Underwater Laser Welding by 4 kW CW YAG Laser

In May 2000 JSME issued Rules on fitness-for-service for nuclear power plants, which define allowable flaw sizes at operating nuclear power plants, and based on evaluation against these rules, rational repairs were to be realized. According to results, rational in-situ repairs were urgently needed on aged nuclear power plants, and since underwater laser repairs met utilities requirements, the authors developed underwater YAG laser repair technology. Hitachi installed the equipment at JAPEIC (Japan Power Engineering and Inspection Corporation) in 1998 and implemented 0.3MPa underwater YAG laser welding in both downward and horizontal direction repairs, even in a U groove work piece. Metallurgical studies are ongoing.     

田湾核电站失去厂外电源事故处理

考虑到核电站在安全方面的重要性,在核电站的厂用负荷电源的设计中,通常设计为多电源的冗余配置,以保证在事故工况下维持核反应堆的安全和放射性的包容。因此,在田湾核电站的设计中,厂外电源就包括了从500kV侧引入的主电源和从220kV侧引入的备用电源。如果两路外电源同时失去的情况下,将只能依靠电站本身的安全系统柴油机来维持反应堆堆芯的安全,将对机组的安全系数产生较大的影响。针对2009年10月31日田湾核电站1号机组满功率情况下发生的同时失去所有厂外电源的事故隋况,阐述运行人员应如何应对和处理这种事故,以达到反应堆安全停堆的效果;并针对实际过程中发生的异常,探讨系统改进及操作方面的优化。     

Nuclear energy strategy in the environment of utility business deregulation

Nuclear power has contributed to the reduction and stabilization of electricity rate in Japan. However, its economic competitiveness has been eroding since mid 80's. Deregulation is hitting nuclear power just at the time its competitiveness is declining, and it poses a threat to drive short-sighted market orientation and precludes long term focus on achieving a balance between “environmental agenda” and “competitiveness in market”. Lowering the electricity rate is one of the important agenda to improve the nation's industrial competitiveness in the global market. However, it will be very difficult to win the competition of gas and oil prices with other developed countries in Europe and North America due to a handicap of long transportation distance. Only nuclear power and natural energy have no relation to such a handicap of economic distance from resources. Without securing economic superiority of those energy sources, Japan will not be able to clear the handicap of energy costs. The Japanese utilities are trying hard to regain the competitive edge of nuclear power. We have established short-term strategies for both existing and new LWRs as well as a long-term strategy for technological development. With these strategies we will be able to regain the competitiveness of nuclear power.     

Economics of nuclear power stations in Russia: Increasing the market competitiveness of producers of electrical power

An analysis is made of the role and the place of Russian nuclear power stations on the federal (all-Russia) wholesale market for electrical energy and power, the structure of the costs of producing electricity at these stations, the competitiveness of nuclear energy sources with other producers of electricity. Possible ways are discussed for reducing the cost of producing electricity at nuclear power stations. Journal version of the plenary paper “From the first nuclear power station in the world to the power engineering of the twenty first century” (Annual Conference of Nuclear Society, Obninsk, June 28 to July 2, 1999). Rosénergoatm Concern. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 92–101, August, 1999.     

由世纪之交核能发展中的三件大事看核能发展的前景

简述了世纪之交核能发展中的三件大事 :第 4代核电的技术政策研究 ;俄罗斯总统发出推动核电发展的倡议 ;美国颁布新的国家能源政策。还展望了世界核能发展的前景 ,并对我国核电发展提出建议     

同行评估在我国核电行业的应用与发展

对国内外各种不同的评估方法进行对比分析,以中国核工业集团公司（以下简称＂中核集团＂）的相关实践为主线,对现有的核电同行评估进行了简要的对比分析,描述了同行评估在中国核电行业的应用与发展,并提出了若干改进建议与同行分享。     

Current and Future Problems of the Fuel Supply for Nuclear Power

The structure of the nuclear fuel cycle, consisting of the technological stages of uranium production, refining, enrichment, fabrication of nuclear fuel, and reprocessing of the spent fuel for reuse of the fissioning materials, is examined. Supplying fuel includes supplying fuel for Russian nuclear power plants, propulsion and research reactors, export of fuel for nuclear power plants and research reactors constructed according to Russian designs, export of low-enriched uranium and fuel for nuclear power plants constructed according to foreign designs. The explored deposits of natural uranium, the estimated stores of uranium in reserve deposits, and warehoused stores will provide nuclear power with uranium up to 2030 and in more distant future with the planned rates of development. The transition of nuclear power plants to a new fuel run will save up to 20% of the natural uranium. The volume of reprocessing of spent fuel and reuse of ²³⁵U makes it possible to satisfy up to 30% of the demand for resources required for Russian nuclear power plants. The most efficient measure of the resource safety of Russian nuclear power is implementation of an interconnected strategy at each stage of the nuclear fuel cycle.     

