Integrated Use of a Continuous Simulation Model and Multi-Attribute Decision-Making for Ranking Urban Watershed Management Alternatives

The objective of this paper is to introduce a continuous simulation-based screening procedure for ranking urban watershed management alternatives using multi-attribute decision making (MADM). The procedure integrates continuous urban runoff simulation results from the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with the use of an alternative evaluation index (AEI) and MADM techniques, following the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) approach. The analytic hierarchy process estimates the weights of the criteria, and SWMM results are used to quantify the effects of the management alternatives on water quantity and quality metrics. In addition, the tendency of AEI to reflect resident preferences toward management objectives is incorporated to include stakeholder participation in the decision-making process. This systematic decision support process is demonstrated for a Korean urban watershed. According to the AEI, seven alternatives were divided into three groups: poor (0∼0.3), acceptable (0.3∼0.6), and good (0.6∼1). The use of multiple MADM techniques provided a consistency check. The demonstration illustrates the ability of the continuous simulation-based MADM approach to provide decision makers with a ranking of suitable urban watershed management alternatives which incorporate stakeholder feedback.     

小流域生物多样性的保护

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的基础。保护生物多样性是长期巩固小流域治理成果，进一步开发利用水土和生物资源的必要措施之一，综合治理开发小流域应进行生物多样性评价，明确生物多样性保护目标，建立多功能，多种群，多层次的生物体系，保护生态环境的完整性，保护濒危种类禁止捕猎，从而保护好小流域的生物多样性。     

Spatial Decision Support System for Watershed Management

A prototype spatial decision support system (SDSS) is presented for watershed management. The SDSS integrates landuse/landcover derived from the remote sensing data, real-time hydrological data, geographic information system, and a model-based subsystem for computing soil loss, land capability classification and engineering measures. A graphical user interface has been developed to allow effective use by decision makers. The model-based subsystem employs a process-based soil erosion model to compute soil loss in spatial environment. Computed pixel-based soil loss information is an input to the land capability classification and watershed management modules. The developed SDSS can help the end users in avoiding the laborious procedures of soil erosion calculations and analysing various thematic layers to get suitable watershed management practices. The SDSS for watershed management is applied to the Tones watershed in India to compute soil loss, to prioritise watersheds, and to suggest various watershed management practices.     

王家河流域治理的基本设想

文章简要介绍了具有一定代表性的小流域--岳阳市王家河流域在当前社会经济条件下的主要问题和治理的主要设想及相对应的工程措施,包括堤防加高加固工程、岸坡整治工程、河湖清淤疏浚工程、泵站建设工程、水生物治污工程、流域管理设施和机构建设等六个方面.     

桂林漓江流域环境保护综合治理措施探讨

阐述了漓江流域环境现状,分析了存在的主要问题。在坚持“保护、治理、开发”三结合的原则下,提出了大力发展和保护造林绿化工程、兴建漓江补水工程、整治重点污染源工程等建设项目,通过采取生态、工程和管理的综合措施,促进该流域的经济社会、生态、环保、旅游等事业协调发展。     

An Interval Fuzzy Multiobjective Watershed Management Model for the Lake Qionghai Watershed, China

Integrated watershed management is required to ensure the reasonable use of resources and reconcile interactions among natural and human systems. In the present study, an interval fuzzy multiobjective programming (IFMOP) method was used to solve an integrated watershed management problem. Based on system analysis, an IFMOP model suitable for a lake watershed system {IFMOPLWS} was developed and applied to the Lake Qionghai watershed in China. Scenario analysis and an interactive approach were used in the solution process. In this manner, various system components were incorporated into one framework for holistic consideration and optimization. Integrality and uncertainty, as well as the multiobjective and dynamic characteristics of the watershed system, were well addressed. Using two scenarios, two planning schemes were generated. Agriculture, tourism, macroeconomics, cropland use, water supply, forest coverage, soil erosion, and water pollution were fully interpreted and compared to identify a preferable planning alternative for local agencies. This study showed that the IFMOPLWS is a powerful tool for integrated watershed management planning and can provide a solid base for sustainable watershed management.     

An Operational Model for Support of Integrated Watershed Management

This paper presents a computer simulation-based methodology for operational support of integrated water resources management. The methodology is based on the systems approach, and use of feedback to capture physical and socio-economic processes occurring within a watershed. The approach integrates well established simulation models of physical processes with simulation models that describe socio-economic processes. The proposed methodology is illustrated by the evaluation of risk and vulnerability to changing climatic and socio-economic conditions in the Upper Thames watershed (south-western Ontario, Canada).The model results indicate that flooding in the watershed will be more severe as a result of climate change, while low flows are expected to remain at their current level. The most significant socio-economic factor in the Upper Thames watershed is water availability, shown to become under climate change a limiting factor for future growth and development.     

