基于不同人眼模型的非球面人工晶体光学性能研究

为改善人工晶体植入眼成像质量,以多组角膜球差平均值为需补偿值,设计了前表面为非球面的双凸型非球面人工晶体。通过Zemax光学设计软件实现光线追迹的方法,基于不同人眼模型,将所设计非球面人工晶体植入,对相应眼光学系统的的成像质量进行分析,成像质量以假晶体眼光学系统的调制传递函数(MTF)和对比敏感度函数(CSF)表征。结果表明,植入本文设计的非球面人工晶体各模型眼的MTF曲线和CSF曲线均高于植入球面人工晶体;与目前临床上实际应用的LI61U型、Tecnis Z9000型和SofPort AO型3种人工晶体性能进行了对比分析,模拟分析模型为Liou眼系统,植入晶体屈光度为22D的结果表明,植入本文设计的非球面人工晶体眼光学系统的MTF和CFS曲线均高于植入其他3种晶体眼光学系统,所设计的非球面人工晶体表现出了相对优异的光学性能。     

棱镜扫描系统的宽光束象差计算

本文研究棱镜扫描系统的宽光束象差。根据光线通过平行平板折射后产生的位移,用数学方法导出了在两个互相垂直的扫描平面内子午彗差、弧矢彗差,子午球差,弧矢球差以及轴上点球差的计算公式。     

基于梯度下降算法的初级球差校正

固体激光器在实际工作过程中会因腔镜热变形而产生球差效应,使激光的光强分布发生变化、聚焦能力下降、光束质量变差,因此需要校正。基于这一目的,利用梯度下降算法进行了初级球差的校正仿真。首先,建立了初级球差和变形镜模型,变形镜模型针对初级球差选取分立式环形阵列,镜面利用率高。然后,设计出算法的具体实现过程,算法以变形镜单元的位移量为控制对象,以离散化的各部分球差的方差为性能指标。最后,仿真并给出了性能指标与迭代次数的关系、校正后的球差等结果,结果显示达到了预期的校正效果。     

带透镜球差的分数傅立叶变换

从Lohmann提出的两类分数博立叶变换系统出发,引入了透镜球差并分析了球差对分数傅立叶变换系统的影响。以平面波入射为例,进行了数值计算。研究表明．球差对分数傅立叶变换面上光强分布的影响是显著的;在相同球差的情况下,两类系统相同分数傅立叶变换面上的光强分布明显不同;正、负球差和不同大小的球差．它们的作用是不同的。因而,在透镜有球差的情况下,Lohmann提出的两类实现分数傅立叶变换的化学装置不再等价。     

雷达设备与系统

0632999雷达产品的防护设计和防护技术[刊,中]／龚光福／／雷达科学与技术．-2006,4(4)．-249-256(D) 0633000实时信号处理系统CPCI接口设计[刊,中]／竺红伟／／雷达科学与技术．-2006,4(4)．-228-232,248(D) 0633001资源预留协议在宽带雷达通信网中的应用设想[刊,中]／郁军／／雷达科学与技术．-2006,4(4)．-213-217 (D) 0633002对流层折射模型修正及对应的雷达求高公式[刊,中]／吴晓芳／／雷达科学与技术．-2006,4(4)．-209-212 (D)在研究了对流层大气折射经典模型的基本理论和方法之后,基于最小方差思想提出了一种新的性能优越的修正模型,并针对美国国家标准局中央无线电波传播实验室规定的指数关系的大气层参数数据,通过与经典模型相对比．验证了该修正模型的有效性和优越性。参4     

衍射效率对衍射型透镜调制传递函数的影响

本文通过MTF,从理论上评价衍射透镜的成像性能。衍射型透镜与过去的折射型透镜不同,有与成像有关的光和其它成分。另外,越是边缘,结构就越细,一旦间距约等     

基于可变焦距的非球面人工复眼定位技术研究

针对单层非均一曲面复眼不能实现变焦距成像,子眼微透镜存在较大球差导致成像质量较差等问题,研究了可变焦距的非曲面复眼,实现一定范围清晰成像。介绍了基于复眼结构的人工目标定位实验系统,建立复眼多目定位数学模型。通过曲面复眼采集多通道目标像点,标定变焦距曲面复眼模型中每个子眼位置,利用最小二乘法解算超定性方程组得到目标点的空间三维坐标。开展多目定位实验,结果表明,随着捕获目标点子眼个数增加,目标定位精度越高,当捕获目标的子眼个数大于20个时,目标定位精度在10%以内。提出的复眼成像定位方案具有可行性。     