核电建安工程辐射安全风险分析及管理实践

建立了核电工程施工领域射线探伤辐射安全故障树模型,采用故障树分析方法全面分析了射线探伤作业过程中发生辐射安全事件的风险。结合我国辐射防护相关法律、法规和标准的具体要求,参考Bechtel和FA3等公司的做法,按照作业工艺流程,制定了一套完整的核电施工现场射线探伤控制措施,从管理制度上和技术手段上杜绝安全事件的发生,规范核电工程施工领域射线探伤的辐射安全防护管理。     

The impact of TMI upon the public acceptance of nuclear power

This paper discusses long-term trends in public attitudes toward nuclear power, focusing on the extent to which the accident at Three Mile Island appears to have affected public acceptance of nuclear energy. Public attitudes towards other energy production options also are considered, particularly in terms of changes that may be related to TMI. Finally, the relationships between attitudes toward nuclear power and perceptions of broader energy, environmental and social issues are examined. The data used in this analysis are from national surveys conducted by major national opinion research organizations from the early 1970s through 1981.

There is considerable evidence that TMI has had a significant impact on public acceptance of nuclear power, in the direction of increasing opposition to and decreasing support for construction of new nuclear power plants. TMI appears to have increased the rates of decline in support and rise in opposition to local construction of nuclear power plants, although a trend of decreasing public acceptance of such local construction had been in evidence since the mid-1970s, prior to TMI. In spite of this decline in public acceptance of new construction, there is substantial support for both completing nuclear power plants currently under construction and for the continued operation of existing plants.     

PGV-1500 steam generator. New problems and solutions

The basic questions concerning the development of a steam generator for a nuclear power plant with a VVé R-1500 reactor are presented. The basic design requirements which follow for steam generators from experience in operating analogs at nuclear power plants and taking account of the requirements for a reactor system are presented. The special features inherent to horizontal-type steam generators, which have been mastered and are used in nuclear power plants in our country, are noted. The domestic and world operating experience is taken into account in the development of the design. It is concluded that the design of the PGV-1500 steam generator satisfies the requirements for the concept of a VVéR reactor facility for a 1500 MW(e) unit of a nuclear power plant and is competitive on the world market for power-generating equipment for nuclear power plants. __________ Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 99, No. 6, pp. 416–425, December, 2005. An erratum to this article is availabel at .     

核电厂蒸汽发生器一次侧向二次侧泄漏率取值研究北大核心CSCD

合理确定蒸汽发生器一次侧向二次侧泄漏率取值,并据此制定核电厂运行策略,对核电厂的安全及稳定运行意义重大。本文根据泄漏率数值使用目的,将泄漏率分为用于辐射防护设计的泄漏率取值、用于核电厂运行控制的泄漏率控制值、用于保证蒸汽发生器传热管完整性的泄漏率保护阈值三大类,并探讨了各类取值的确定依据。完成了对国内外核电厂蒸汽发生器一次侧向二次侧泄漏率取值情况的调研分析,结合研究情况,提出了我国核电厂蒸汽发生器一次侧向二次侧泄漏率取值及控制的建议。     

核燃料循环成本与核电的竞争力

国际市场核燃料价格变幻莫测,对我国核电的成本和发展产生影响,本文提出了控制整个核燃料循环成本的设想,以提升中国核电的竞争力,促进核燃料产业和核电产业的共同发展。     

Meeting the energy challenge for the environment: The role of safety

Nuclear power has an overwhelming potential to meet the demands of an energy hungry world while protecting the environment. However, the renaissance of nuclear energy will only become true when the public can be convinced that nuclear power plants are safe and that a strong safety culture exists around the globe. While the overall safety performance of the world's power plants had been steadily improved after the shock of Chernobyl, unfortunately, the overall plant availability has levelled off in the last few years. The main reason for this is found in a complacency toward nuclear safety issues which can be linked to the arrival of new CEOs in the nuclear industry who – all too often – have no nuclear background and who manage nuclear power plants in the same way they would manage any other industrial plants – being not at all aware of the necessity of a very special and very sensitive safety culture of nuclear installations.     