Ranking Irrigation Management Alternatives by Multicriterion Analysis

Selection of the best alternative plan in irrigation development strategies is examined in the multiobjective context. Three conflicting objectives-net benefits, agricultural production and labour employment-are considered. The procedure combines multiobjective optimization, cluster analysis, and multicriterion decision making (MCDM) methods. Five MCDM methods, ELECTRE-2, PROMETHEE-2, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Compromise Programming (CP) and Multicriterion QAnalysis (MCQA-2) are used in the evaluation. Spearman rank correlation test is employed to assess the correlation between them. The methodology resulted in the selection of the best alternative plan when applied to a case study of the Sri Ram Sagar Project, Andhra Pradesh, India.     

Watershed Approach for the Protection of Drinking Water Supplies in Central Illinois

A number of communities in Central Illinois that depend on surface water supplies for their drinking water have been experiencing water quality problems in recent years. Since the dominant land use in the region is agriculture, most of the water quality problems are generally attributed to changes in agricultural practices, especially application of fertilizers and pesticides. The most pressing drinking water quality problem in Central Illinois is high nitrate concentration. The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate in drinking water is set at10 milligrams per liter. A Technical Advisory Committee developed a set of recommendations on how to implement watershed-based solutions to the water quality problem in Central Illinois based on the results of several hydrologic and water quality studies.     

黄冈河流域水环境现状及保护对策

通过对广东省东部潮州市饶平县境内独流入海的小河流黄冈河流域水环境状况的调查、变化趋势及成因分析的基础上,根据社会经济发展、水功能区划目标水质的要求和流域现状,从建设和谐人水环境、科学发展的角度,提出流域水环境保护的对策。     

The Implementation of a Bayesian Network for Watershed Management Decisions

Recently, the U.S. EPA issued the 303(d) list of impaired waters in Idaho State that contained the causes of impairment. This 303(d) list provides useful information that can be used to determine the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Implementation of TMDLs should result in pollutant reductions, which, in turn can lead to the restoration of these water bodies. Flow alteration is one of the potential sources of impairments in the Big Lost River in south-central Idaho, which have some negative impacts on the water quality and beneficial uses. Flow in the Big Lost River is altered, both in quantity and quality, and this reduces recreation activities, affects the fish assemblage, and changes the composition and relative abundance of aquatic species. The effect of riparian vegetation is another factor that needs to be predicted. In addition, three conservation schemes (construction of upstream reservoirs, downstream reservoirs, and canal linings) were proposed to restore flow in the downstream reaches of the river and compensate for water loss during the low flood seasons. However, there is no single predictive model that can be used to appropriately represent each of these issues as management decisions. In this paper, an expert system in the form of a Bayesian network, a graphical diagram of nodes and arcs, was implemented to examine all significant water management variables and relationships among these variables. Lining the irrigation canals was found to be the best scheme, followed by constructing an upstream reservoir. The TMDLs would benefit the water quality in the watershed but would not significantly increase the water quantity and solve the flow alteration problem. Consequently, this can be used to determine the sequence of decisions that can be taken in the future.     

Optimal Land-Use Management for Surface Source Water Protection Under Uncertainty: A Case Study of Songhuaba Watershed (Southwestern China)

The water supply to Chinese cities is increasingly degrading from pollution due to watershed activities. Consequently, water source protection requires urgent action using optimal land-use management efforts. An inexact linear programming model for optimal land-use management of surface water source area was developed. The model was proposed to balance the economic benefits of land-use development and water source protection. The maximum net economic benefit (NEB) was chosen as the objective of land-use management. The total environmental capacity (TEC) of rivers and the minimum water supply (MWS) were considered key constraints. Other constraints included forest coverage, government requirements concerning the proportions of various land-use types, soil loss, slope lands, and technical constraints. A case study was conducted for the Songhuaba Watershed, a reservoir supplying water to Kunming City, the third largest city in southwestern China. A 15-year (2006 to 2020) optimal model for land-use management was developed to better protect this water source and to gain maximum benefits from development. Ten constraints were involved in the optimal model, and results indicated that NEB ranged between 893 and 1,459 million US$. The proposed model will allow local authorities to better understand and address complex land-use systems and to develop optimal land-use management strategies for balancing source water protection and local economic development.     

