平行双导线电磁场特性可视化模拟实现

本文介绍如何实现平行双导线(PWS)的电磁场分布特性三维可视化动态模拟。首先结合PWS传输特性的TEM波,将PWS电磁场关于空间分布与变化的数学描述进行离散化,然后进行C语言编程,直观地将PWS的电磁场分布以三维动态方式表现出来,电荷量动态可调,实现了将抽象公式与概念的可视化。教学效果表明,该方法既加深了学习者对平行双导线电磁场分布特性的理解,又提高了学习效率。     

外电磁场对近面有限长电缆的影响

采用传输线理论,提出有损耗地面的情况下外电磁场对近面有限长导线的感应电流和分布电压的公式.讨论不同的高度、地电导率、外场入射角等对近面有限长导线感应电流和分布电压幅度的影响.计算结果表明,近地面处一根暴露于外场环境中的几十米长电缆,其感应电流峰值一般可达上千安培.     

On the Choice Between Transmission Line Equations and Full-Wave Maxwell's Equations for Transient Analysis of Buried Wires

In this paper, we evaluate the validity of transmission line (TL) solutions in the study of interaction of lightning transients with buried wires. The considered transients have frequencies between a few kilohertz to a few megahertz with risetimes 0.1-10 mus. Comparative simulations using TL equations and full- wave Maxwell's equations are carried out in the paper, and the solutions to both the equations are based on the finite-difference time-domain method. It is found that TL solutions are sufficiently accurate for lightning transient analysis of buried wires. It is also claimed that the TL approach remains valid for all transients having frequencies lower than those of lightning. TL solutions are computationally efficient, particularly when dealing with distributed power and railway systems. The TL approach is valid as long as the transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) is dominant. However, other modes of propagation, classified as antenna modes, might be present depending upon the type of excitation source, its location, frequency, and the associated media. A possible approximate formula for the frequency above which the validity of TL solutions for buried systems is questionable is proposed based on the concept of penetration depth of fields into the soil. Discussions presented in the paper could motivate the application of TL solutions for electromagnetic transient analyses of the buried conductors of power, railway, and telecommunication systems.     

Normally-Integrated Magnetic Field Integral Equations for Electromagnetic Scattering

Modified magnetic field integral equations (MFIEs) are proposed incorporating a testing integration in the direction normal to the boundary of the target surface. The result involves a simpler kernel than the conventional MFIE, facilitating accurate computations. By employing a complex exponential testing function, the equations can be made immune to the interior resonance problem. The influence of the limits of integration, and the overall accuracy, is investigated using high order basis functions.     

Efficient Methods for Determining the Coupling to Wires in Circular Cavities

The electromagnetic field coupling to a loaded thin wire in a cylindrical/coaxial cavity is investigated. Computationally efficient methods are presented for determining the coupling to a thin wire located near a cavity wall in a system of cascaded and/or overlapping coaxial and circular cylindrical cavity sections, and the accuracy and limitations of these methods are established. The sections are coupled through apertures and conducting elements common to more than one section, which may have different axial and radial dimensions and which may be filled with material having different magnetic and electric properties. The loaded thin wire is close to the outer wall of a cavity section and may represent a cable or, perhaps, a conducting tube. The coupling of the cavity field to the wire is determined from an analysis of a distributed voltage and current source model based on transmission line theory as well as via coupled integral equations techniques. The accuracy of the results obtained from these analyses is supported by experimental data measured on a laboratory model of the cavity-wire structure.     

Circuit-Based Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Coupling With Nonuniform Transmission Lines

This paper presents a new algorithm for simulating electromagnetic (EM) field coupling with nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines in a circuit simulation environment. The proposed algorithm is based on the concept of passive model-order reduction, whereby an algorithmically developed passive reduced-order model, coupled with a set of equivalent sources representing the incident filed, are shown to accurately capture the behavior of the transmission line under EM excitation. The reduced-order model is developed independently from the particular shape of the incident field pulse, in the sense that, in constructing the model, one does not need prior knowledge about the waveform of the incident pulse of the EM field. In addition, it is also shown that the model developed can be used to simulate the transmission line in the absence of the EM field. The derived equivalent sources, representing the field coupling, are given directly in the time domain, thereby making simulation under nonlinear circuit terminations an easy task. Although the proposed work is aimed mainly at simulating nonuniform transmission lines, it can be applied to uniform lines as a special case. The proposed algorithm has been validated numerically with several examples.     

