Influence of Nb Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a 7%Ni Steel

The influence of Nb content on the microstructure and cryogenic mechanical properties of a 7%Ni steel was investigated within the Nb content range from 0 to 0.05%.The microstructure was characterized by optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction,and the low-temperature mechanical property tests were conducted.The Nb addition can effectively refine the prior austenite grains and microstructure of the steel.Fine niobium precipitates with a diameter of about 10–50 nm were observed.They tend to be spherical and locate mainly in the vicinity of grain boundaries.Although there are considerable amounts of reversed austenite forming at grain boundaries in the specimen containing the highest Nb content,no Nb element was detected in such reversed austenite,which implies that Nb element did not affect the formation of the reversed austenite directly.Mechanical test results suggest that the strength of the 7%Ni steel is not simply in relation to the prior austenite grain size,but also depends on the amount of reversed austenite.On the other hand,the grain refinement,enhanced with increasing Nb content,has a good effect on cryogenic toughness.     

退火温度对冷轧Fe-0.4C-10Mn-6Al高强钢组织与力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子万能拉伸试验机、X射线衍射以及背散射电子衍射等技术方法研究了退火温度对冷轧态Fe-0.4C-10Mn-6Al高强钢的组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢冷轧后的微观组织主要为δ-铁素体、α-铁素体、奥氏体、马氏体与碳化物,退火后的组织主要由δ-铁素体、α-铁素体、奥氏体与碳化物组成,其中奥氏体含量因马氏体逆转变而随着退火温度升高而增加。随着退火温度的升高,屈服强度、抗拉强度均逐渐降低,伸长率逐渐提高。当退火温度达到800 ℃时,试验钢的强塑积达到27.84 GPa·%,有较好的综合力学性能。     

两相区回火温度对含7%锰Q690钢组织和性能的影响

采用SEM、XRD、TEM和Thermo-Calc软件计算等手段研究了两相区回火温度对0.02C-7Mn钢的组织和性能变化的影响。结果表明,淬火后试验钢组织以淬火马氏体为主,伴有极少量的残留奥氏体;两相区回火后,基体组织以回火马氏体为主,出现逆转变奥氏体,空冷后转变为残留奥氏体。随着回火温度的升高,残留奥氏体的含量逐渐增加,在650 ℃回火后到达峰值为18.78%;与此同时出现了6.57%的ε-马氏体。两相区回火后,试验钢的抗拉强度均有下降,但是屈服强度有不同程度的升高,这归因于回火过程中位错密度的下降以及弥散第二相的析出。另外,ε-马氏体的存在不仅迅速降低了屈服强度,而且还损害了韧性。在600 ℃回火后,试验钢具有优异的综合力学性能(横向:抗拉强度为984 MPa、屈服强度为973 MPa,-40 ℃冲击吸收能量为163 J,纵向:抗拉强度为947 MPa、屈服强度为919 MPa,-40 ℃冲击吸收能量为186 J),满足Q690用钢的力学性能需求。     

30CrMo钢Q-P-T及深冷处理后的组织与性能

利用光学显微镜(OM),扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD)和力学性能测试等研究了不同深冷处理工艺对经Q-P-T工艺处理后30CrMo钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,30CrMo钢最佳的Q-P-T+深冷工艺为:260℃淬火温度,400℃碳配分温度、60 s碳配分时间、-100℃深冷温度、1 h深冷保温时间和一次深冷。经最优的Q-P-T+深冷工艺处理后,30CrMo钢的碳化物的平均尺寸较小,残留奥氏体含量明显增加,残留奥氏体的体积分数约为7.9%,显微硬度约为482 HV,抗拉强度约为1629 MPa,强塑积约为20525 MPa·%,伸长率约为12.6%,其综合力学性能得到了较大幅度提高。     

两相区淬火对9Ni钢中逆转变奥氏体的影响

淬火+两相区淬火+回火(QIT)能显著的提高9Ni钢的低温韧性。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电子探针(EPMA)对QIT处理的9Ni钢中逆转变奥氏体的含量、形貌、分布以及两相区淬火对逆转变奥氏体的影响进行了研究。结果表明,QIT处理的9Ni钢中逆转变奥氏体的含量约为10%,以块状和薄膜状形态分布在基体中;两相区淬火的9Ni钢中的大角度晶界增多,有利于逆转变奥氏体的形核;基体上某些区域的C、Mn和Ni元素含量较高,利于逆转变奥氏体长大和稳定化。     

