实验结果表明：在3～10 m,方位角/俯仰角为±30°、滚动角为±180°内,适配有14个特征点的合作靶标,姿态测量精度优于0.049°;适配有10个特征点的合作靶标,姿态测量精度优于0.065°。此方法普适性强,对合作靶标特征点布局约束较小,可以满足高端制造业激光跟踪测量的精密测量需求。     

基于视觉与激光准直的激光跟踪姿态角测量方法

针对大型装备建造、航空航天、汽车等领域对姿态测量技术的需求,提出一种以激光跟踪设备为基站,视觉测量与激光准直技术相结合的姿态测量方法。首先对测量模型中涉及的坐标系进行了定义,其次建立了激光跟踪设备坐标系与视觉坐标系之间的转换关系,通过视觉测量中纵向投影比不变的约束实现横滚角的测量,在上述基础上,基于光束向量唯一性约束和激光准直传感原理实现方位角和俯仰角的测量。最后在实验室环境下搭建了姿态测量验证实验平台,将靶标装载在三自由度摇摆台上,利用六轴绝对关节臂姿态角测量值作为基准进行比对,实验证明,在测量距离为2.5 m处,姿态角测量范围为-20°～20°时,姿态角测量误差绝对值可控制在2°内。     

高精度非接触式激光测径仪设计与研究

针对电线、光纤等线缆在线快速实时检测精度不高的问题,设计实现了高精度非接触式激光测径仪。该测径仪采用"标准棒法"光学测量系统,以FPGA+ARM为控制器,采用呈90°夹角的激光器和CCD接收器方式以及分组处理数据的方法,来实现在线快速实时监测。测试结果表明,测径仪测量范围为0.1～15mm,示值误差不大于±3um,并且具有通过RS485通信接口在PC机上实现实时显示测量数据的功能。     

硅棒特征点三维坐标视觉检测技术研究

针对人工接触式硅棒参数检测中存在的耗时、低效、误检等问题,提出一种采用四CCD机器视觉系统作为硅棒参数实时检测的非接触式测量方案。系统基于多目视觉检测原理,以四CCD多目视觉检系统作为机器视觉检测前端数据采集模块,拍摄待测硅棒表面轮廓图像信息。相邻两CCD构成正交双目交汇数据采集子模块,子模块基于正交双目交汇测量原理实时采集两路含有目标空间信息的数字图像数据并保存到上位机。上位机图像处理系统读取采集图像,完成多目相机标定,特征点提取、同名点匹配以及视差计算后提取出目标特征点三维坐标。该检测技术有效避免了人工主观因素造成的漏检、错检,满足实时在线检测要求,实现了硅棒特征点空间三维坐标高精度检测的目的。     

盾构机管片拼装自动控制传感检测系统的设计

管片拼装系统是盾构施工中最为关键的子系统之一,针对当前管片拼装自动化施工技术不成熟、非接触式测量检测系统不完善等问题,设计了一种基于图像识别技术的盾构机管片拼装自动控制传感检测系统。这一系统通过图像采集对布置在管片特定位置且含有标记的圆靶标进行识别,可完成管片姿态和定位信息的检测,再由计算机根据相关数据发出指令实现管片的自动拼装。通过模拟试验,确认这一系统的测量精度和速率均高于人工拼装,为实现管片拼装自动化控制提供了参考。     

工件多角度视觉测量方法

角度视觉测量是一项基于图像处建的角度测量技术,可实现快速和非接触式测量,同时克服了人为因素.以三角形工件为研究对象,首先利用Canny算子实现工件边缘检测,然后利用Hough变换获取图像中的多条线段特征,经处理获取三条边对应的线段特征,最后确定三个角的位置及角度值,从而实现了工件多角度自动化测量.试验表明,该算法可以同时获取三个角的对应角度值,实现了快速测量;同时其绝对误差在±0.1°内,可以满足当前工件角度检测要求.     

基于视觉正交迭代法改进的激光跟踪姿态测量

针对航空航天、汽车船舶以及机器人应用等领域对姿态精准测量的需求,研究了一种基于视觉加权加速正交迭代(WAOI)的激光跟踪姿态角测量方法。首先阐述了测量系统组成、建立了数学测量模型,并分析了系统的主要误差源;其次在正交迭代(OI)的基础上,通过物方重投影误差设置参考点权重系数,引入常系数矩阵整合迭代过程中的冗余计算,提出了一种WAOI算法,并通过实验验证了算法的性能;最后搭建实验平台,利用精密二维转台对基于WAOI的姿态角测量进行精度评定。结果表明,在-20°～20°角度范围内,3～15 m测量范围内,方位角精度可达0.11°,俯仰角精度可达0.26°。相较比例正交投影迭代变化(POSIT),方位角和俯仰角测角精度均提升75%以上。本文提出的WAOI算法有效提升了激光跟踪姿态测量系统的精度。     

螺纹参数CCD视觉检测系统的研究

基于面阵CCD视觉检测技术,设计并实现了一种螺纹参数非接触式自动检测系统,可实时准确地测量螺纹的牙型角、螺距、导程、螺纹升角、螺纹高度、大径、中径、小径等参数。并着重研究了螺纹图像预处理、边缘检测、亚像素定位等关键技术,以提高螺纹参数的测量精度。实验结果表明,该检测系统可以完成各项螺纹参数测量,相对测量精度优于1·3%。     

基于加速度计和磁强计的非开挖定向钻进无线姿态测量

针对非开挖定向钻进的特殊要求,描述了一种无线定向钻进姿态测量系统,对系统具体的结构以及姿态测量方法同时进行了详细说明.该系统采用三轴微加速度计和三轴磁阻传感器作为姿态敏感器件,实时获取定向钻进中钻具的方位角、倾角和面向角信息.该系统具有体积小、成本低、可靠性高等一系列优点,非常适合浅层地下定向钻进测量.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.