基于衍射光学的头盔显示光学系统

基于一个传统五片式Erfle透镜头盔显示光学系统,通过引入一个衍射光学面,设计了一款改进型的三片式头盔显示光学系统。与传统系统相比,改进系统总长缩短了28.6%,总质量减轻了36.1%,实现了整机系统的小型化和轻量化。改进系统出瞳距离为20 mm,出瞳直径为12 mm,轴向球差小于0.06 mm,场曲小于0.5 mm,畸变小于2%,MTF在30 lp/mm处基本都大于0.4,满足头盔显示光学系统的要求,为头盔显示光学系统的轻小型设计提供了一种新途径。     

基于激光光束质量测量的超消色差物镜设计

在激光光束质量测量时,为了避免每次测量不同波长激光都要对聚焦透镜的焦平面位置进行标定,降低测量误差,研究和设计了覆盖紫外至近红外波段的超消色差物镜。基于波像差的理论,推导了超消色差物镜初始结构求解的方程组。应用光学设计软件Zemax设计了工作波段为350~1100nm的宽光谱超消色差物镜,焦距为200mm,入瞳直径为25mm。给出了光学系统图、纵向像差曲线、焦移曲线及调制传递函数(MTF)曲线。设计结果表明,采用该方法设计的物镜,在0.707孔径处不同波长光线的球差曲线基本相交于一点,实现了超消色差;工作波段内的焦移仅为26.3μm,基本固定了焦平面的位置;在截止频率范围内的MTF均接近衍射极限,满足了紫外至近红外波段激光光束质量的测量要求。     

室内模拟环境下动态调制传递函数检测方法

针对车载视觉智能感知、低空区域防务等光电成像系统远距离观测动态性能测评需求,研制了室内运动目标模拟系统。基于线性移不变系统模型,分析了“三杆靶”、“四杆靶”靶标MTF测量原理,提出了一种基于变频栅条靶标的动态MTF检测方法,给出了变频靶标设计方案和MTF解算方法。完成了“三杆靶”和变频靶标测量方法的静态和动态MTF对比测试实验。实验结果表明:提出的变频靶标动态MTF检测方法与“三杆靶”测量方法相比,在静态MTF检测时测量数据的相对最大偏差比率为1.9%,动态MTF检测时测量数据相对最大偏差比率为2.8%,是一种高精度数字化动态MTF检测方法。该方法可以从一幅靶标图像中解算出MTF曲线,在动态MTF检测技术领域比“刀口法”、“三杆靶”、“四杆靶”等方法更具优势。     

Estimating corneal surface topography in videokeratoscopy in the presence of strong signal interference

Videokeratoscopy techniques rely on a number of factors in order to achieve accurate estimates of corneal surface topography. Good tear film quality, minimal reflections from eyelashes, and minimal eye movements are essential for corneal topography estimates to be reliable. However, in practice, these ideal conditions may not always be fulfilled, especially in cases of subjects diagnosed with dry eye syndrome, having narrow palpebral apertures, long eyelashes, or nystagmus (uncontrolled eye movements). Such nonoptimal conditions of image acquisition result in poorer estimates of corneal topography. The aim of this paper was to devise a technique that would provide more accurate estimation of corneal topography in such situations and particularly when the source of signal interference is strong. This was achieved by developing a set of algorithms that extract the interference from the acquired raw videokeratoscopic image and filter the topography according to the interference location. The experiments carried out with test surfaces and real corneas showed that this new technique leads to a significant improvement in the topography estimator. Additionally, it is an interference indication procedure that, in the future, could be used for the purpose of tear film quality estimation.      

