Cu-Cr-Zr-Y合金动态再结晶临界机制

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,采用高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-0.4Cr-0.15Zr-0.04Y合金在应变速率为0.001~10 s-1、变形温度为650~850℃、最大变形程度为50%条件下的动态再结晶行为以及组织转变进行了研究。利用加工硬化率和应变(θ-ε)的关系曲线确定了该合金发生动态再结晶的形变条件为T≥750℃,应变速率小于0.1 s-1;根据θ-σ模型,确立了合金变形特征参数之间的关系:σc/σp=0.86,εc/εp=0.30;同时建立了合金变形特征参数与Z参数的关系:εp=2.61×10-3Z0.14,εc=7.83×10-4Z0.14。Cu-0.4Cr-0.15Zr-0.04Y合金在热变形过程中的动态再结晶机制受变形温度和应变速率的控制。当温度达到850℃,应变速率为0.001 s-1时,合金发生完全的动态再结晶。     

TiAl基合金动态再结晶临界模型建立

依据粉末冶金Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr合金热模拟压缩实验结果,研究了变形温度为950～1150 ℃、应变速率为0.001～0.1 s(-1)条件下材料的流变力学行为。采用Poliak和Jonas所提出的临界条件动力学理论,确定了该合金的动态再结晶临界应变(ε_c)和临界应力(σ_c),揭示了变形温度与应变速率对ε_c和σ_c的影响规律。结果表明,温度补偿应变速率因子Z与ε_c、σ_c、ε_p(峰值应变)和σ_p(峰值应力)间的关系可以采用指数函数形式表征。建立了该合金动态再结晶临界发生模型:ε_c=1.2×10~(-3)Z~(0.147),动态再结晶临界应变与流变应力曲线峰值应变的比值约为 0.73。根据对模型的分析表明,临界应变与 Z 参数之间呈现正相关性,即随着 Z 参数的减小(变形温度升高或应变速率降低),材料发生动态再结晶的临界应变减小,说明变形温度的升高与应变速率的下降能够促进动态再结晶行为的发生。通过对热变形后微观组织的观察,验证了所建立动态再结晶临界模型的可靠性。     

高强硼钢高温软化机制及动态再结晶临界条件

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟压缩试验获得了高强硼钢在880~1000℃、0.01~10 s-1、最大变形55%条件下的真应力-真应变曲线,通过对试验数据的处理和分析,研究了高强硼钢在试验条件下的软化机制及动态再结晶临界条件。结果表明:利用真应力-真应变曲线来判断高强硼钢的软化机制存在宏观判断误区,通过分析θ-σ曲线和晶粒金相可以发现,高强硼钢在本文变形条件下均可以发生动态再结晶;通过lnθ-ε曲线拐点及-(lnθ)/ε-ε曲线最小值判据可以确定高强硼钢动态再结晶临界应变,进而通过σ-ε曲线可以获得临界应力;随变形温度降低或应变速率提高,动态再结晶临界应力或应变值随之提高,且临界应力/应变与峰值应力/应变之间存在如下关系:σc=0.92σp,εc=0.57εp;临界应力/应变与变形条件的关系分别为:σc=17.4048ln Z-450.2409,εc=0.0195ln Z-0.4710。     

TA15钛合金β区变形动态再结晶的临界条件

采用Thermecmaster-Z热模拟试验机在变形温度1050～1100℃,应变速率10-3～1s-1的条件下进行热模拟压缩试验。采用加工硬化率处理方法对应力-应变数据进行处理,结合lnθ—ε曲线的拐点及-(lnθ)/ε—ε曲线最小值的判据,研究TA15钛合金β区变形时的动态再结晶临界条件。结果表明:在本实验条件下,TA15钛合金的lnθ—ε曲线均出现拐点及-(lnθ)/ε—ε曲线均出现最小值;临界应变随应变速率的增大及变形温度的降低而增加,且临界应变与峰值应变之间基本保持恒定值εc/εp=0.62;临界应变预测模型函数关系可以表示为εc=0.92×10-2Z0.0843。     