国内外流域管理对渭河流域管理的启迪

在总结国内外流域管理实践经验的基础上,分析了渭河流域管理可以借鉴的内容,以便更好地推动渭河流域综合开发治理。     

我国流域管理研究述评

流域管理是现代水资源管理的发展方向。我国学者对于流域管理的研究现正如火如荼,本文对学者对流域管理的涵义、流域管理的理论依据、流域管理的立法及流域管理体制构建等问题的研究的最新进展进行综述和简要评述,以期为该项研究的深入尽绵薄之力。     

Multicriteria Decision Support for Selection of Alternatives Directed to Integrated Urban Water Management

Water Resources Management - The management of water resources in medium and large cities has been changing in recent years, mainly as a result of climate change and the sharp increase of...     

Grid-Based Land-Use Composition and Configuration Optimization for Watershed Stormwater Management

This paper demonstrates a new method of optimizing land-use patterns to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization on watershed stormwater systems. The Yong-Ding watershed in western Beijing, China, serves as a case study for this research. A regression model that estimates watershed hydrology response to land use pattern changes is integrated with a land-use allocation model to determine the optimal landuse pattern for minimizing peak flow or total volume at the watershed outlet. This system also uses the CLUE-S model to generate empirical land-use patterns under different development intensities and then determines the land use pattern change constraints for each optimization process. The impacts of optimization are detected by comparing the land use pattern characteristics and watershed hydrology of empirical and optimal scenarios under the same development intensity. The results of the hydrological evaluation suggest that, compared to land-use location control, land-use composition and configuration control may be a more powerful method for minimizing the negative hydrological impact of urbanization.     

Comparison of Computer Models for Estimating Hydrology and Water Quality in an Agricultural Watershed

Various computer models, ranging from simple to complex, have been developed to simulate hydrology and water quality from field to watershed scales. However, many users are uncertain about which model to choose when estimating water quantity and quality conditions in a watershed. This study compared hydrologic/water quality models including Spreadsheet Tool for the Estimation of Pollutant Load (STEPL)-Purdue, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), High Impact Targeting (HIT), Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA), Pollutant Load (PLOAD), Spatially and Temporally Distributed Model for Phosphorus Management (STEM-P), Region 5, and ensemble modeling (using STEPL-Purdue, SWAT, L-THIA, PLOAD, and STEM-P). Model capabilities, inputs, and underlying methods to estimate streamflow, surface runoff, baseflow, nutrients, and sediment were examined. Uncalibrated, calibrated, and validated outputs of these models and uncalibrated ensemble modeling in estimating water quantity and quality for a 41.5 km² agricultural watershed in Northeastern Indiana were explored, and suggestions were provided on the selection and use of models. Models need to be selected carefully based on the simulation objectives, data availability, model characteristics, time constraints, and project budgets.

     

Flood Prevention and Watershed Management An Overview

Abstract

Web Sites are becoming mainstream, necessary components of every organization's mandate, whether that organization is governmental, academic or commercially based. With this popularity comes an increasing demand for intelligent web design: simple, attractive, easy-to-navigate style that balances well-written content with useful web technologies and freshness that will keep people coming back. The Great Lakes Information Network (GLIN) has been employing these principles of Web design since its beginnings in 1993, focusing first on supplying useful content and secondly, ensuring that the useful content is well-organized and easy-to-navigate. By forming online partnerships with hundreds of groups involved in management of the Great Lakes ecosystem, GLIN represents a united Web presence for the entire region.     

基于流溪河模型的连江流域洪水模拟

为了提高连江流域洪水预报的技术水平和精度,探讨流溪河模型在大流域洪水预报中应用的效果,该文采用SRTM和USGS的DEM数据,分别建立了连江流域洪水预报流溪河模型,采用1场实测洪水对模型参数进行了优选,并对2场实测洪水进行了模拟,发现流溪河模型可较好的模拟连江流域洪水过程。研究发现,采用空间分辨率为90 m的SRTM的DEM建立的流溪河模型计算量是以1000 m的USGS的DEM建立的模型的计算量的56倍,但两者洪水模拟的效果相当。     

小流域治理开发是促进农村经济发展的重要途径

随着土地的沙化,盐碱化及日益严重的水土流失的影响,合理开发利用人类赖以生存的土地资源显得十分重要。小流域的治理开发是发展商品经济、农民致富的一条重要途径。通过向荒山荒地、沟壑、草甸要效益,可获得良好的社会、生态、经济效益。促进我市水土保持工作的迅猛发展。