Evaluating tear film stability in the human eye with high-speed videokeratoscopy

High-speed videokeratoscopy (HSV) is an emerging technology that has the potential to acquire information on the dynamics of corneal topography and tear-film behavior. We show that the surface regularity and asymmetry indices, which are traditionally used for characterizing the stability of precorneal tear film, have limitations in the context of HSV because they are highly sensitive to natural ocular microfluctuations. To overcome this problem, we propose a new microfluctuation-independent surface indicator. It is based on the root-mean-square of the error of the parametric model fit to the surface. Further, we develop techniques for estimating the tear film build-up and break-up times. The tear film build-up time estimator is based on the proposed RMS fit surface indicator while the tear film break-up time estimator is derived directly from a set of consecutive HSV digital images, without the need for estimating the resulting corneal surface.     

Template‐Free Sol‐Gel Preparation of Superhydrophobic ORMOSIL Films for Double‐Wavelength Broadband Antireflective Coatings

A double‐layer double‐wavelength antireflective (AR) coating with 100% transmittance at both 1064 nm and 532 nm, which is very important in high power laser systems, is designed using thin film design software (TFCalc). The refractive indices for the bottom and top layers of the designed AR coating are about 1.30 and 1.14. A simple, template‐free sol‐gel route is proposed to prepare the superhydrophobic ORMOSIL (organically modified silicate) thin film, which has an ultralow refractive index, by silica particle surface modification using hexamethylisilazane (HMDS); this treatment decreases the refractive index of the silica thin film from 1.23 to 1.13. The formation mechanism of the ultralow refractive index thin film is proposed. The particle surface modification with HMDS significantly improves the hydrophobicity of the coated film; the water contact angle of the film increases from 23.4° to 160°. The bottom layer, which has a refractive index of 1.30, is prepared from acid‐catalyzed and base‐catalyzed mixed silica sol. A double‐layer silica AR coating is obtained with transmittances of 99.6% and 99.8% at 532 nm and 1064 nm, respectively.     

抛光工艺对硅基Pb_(1-x)Ge_xTe薄膜性能的影响

研究了不同的抛光方法(机械抛光、化学腐蚀及化学机械抛光)对硅基板上沉积的Pb_(1-x)Ge_xTe薄膜性能的影响.研究表明,经化学机械抛光(SiO_2胶体或Cr~+)的硅基板上所沉积的Pb_(1-x)Ge_xTe薄膜具有致密的结构及平直的界面,其沉积速率也比在化学腐蚀抛光表面的沉积速率大7%或18%(分别对应<111>和<100>晶向);薄膜具有明显高于化学腐蚀抛光基板沉积薄膜的折射率,且折射率随温度的降低而增加,而低温下折射率随波长的增加而增加;化学腐蚀抛光基板沉积薄膜的折射率的增加量明显大于化学机械抛光基板沉积薄膜的增加量;薄膜层经机械抛光后,其膜层结构、组分及其深度分布均未改变,但透射率增加,消光系数有所改善,折射率有所降低.     

强吸收衬底上薄膜厚度和折射率的测量新方法

提出了一种同时测量强吸收衬底上薄膜厚度和折射率的方法。对生长于强吸收衬底上的透明薄膜,提出在该薄膜上镀一层薄金属,形成金属-薄膜-强吸收衬底的类波导结构。由于小角度入射光在强吸收衬底上具有较强的反射率,使该结构可容纳一系列共振模。利用自由空间耦合技术和导出的共振模模式本征方程,同时确定透明薄膜的厚度和折射率。实验中测量了硅衬底上制备的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)薄膜的折射率和厚度,测量的相对误差均小于10-3。该方法具有简便、可靠、可测量任意折射率薄膜的优点。     

D型贴膜光纤折射率传感特性研究

本文提出一种贴膜D型光纤用于折射率传感,采用半解析方法建立模型,并分析计算在不同纤芯贴膜距离、贴膜厚度、贴膜折射率、工作波长条件下贴膜D型光纤工作性能,发现其折射率传感性能较普通D型光纤有较大提高,同时设计了两种工作在不同传感要求范围条件下的贴膜D型光纤。     