节镍型高氮奥氏体不锈钢的动态再结晶行为

对节镍型高氮奥氏体不锈钢在不同应变速率、不同变形温度下进行热变形模拟试验,并根据试验数据绘制应力-应变曲线。利用加工硬化率θ与应力-应变σ的曲线拐点和-dθ/dσ-σ曲线最小值点判定动态再结晶开始状态。确定动态再结晶临界应力σ_c和临界应变ε_c。同时计算出临界应变ε_c与峰值ε_p间的关系:ε_c≈0.378ε_p。构建出节镍型奥氏体不锈钢动态再结晶临界应变预测模型:lnε_c=0.026 85lnZ-4.7358。     

Mg-6Zn-1Mn镁合金热压缩流变行为及动态再结晶

采用Gleeble-1500热压缩模拟试验机对Mg-6Zn-1Mn合金进行压缩实验,研究了该合金其在变形温度250 ～400℃、应变速率0.01 ～10 s-1范围内的流变应力及动态再结晶行为.通过计算加工硬化速率θ得到合金发生动态再结晶的临界应力σc和临界应变εc,并且建立临界值与峰值应力σp、峰值应变εp之间的定量关系,用截线法测量合金压缩后的平均晶粒尺寸.结果表明:Mg-6Zn-1Mn镁合金在高温下塑性变形的热本构方程为:ε·exp(22919/T) =2.77·σ8.19;合金发生动态再结晶的临界应变随着应变速率的增加而升高,随变形温度的增加而降低,发生动态再结晶的临界条件为:ε＞εc=6.648×10-3Z0.06149;各特征变量之间存在如下关系:σc=0.7295σp、εc=0.2639εp;动态再结晶的平均晶粒尺寸dave随温度的升高、应变速率的减小而增大,与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系为:dave=2.11×103·Z-0.1378.     

6063铝合金半固态变形本构模型研究

采用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机,对近液相线半连续铸造方法制备的6063铝合金半固态坯料进行了热模拟压缩试验,变形温度为888～903K,应变速率为0.1～5.0s-1,研究了变形温度和应变速率对变形行为的影响。结果表明,半固态铝合金的流动应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而增大。变形温度和应变速率对峰值应力的影响较稳态应力显著。合金触变压缩流变应力的双曲正弦对数项与热力学温度倒数之间满足线性关系,流变应力与流变速率之间满足双曲正弦关系式。以半固态触变压缩试验结果为基础,建立了6063铝合金的半固态本构关系:σ=e(35.3183-0.03651T)ε-0.07075ε0.05982,通过计算结果与试验结果的比较可知,该模型具有较高的精度。     

Mg-5Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr耐热镁合金热压缩变形行为

采用铸造的方法制备了Mg-5Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr耐热镁合金,对实验材料进行固溶时效处理,在应变速率0.002~0.1 s~(-1)、变形温度350~500℃、最大变形量70%条件下,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行热压缩变形实验,分析材料在不同变形条件下的真应力真应变曲线及组织变化。结果表明:在恒应变速率下热变形,真应力水平随温度升高而降低;在相同温度下进行压缩变形,实验合金的真应力随应变速率的增加而提高;实验合金适合热加工的温度在400℃以上;对数据进行处理,得到了实验材料的热变形激活能Q=222.433 k J/mol,本构方程为ε=1.70×1014[sinh(0.015σ)]3.77exp[-222433/(8.314T)]。     

GH625合金的热变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机研究了GH625高温合金在应变速率为0.001～1 s-1、变形温度为1223～1373 K条件下的热变形行为。结果表明:当变形温度一定时,随应变速率的升高,合金的峰值应力σp和稳态流动应力σs及对应的应变εp和εs均升高;当变形速率一定时,随变形温度的升高,σp和σs以及εs均降低,但εp基本保持不变。GH625合金在热压缩变形过程中应变速率的降低和变形温度的升高均有利于动态再结晶的发生;根据应力-应变曲线,通过线性回归获得GH625合金的本构方程。     

α β型钛合金超塑性应变速率敏感系数m值的测定方法

一、前言超塑性就是在某种条件下金属材料表现出具有应力小,变形均匀及延伸率可达100～2000％等的特征。此种现象被揭示,对钛合金的等温锻造提供了有利条件。有学者认为:超塑性金属材料的变形应力σ与变形速度ε之间有着如下的关系,即σ=kε~m,指数m称为应变速率敏感系数。其m值的物理意义: m值越大(0.3相似文献   

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。