Improving Conditioning of Electromagnetic Surface Integral Equations Using Normalized Field Quantities

When the surface integral equation method is applied to study electromagnetic scattering by dielectric or composite metallic and dielectric objects, the unknowns, i.e., the electric and magnetic surface current densities, and the elements of the system matrix, are often of the very different scales. As a consequence, the system matrix may have a high (singular value) condition number. An efficient method is presented to balance the unknowns and the integral equations, and the elements of the system matrix, too. The method is based on the use of normalized field quantities and unknowns, and carefully chosen scaling factors. In the case of dielectric and composite objects the condition numbers of the SIE matrices can be reduced with several orders of magnitudes by the developed method. In the case of high contrast objects, or if the frequency is very low, the developed method leads also to a clear improvement on the convergence of iterative solutions     

电磁场的基本方程及其定解条件

麦克斯韦方程组是描述宏观电磁现象普遍规律的基本方程,给出恰当的定解条件才能确保麦克斯韦方程组有解且唯一。本文从确定矢量场唯一解的亥姆霍兹定理出发,提出电磁场基本方程的构成,并基于时变电磁场和静态电磁场的特性给出定解条件。这为各种电磁场问题求解方法提供了依据,也为解的正确性提供了判据。     

Finite-Difference Analysis of EMP Coupling to Thin Struts and Wires

This paper describes the implementation of the thin-strut formalism in the 3-D EMP time-domain finite-difference code THREDE. The thin-strut formalism permits inclusion of arbitrary fine wires in THREDE without imposing any corresponding demand to reduce the cell size to the wire size. The keystone of this technique is the so-called in-cell inductance-the inductance per unit length a thin wire would have with respect to an enclosing conductor half a cell removed. THREDE results using this formalism are compared with analytic EMP solutions for a linear dipole antenna and a loop antenna. Errors are around 10 percent for the loop and 7 percent for the dipole. The 10-percent loop error could probably be improved; the 7-percent dipole error seems to be fundamental to the basic THREDE approximations.     

理想导电圆柱电磁场分布二维有限元方法分析

电磁问题中的边界条件对场的求解精度和效率都有影响。应用吸收边界条件的有限元方程矩阵具有稀疏性,如果确定好吸收边界条件的位置可以得到高精度的解。本文采用有限元方法对理想导电圆柱电磁场分布特性进行分析,编程计算了在不同圆柱散射体半径、不同离散大小、不同吸收边界条件位置时的场分布,并与解析精确解对比。结果表明：离散尺寸不大于0.1波长、圆柱散射体外边沿到吸收边界的距离大于0.5波长时与精确解基本吻合。对进一步分析圆柱散射问题具有参考意义。     

弯曲通道长度及倾斜角度对雷电电磁场影响研究

为了得到弯曲通道雷电电磁脉冲场的分布特性,将电流微源偶极子进行水平分解和垂直分解,利用偶极子法对弯曲通道产生电磁场的表达式进行了推导.在此基础上就底部回击通道长度以及上部回击通道倾斜角度对地表电磁场的影响规律进行了相关研究.研究结果表明,弯曲通道的电磁场峰值主要取决于底部放电通道的长度,在中间场和远场区底部通道越长对应的电磁场幅值越小;而倾斜角度对近场区电磁场影响极小,在中间场和远场区电磁场幅值会随着倾斜角度的增加而降低,且距离越远倾斜角度对电磁场幅值的影响越明显.     

Investigation of a Dipole Model for Transient Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Coupling into Long Cables

The authors describe a mathematical model for a long conductor exposed to a high-intensity transient electric field to aid in determining interface requirements at connected equipment. Dipole characteristics of the conductors are used to simulate the impedance and in turn to calculate the induced currents. Example calculations for four models, two conductor lengths, and two conductor sizes, are presented and compared.     