激光斜入射和反射对角膜屈光手术后人眼成像质量的影响

以Kooijman眼模型为基础,根据Jimenez的理论及临床上应用的Munnerlyn理论,分析了激光在角膜前表面的斜入射和反射对角膜屈光手术后人眼成像质量的影响。研究表明,激光的斜入射和反射会引起一定的术后欠矫,但是影响不大,对于-9D的术前屈光不正,由激光能量损失引起的欠矫也只有-0.6D;激光角膜手术本身会使术后角膜前表面的非球面系数变大。随着术前屈光不正的增大,非球面系数由术前的负值变为正值,使得术后的人眼球差增大。考虑了激光斜入射和反射后的术后非球面系数与Munnerlyn公式的预期值差别不大,术后非球面系数的大小与光区的关系不大。     

原子层沉积超薄氮化铝薄膜的椭圆偏振光谱法表征

采用原子层沉积(ALD)工艺在硅衬底上生长了35 nm以下不同厚度的超薄氮化铝(AlN)晶态薄膜。利用椭圆偏振光谱法在波长275~900 nm内测量并拟合薄膜的厚度及折射率和消光系数等光学参数。利用原子力显微镜(AFM)表征AlN晶粒尺寸随生长循环次数的变化,计算得到薄膜表面粗糙度并用于辅助椭偏模型拟合。针对ALD工艺特点建立合适的椭偏模型,可获得AlN超薄膜的生长速率为0.0535 nm/cycle,AlN超薄膜的折射率随着生长循环次数的增加而增大,并逐渐趋于稳定,薄膜厚度为6.88 nm时,其折射率为1.6535,薄膜厚度为33.01 nm时,其折射率为1.8731。该模型为超薄介质薄膜提供了稳定、可靠的椭圆偏振光谱法表征。     

Radio-frequency heating of the cornea: theoretical model and in vitro experiments

We present a theoretical model for the study of cornea heating with radio-frequency currents. This technique is used to reshape the cornea to correct refractive disorders. Our numerical model has allowed the study of the temperature distributions in the cornea and to estimate the dimensions of the lesion. The model incorporates a fragment of cornea, aqueous humor, and the active electrode placed on the cornea surface. The finite element method has been used to calculate the temperature distribution in the cornea by solving a coupled electric-thermal problem. We analyzed by means of computer simulations the effect of: a) temperature influence on the tissue electrical conductivity; b) the dispersion of the biological characteristics; c) the anisotropy of the cornea thermal conductivity; d) the presence of the tear film; and e) the insertion depth of the active electrode in the cornea, and the results suggest that these effects have a significant influence on the temperature distributions and thereby on the lesion dimensions. However, the cooling of the aqueous humor in the endothelium or the realistic value of the cornea curvature did not have a significant effect on the temperature distributions. An experimental model based on the lesions created in rabbit eyes has been used in order to compare the theoretical and experimental results. There is a tendency toward the agreement between experimental and theoretical results, although we have observed that the theoretical model overestimates the lesion dimension.     

Electrical Contact Resistance Theory for Anisotropic Conductive Films Considering Electron Tunneling and Particle Flattening

This study models the electrical contact resistance (ECR) between two surfaces separated by an anisotropic conductive film. The film is made up of an epoxy with conductive spherical particles(metallic) dispersed within. In practical situations the particles are often heavily loaded and will undergo severe plastic deformation and may essentially be flattened out. In between the particles and the surfaces there may also be an ultra-thin insulating film (consisting of epoxy) which causes considerable electrical resistance between the surfaces. In the past this effect has been neglected and the predicted ECR was much lower than that measured experimentally. This added resistance is considered using electron tunneling theory. The severe plastic deformation of the spherical particles is modeled using a new expanded elasto-plastic spherical contact model. This work also investigates the effect of compression of the separating epoxy film on the electrical contact resistance. The model finds that the high experimental ECR measurements can be accounted for by including the existence of a thin insulating film through the electron tunneling model