残留/逆转变奥氏体对改善高强度不锈钢-196℃超低温冲击性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、SEM和XRD等手段研究了淬火+低温回火处理的0Cr16Ni6高强度不锈钢和过时效处理的00Cr11Ni11MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢,并分析了残留/逆转变奥氏体对试验钢超低温缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能的影响。结果表明,在两种试验钢室温强韧性相近的情况下,0Cr16Ni6钢在超低温下(-196 ℃)的缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能显著优于00Cr11Ni11MoTi钢。根据冲击试样远离断口和断口附近马氏体/奥氏体衍射峰的相对强度分别定量计算的残留/逆转变奥氏体含量,发现在裂纹形成和扩展过程中0Cr16Ni6钢有接近90%的残留奥氏体通过应变诱发相变生成马氏体,显著改善了超低温韧性;而过时效00Cr11Ni11MoTi钢形成的逆转变奥氏体具有较高的稳定性,难以发生应变诱发马氏体相变,改善超低温韧性作用程度有限。     

0.2C-5Mn-1.5Al中锰TRIP钢的显微组织及力学性能

利用相变热力学模拟计算,扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD),拉伸试验机等设备系统研究了不同退火工艺下0.2C-5Mn-1.5Al中锰TRIP钢的相变特点及组织性能,通过与不添加Al的0.2C-5Mn中锰TRIP钢进行比较,研究了Al对相变规律及工艺与组织性能的影响规律。结果表明:Al添加提高并扩大了临界区温度范围,使得中锰钢可以选择更高的临界退火温度,这有助于加快奥氏体逆相变过程,缩短退火时间;同时Al的添加促进了C,Mn元素的聚集,有效提高了残留奥氏体含量,增强了变形过程中的TRIP效应;随着退火温度的升高,0.2C-5Mn-1.5Al钢的奥氏体含量及伸长率均表现为先增加后减少的趋势,而屈服强度略微下降,拉伸强度持续增加,在760 ℃退火3 min时获得最佳的力学性能:伸长率为32%,强塑积为35 GPa·%,Al的添加有效提高了0.2C-5Mn中锰TRIP钢的综合力学性能。     

淬火温度对新型齿轮钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过SEM、TEM和XRD分析,结合拉伸试验、断裂韧度试验和硬度测试,研究了淬火温度对新型齿轮钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,经850～1050℃淬火+深冷+回火,试验钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度和洛氏硬度均随着淬火温度的升高先升高后逐渐降低,在900℃时分别达到峰值,此时抗拉强度为1483 MPa,断裂韧度则在淬火温度为1000℃时达到最高,为62.4 MPa·m^1/2。淬火温度低于1000℃时,试验钢的晶界及马氏体板条上存在富Mo型M₆C碳化物,碳化物随淬火温度的升高逐渐溶解,在1000℃时未再观察到未溶相。试验钢的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸随淬火温度的升高先缓慢增大,当温度超过1000℃时,原始奥氏体晶粒及组织快速粗化,断裂韧度和断面收缩率也出现大幅度降低。     

改善大截面20SiMn3MoV贝氏体钢组织和性能的热处理工艺

利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等研究了930℃加热空冷及930℃加热水冷-空冷交替冷却对Φ53 mm无碳化物贝氏体钢20SiMn3MoV组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:930℃加热空冷处理后,实验钢的组织较粗大,为贝氏体铁素体(BF)和分布在贝氏体铁素体板条之间的残留奥氏体(AR)组织,晶粒度等级为6.5~7.5级,抗拉强度为1288 MPa,-40℃冲击吸收能量为22.8 J。经930℃加热水冷-空冷交替冷却处理后(先水冷到400~450℃后空冷),实验钢的组织细小,为贝氏体铁素体(BF)和分布在贝氏体铁素体板条之间的残留奥氏体(AR)组织,晶粒度等级为7.5~8.0级,抗拉强度为1393 MPa,-40℃冲击吸收能量为38.8 J,表明水冷-空冷交替冷却工艺细化了实验钢的晶粒,提高了实验钢的强度及韧性,与930℃加热空冷相比,实验钢的强度提高了8.2%,低温韧性提高了70%。     

Effect of Microstructure on Tensile Behavior and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in a Cold-Rolled Al-Containing TRIP Steel

In the present study, a quenching treatment prior to two-stage heat treatment was conducted on a Fe–0.28 C–1.55 Mn–2.06 Al transformation-induced plasticity steel to tailor the final microstructure. Compared with the microstructure of the ferrite, bainite and blocky retained austenite obtained by conventional two-stage heat treatment, the microstructure subjected to quenching plus two-stage heat treatment was composed of the ferrite, lath bainite and film-like retained austenite. The corresponding tensile behavior and mechanical stability of retained austenite were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the mechanical stability of blocky retained austenite grains is lower and most of them transform to martensite during the tensile deformation, which leads to higher ultimate tensile strength and instantaneous work hardening exponent. Film-like retained austenite has relatively higher stability, which could cause sustained work hardening and high ductility as well as product of strength and elongation.     