A SQUID-Based Nondestructive Evaluation System for Testing Wires of Arbitrary Length

The high field sensitivity of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), especially at low frequencies, makes them ideally suited for applications in nondestructive evaluation. For testing of conducting wires, such as aluminum bond wire, we developed a special cryostat, which allows for pulling a wire of arbitrary length (which is kept at room temperature) through a niobium flux transformer connected to a niobium dc SQUID. The wire is excited by either passing an alternating current through it, or by exciting eddy-currents in the wire. The cryostat is made from a stainless steel inner vessel; the outer tube is from fiberglass. The gradiometric pickup loops are wound on a German-silver tube. As the wire under test is at room temperature, thermal noise produced by the wire is limiting the sensitivity of the system, rather than thermal noise produced by the stainless steel dewar.     

Electromagnetic Modeling for Microwave Imaging of Cylindrical Buried Inhomogeneities

Many diagnostic techniques in geophysics and civil engineering are based on the interaction of electromagnetic waves with objects buried in homogeneous or stratified media. Most of the investigations are concerned with the detection of buried objects, but a few papers have dealt with the problem of identifying the objects. The proposed method is based on the integral representation for a plane wave incident on a lossy half-space containing a cylindrical object of arbitrary cross section and electrical properties. The induced current distribution in the object is obtained from the backscattered field measurement in amplitude and phase. In order to improve the spatial resolution of the image, the scattered field is measured for different plane wave incidence and frequencies. Results of numerical simulations concerning the shape and size of the object for different values of soil electromagnetic parameters are presented in this paper.     

基于广义传输线方程的平行双导线电磁耦合分析

近地传输线系统的电磁耦合特性分析一直是通信电力系统电磁兼容分析中比较重要的一部分内容。主要对 双线传输线系统进行BLT 建模分析,在此模型中分析高度、半径参数对传输线上电流的影响,并且分析了传输线系 统在不同入射情况下的电流结果。计算结果物理意义明确,可供EMC 设计时参考。     

Subsurface Sensing of Buried Objects Under a Randomly Rough Surface Using Scattered Electromagnetic Field Data

This paper proposes a new inverse method for microwave-based subsurface sensing of lossy dielectric objects embedded in a dispersive lossy ground with an unknown rough surface. An iterative inversion algorithm is employed to reconstruct the geometry and dielectric properties of the half-space ground as well as that of the buried object. B-splines are used to model the shape of the object as well as the height of the rough surface. In both cases, the control points for the spline function represent the unknowns to be recovered. A single-pole rational transfer function is used to capture the dispersive nature of the background. Here, the coefficients in the numerator and denominator are the unknowns. The approach presented in this paper is based on the state-of-the-art semianalytic mode matching forward model, which is a fast and efficient algorithm to determine the scattered electromagnetic fields. Numerical experiments involving two-dimensional geometries and TM incident plane waves demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of this inverse method     

有限差分法解电磁场方程的共轭梯度法三角阵预处理器

通过考察电磁场微分方程经非均匀网格离散后的有限差分方程组矩阵,建立了函数偏微分运算与离散向量矩阵相乘运算的对应关系,给出了差分方程组矩阵对应于微分算子的分解式,并据此提出了共轭梯度法的三角阵预处理器。此外,还提出了对不同的边界条件、求解域内部边界、介质分界面和时谐场方程的处理技术以便应用该预处理器。数值计算结果验证了本文算法的正确性,展示了其十分明显的加速收敛效果,表明了本文算法有线性的存储复杂度和几乎线性的计算复杂度,可有较广泛的应用。本文中将算子细节和矩阵细节对应的基本思想对构造其它高效预处理器具有借鉴作用。     

Comparison Between Exact and Quasi-Static Methods for HF Analysis of Horizontal Buried Wires

The validity domain of the quasi-static method for computation of high frequency and transient characteristics of horizontal buried wires can be established by comparison with an exact analytical method. Usually, limitations of the quasi-static method are derived for practical characteristics, but these are strongly dependent on the specific case and computed quantities. This paper presents an analysis of the differences in the application of the exact and quasi-static Green's function in a method of moments approach for two important cases: distribution of currents in directly fed wires and induced currents in passive wires. It is concluded that the validity domains of the quasi-static method in these two cases are very different.