K中心点算法──PAM的分析与实现

详细讨论了PAM算法,包括PAM算法的基本思想,PAM算法的描述,代价函数的计算,相异度的计算等,然后给出了用C＋＋实现PAM算法的程序段。     

一种基于K均值预处理回溯的PAM算法

针对PAM算法在进行聚类时容易陷入死循环的缺陷,引用了回溯法来解决该问题。但是,加入回溯法的PAM算法具有计算量大迭代次数多的缺点,为了在PAM算法迭代过程中,尽量避免使用回溯法,于是进一步,提出了在进行PAM聚类前,采用K-means算法对数据进行预处理,从而获得粗糙中心点,然后找出一组与粗糙中心点最接近的数据作为初始中心点,再进行PAM聚类。从而得到基于K-means预处理回溯法的PAM算法（K-means Data Preprocessing Backward Search PAM,简称KDPBS-PAM）。实验结果表明,KDPBS-PAM算法极大地改善了PAM算法的性能。     

一种基于PDS、TIE和PMI的快速PAM聚类算法

PAM(Partitioning Around Medoids)是一种基于k-中心点的聚类算法,在处理数据集聚类时,具有较强的鲁棒性和准确性.但是,PAM算法的主要缺点是确定聚类中心点集所需的计算代价太高.对于大数据集,PAM聚类过程缓慢.提出一种利用部分距离搜索(PDS),先前中心点标号(PMI),以及三角不等式消除(TIE)准则等搜索策略来降低中心点迭代所需计算复杂性,实现快速PAM聚类的新算法.实验结果表明,相对于基本PAM聚类算法,在保持相同聚类效果的情况下,快速PAM聚类新算法能够减少70%～90%的乘法计算量,并可节省约1/3以上的计算时间.     

基于MapReduce的并行MRACO-PAM聚类算法

聚类分析是数据处理算法中常用的方法,PAM算法自提出以来便成为了最常使用的聚类算法之一。虽然传统PAM算法解决了K-Means算法在聚类过程中对脏数据敏感的问题,但是传统PAM算法存在收敛速度慢、处理大数据集效率不高等问题。针对这些问题,利用蚁群搜索机制来增强PAM算法的全局搜索能力和局部探索能力,并基于MapReduce并行编程框架提出MRACO-PAM算法来实现并行化计算,并进行实验。实验结果表明,基于MapReduce框架的并行MRACO-PAM聚类算法的收敛速度得到了改善,具备处理大规模数据的能力,而且具有良好的可扩展性。     

Robust的分布式k中心聚类算法的研究与实现

并行处理的研究在数据挖掘中是十分必要的。在理论分析的基础上,提出在对经典串行PAM算法进行并行时应如何从局部聚类信息生成完备的全局聚类信息,据此提出了算法DPAM,在提高计算性能的同时,使聚类质量等价于相应串行PAM算法。为提高并行算法的执行效率,还介绍了如何减小计算结点间通信的代价。最后对提出的算法进行性能分析和实验,说明该算法是高效可行的。     

基于网格结构的快速PAM算法

为提高标准PAM算法处理大数据集合的效率,提出了一种改进的快速PAM算法。该算法结合空间网格结构的概念,通过优化初始代表对象的选择、限制迭代过程中遍历的对象数量来减少标准PAM算法的运算量。实验结果表明,相对于标准PAM算法,在保证聚类结果准确性的前提下,快速PAM算法可节省85%左右的执行时间,有效地改善了原算法的性能。     

数据挖掘技术——聚类算法研究

介绍了聚类算法的分类,对每一类聚类方法给出了典型的聚类算法,重点对基于划分算法的PAN算法给出了详细的阐述,总结和归纳了PAM算法四种代价的计算方法,同时给出了其性能分析。     

基于聚类算法的并行化研究

聚类是数据挖掘中重要组成部分,为了提高聚类的处理效率,将并行处理技术运用于k-means和PAM算法中,对k-means与PAM算法进行了改进。实验结果表明:并行k-means算法相对串行k-means算法有更好的执行效率;且k-means算法有比PAM算法更好的并行性和可扩展性。最后,该文提出和介绍了将并行技术引入谱聚类算法。     

一种基于SOM和PAM的聚类算法

提出了一种基于自组织映射（SOM）算法和围绕中心点的划分（PAM）算法相结合的SOM-PAM聚类算法。该算法首先利用SOM算法对数据集进行“粗聚类”并得到簇数k；然后，根据簇数k再利用PAM算法对“粗聚类”结果进行聚类并得到最终聚类结果。通过实验表明，SOM-PAM算法具有比SOM算法更高的聚类效率和更好的聚类质量。     

一种基于PSO&PAM的聚类算法

PAM是最早提出的k-medoids算法之一,该算法比较健壮,比k-means算法鲁棒性更强,但是PAM对初始值敏感,易陷入局部收敛。利用PSO算法对PAM进行优化,提出一种基于PSO和PAM的聚类方法,充分利用PAM和PSO两者对于不同问题的优势,来不断地更新PAM的聚类中心。通过建立基于熵的聚类有效性函数,对混合聚类算法的性能进行客观评价。从来自UCI的数据的测试结果表明,这种混合聚类的方法有较高的聚类正确率。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。