Requirements for 21st centry nuclear power plants

The development of energy production in the 21st century will be subject to more uniform per capita and regional consumption. Among the competing sources of energy, the positive qualities of nuclear power-unlimited fuel resources, high energy intensiveness, and ecological compatibility with the possibility of the wastes being highly concentrated—predetermine the development of large-scale nuclear power. The conditions for the development of such nuclear power are its ecological effectiveness and safety (of the reactors and the fuel cycle with the production of wastes), nuclear fuel breeding with adequate characteristics, and guarantees of nonproliferation of fissioning materials. Continuity in the development of nuclear power dictates the requirements for reactor systems in the near and distant future. The acceptable level of safety is closely related to the scales of nuclear power and the applications of nuclear energy sources. However, progress in decreasing the potential danger of reactors and decreasing the cost of protective systems is unavoidable. In choosing new directions, it is important to demonstrate the new qualities in the solution of the problems facing nuclear power in the future. An adequate diversity of reactor technologies could exist in the future. The requirements that will face nuclear power plants in the future stages of development and the expected stages of this development are discussed. The jourmal variant of this report at the 10th annual conference of the Nuclear Society “From the first nuclear power plant in the world to power engineering of the twenty-first century” (June 28–July 2, 1999, Obninsk) Russian Science Center “Kurchatov Institute”. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 3–14, January, 2000.     

Development of full-scale simulators for nuclear power plants

The structure of full-scale simulators of nuclear power plants and their development are described. The special features of analytical simulators, which are economical tools for training nuclear power plant personnel because they require only a small investment of capital, are described. An industrial technology for developing simulators for nuclear power plants has been adopted and is maintained at a modern level at the All-Russia Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear Power Plants. A change in the technical policy of the concern Rosénergoatom made it possible to solve, by and large, the problem of equipping nuclear power plants in Russia with simulators. 3 figures, 1 table, 4 references. All-Russia Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear Power Plants. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 88, No. 6. pp. 407–414, June, 2000.     

核岛地基沉降去噪方法及预测技术

在核电厂的核岛厂房建设过程中会对其地基变形进行观测直至建设完成。由于地址条件不同,电站核岛厂房筏基完成后的地基变形值不相同,对跨厂房的物项的影响也不相同。本文选取某核电厂地基沉降15期观测数据进行分析。首先通过小波阈值去噪法对沉降数据进行处理,预处理结果表明,沉降值和观测时间呈高相关性,结合地基沉降速率的判断,地基沉降已经趋于平稳。在此基础上,本文使用双曲线法和灰色理论法对地基沉降进行了3期的短期预测和30 a的长期预测。分析结果表明,短期预测中2种预测方法与实际测量结果相比均较为保守,其中灰色理论法最为保守;长期预测中,灰色理论法结果发散,不适合进行长期预测;双曲线法的预测结果与欧洲在运30 a左右的两个核电站的实际沉降数据较为符合,预测结果较好。      

Heavy water reactors and nuclear power plants in the USSR and Russia: Past, present, and future

The history of the development of heavy-water nuclear reactors and the assoiated, installations in the USSR and Russia is presented. Research reactors constructed at the ITEP and under the scientific direction of the ITEP in other countires (Yugoslavia), industrial heavy-water nuclear reactors, and the Maket zero-power reactor are described. Heavy-water gas-cooled reactors for nuclear power plants are discussed in detail: the nuclear power plant with an A-1 reactor, constructed in Czechoslovakia, and the design of maximum-safety nuclear power plant. Electronuclear neutron generators and subcritical nuclear reactors and the possibility of using the for burning weapons plutonium are examined. The electronuclear neutron generator developed at the ITEP is described. State Science Center of the Russian Federation—Institute of Theoetical and Experimental Physics. Translated from Atomanaya énergiya, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 310–321, April, 1999.     

Operational experience of on-site transport of spent nuclear fuel in Korea

Abstract

With the rapid development of the nuclear power programme in Korea, the amount of accumulated spent nuclear fuel has inevitably increased year by year. The spent nuclear fuel is being stored in on-site storage pools at the nuclear power plants. As the current storage capacity for spent nuclear fuel is insufficient, at-reactor storage is being expanded at each site with regard to optimisation of technical and economic factors. On-site transport between neighbouring reactors has been necessary to secure sufficient storage capacity for pressurised water reactor spent nuclear fuel assemblies. A complete on-site transport system has been developed, and so far more than 800 spent nuclear fuel assemblies have been transported using two kinds of transport cask.     

把握核电可持续发展的几个重要问题

指出了我国核电可持续发展的几个重要问题,即核电发展要实现系列化规模化;积极消化吸收第三代核电技术;大力推进内陆核电站的建设;开发快中子增殖堆核电站,构建核燃料循环体系等。     

The fourth generation of nuclear power

The outlook for nuclear power in the U.S. is currently very bright. The economics, operations and safety performance of U.S. nuclear power plants is excellent. In addition, both the safety and economic regulation of nuclear power are being changed to produce better economic parameters for future nuclear plant operations and the licenses for plant operations are being extended to 60 years. There is further a growing awareness of the value of clean, emissions-free nuclear power. These parameters combine to form a firm foundation for continued successful U.S. nuclear plant operations, and even the potential for new plant construction.