Q&P工艺对22MnB5钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、拉伸试验机、扫描电镜、XRD和EBSD等手段对22MnB5钢的微观组织及力学性能进行了表征,并重点分析了一步法Q&P工艺处理后的22MnB5钢中残留奥氏体含量及残留奥氏体中碳含量与力学性能的关系。结果表明：采用一步法Q&P工艺,可以获得抗拉强度超过1400 MPa,伸长率超过15%的超高强度22MnB5钢板。随着淬火温度从240 ℃升高至300 ℃,22MnB5钢的组织由马氏体转变为马氏体+残留奥氏体复相组织,试样中的残留奥氏体含量逐渐增加。相同配分温度延长配分时间,残留奥氏体含量呈现先增加后降低趋势。不同热处理工艺下残留奥氏体中的平均碳含量为1.49wt%。采用一步法Q&P热处理工艺可以使残留奥氏体中富集碳,提高残留奥氏体稳定性,强塑积可以达到22.14 GPa·%。     

铌微合金化高强塑积冷轧DP780钢的I&Q&P工艺

基于亚稳奥氏体形变诱导相变理论,在实验室采用盐浴炉对800 MPa级冷轧双相钢DP780的I&Q&P(临界退火与淬火配分)工艺进行了探讨,并采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸试验机与XRD对不同工艺下试验钢的组织性能进行了研究。结果表明,在I&Q&P工艺试验条件下,试验钢的显微组织由铁素体、马氏体与残留奥氏体组成;830 ℃退火时铁素体晶粒尺寸以＞5 μm为主,860 ℃退火下其晶粒尺寸以＜5 μm为主。830 ℃退火时试验钢的力学性能随淬火温度的变化波动较大,860 ℃退火时试验钢的力学性能随淬火温度的变化波动较小。860 ℃退火+260 ℃淬火时,试验钢的综合力学性能最佳,其抗拉强度、伸长率与强塑积分别为802 MPa、26.8%与21.5 GPa·%,钢中残留奥氏体含量高达13.89%。     

S32205双相不锈钢冷轧退火组织转变及强塑化机理分析

通过设计一种特殊的冷变形退火工艺,实现了S32205双相不锈钢强度和塑性同时提升。通过室温拉伸试验、显微组织观察、背散射电子衍射分析、热力学计算等手段研究了显微组织特征及新组织结构的强塑化机理。结果表明,该工艺处理后S32205双相不锈钢的晶粒尺寸呈双态分布,两相组织混合分布且细晶的新生奥氏体均匀弥散分布在铁素体相中;在细晶强化和两相间变形不协调引发的背应力强化的共同作用下,试验钢强度和塑性相较于传统固溶热处理工艺同时得到了提升。     

退火温度对冷轧8Mn钢低温热成形后组织和性能的影响

采用冷轧8Mn钢为试验材料,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子拉力万能试验机等,结合EBSD和XRD分析技术研究了不同退火温度对低温热成形前后试验钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,热成形前,试验钢中的奥氏体含量随着退火温度的升高而降低。低温热成形后试验钢的显微组织为马氏体、铁素体和残留奥氏体。不同温度退火并热成形后试验钢的抗拉强度均为1400 MPa左右,屈服强度为900 MPa左右,伸长率为10%左右。退火温度对8Mn钢低温热成形后力学性能影响较小。     

低活化马氏体钢真空扩散焊接头力学性能

在不同焊接工艺参数下对低活化马氏体钢进行真空扩散焊接试验,分别对焊缝区进行光学显微观察(OM)与扫描电镜观察(SEM)分析,并对焊件进行力学性能测试. 结果表明,低活化马氏体钢的焊后组织主要为板条马氏体及少量的残余奥氏体,焊缝结合状况良好;在一定范围内提高焊接温度、延长保温时间可以提升接头抗拉强度,但过高的温度及保温时间会导致奥氏体晶粒粗化,损害接头的抗拉强度及冲击韧性. 经过焊后热处理(正火+回火)的接头抗拉强度相对于热处理前有所降低,但组织稳定性及冲击韧性有一定改善.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb- and Nb+ Ti-Stabilised 18Cr-2Mo Ferritic Stainless Steels

To explore the optimum use of stabilised elements and study the influences of stabilisation in 18 Cr-2 Mo grades,the Nb and Nb+Ti microalloying investigation focused on the relationships of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the microalloyed 18 Cr-2 Mo ferritic stainless steel thick plates.Thermo-Calc calculation was performed to predict the equilibrium phase diagrams.Afterwards,the microstructure,i.e.grain size and precipitation,of as-annealed specimens was analysed by means of optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction and energydispersive spectroscopy.Also,electron backscatter diffraction mapping was constructed to characterise grain boundary.The mechanical properties,including tensile strength and impact toughness,were tested to correlate with the microstructure.The results show that the grain sizes of Nb-stabilised steel are comparatively smaller,which is related to the fine precipitation at the grain boundaries and beneficial to the impact toughness.The increase in its strength is not apparent due to the inhomogeneous grain sizes.The grain boundary characters are similar,which is not the main factor related to their mechanical properties.When Ti is added,TiN forms above the liquidus,and large TiN particles evidently impair impact toughness.     

铌对高强度51CrV钢组织及性能的影响

借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)与万能拉伸试验机等研究了铌元素的添加对51CrV钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸、淬火和回火组织以及力学性能的影响.结果表明:0Nb和0.02wt％Nb试验钢的奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为10.0μm和3.1μm,添加0.02wt％Nb的51CrV钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸显著细化、板条...     

预处理温度对Cr-Ni-Co-Mo马氏体时效不锈钢强度的影响

研究了预处理温度对Cr-Ni-Co-Mo马氏体时效不锈钢强度的影响,其内容包括预处理温度对原始锻态粗晶遗传及自发再结晶的影响,以及对最终热处理后残留+逆转变奥氏体量和力学性能的影响。结果表明:900 ℃以下预处理遗传锻态粗晶,即通过α′→γ切变机制形成高缺陷密度的奥氏体。预处理温度升高,最终750 ℃固溶、－73 ℃冷处理后的残留奥氏体量,以及500 ℃时效的残留+逆转变奥氏体量减少,因此最终的抗拉和屈服强度升高。预处理温度提高到800 ℃以上,则不再影响最终热处理后的残留+逆转变奥氏体量,因此抗拉和屈服强度趋于稳定。900 ℃以上预处理遗传的锻态粗晶自发再结晶使晶粒细化,降低形成的奥氏体内的缺陷密度,降低750 ℃固溶处理后奥氏体内累积的缺陷密度,最终的时效强化效应下降,导致晶粒细化并不能提高最终的强度。     

Mechanical Properties and Retained Austenite Stability of High Aluminum TRIP-aided Cold-rolled Steel Sheets

The mechanical properties, microstructure and retained austenite stability of CMnAlSi-TRIP steels were investigated in this paper. The steel sheets were hot-rolled, cold-rolled and heat treated by intercritical annealing and isothermal heat treatment. The microstructure, volume fraction of retained austenite and its carbon concentration were observed by Optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties were obtained through uniaxial tensile test. The results show that the CMnAlSi cold-rolled TRIP-aided steels have good combination of strength and ductility with proper isothermal heat treatment, the retained austenite stability determines incremental strain hardening exponent during strain-induced martensitic transformation, and affected by its volume fraction and carbon content. The retained austenite stability has a good correlation with the combination of strength and ductility.     

高温时效对00Cr13Ni6Mo2不锈钢组织及性能的影响

采用拉伸试验、X射线衍射、光学显微镜和透射电镜等研究了一种13Cr超级马氏体不锈钢(00Cr13Ni6Mo2)的高温力学性能和高温时效后的力学性能、物相组成及显微组织。结果表明:00Cr13Ni6Mo2钢在高温下可保持较高的屈服强度,但当超过Af(奥氏体转变完成点)温度后,屈服强度迅速下降;600℃时效后,马氏体基体中的位错密度明显降低,同时产生了一定量的逆变奥氏体,导致时效100 h后其屈服强度从824 MPa降至682 MPa(下降17.2%),而抗拉强度和伸长率变化不大;800℃时效过程中,试验钢的组织完全奥氏体化,在降温过程中组织转变为淬火马氏体,故其具有典型的淬火马氏体性能特征,时效100 h后抗拉强度从858 MPa升至1031 MPa(提高20.2%),同时伸长率从22.5%降至15.0%。