机械合金化与热压烧结法制备Cu-Cr-Zr合金

以Cu、Cr和Zr粉末为原料,采用机械合金化法活化Cu-Cr-Zr复合粉末,然后对机械合金化后的粉末进行真空热压烧结制备Cu-Cr-Zr合金材料。利用X射线衍射仪分析机械合金化过程中粉末的物相;通过对合金抗弯强度、相对密度、导电率、显微硬度的测试和金相观察,研究了合金力学性能随温度的变化。结果表明,球磨促进了Cr和Zr在Cu中的固溶,并细化了各粉末的晶粒;随热压烧结温度的升高,其固溶度降低,提高了材料导电性,导致合金力学性能下降。     

机械合金化制备纳米晶C/Cu复合粉末的研究

将粗铜粉和石墨粉按不同配比混合后进行机械合金化,并对机械合金化粉末的物相、合金化特征、晶粒尺寸进行了分析研究。结果表明,在球磨过程中,随球磨时间延长有越来越多的C原子溶入Cu的晶格,点阵常数随球磨时间和粉末中石墨含量的增加而增加,球磨24h时达到最大值,继续球磨,点阵常数略有降低。机械合金化可以使晶粒细化并产生大量孪晶位错和纳米晶界面,有利于原子扩散形成过饱和固溶体和非晶,C/Cu复合粉末球磨30h后晶粒尺寸可达到22nm。     

机械合金化制备铜碳过饱和固溶体

采用机械合金化方法制备Cu-4wt%C过饱和固溶体,通过SEM和XRD分析研究了机械合金化中Cu-C复合粉末的形貌变化及碳在铜中的固溶度扩展问题.结果表明,机械合金化过程中Cu粉和C粉形成了层状复合粉末;随着球磨时间的增加,C的衍射峰逐渐消失,Cu的衍射峰逐渐宽化,并且位置发生偏移;球磨24h后,C原子固溶到Cu中,Cu的点阵常数达到0.3620nm,晶格膨胀了0.15%.     

高能球磨Ti55.5Cu18.5Ni17.5Al8.5合金非晶化研究

采用机械合金化(MA)制备出Ti_(55.5)Cu_(18.5)Ni_(17.5)Al_(8.5)非晶粉末。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、示差扫描量热分析仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜等研究了不同球磨时间粉末的微观形貌以及非晶化行为,探讨了非晶化对合金硬度的影响。结果表明,首先随着球磨时间的增加,微观组织的演变规律是合金晶粒逐渐变小,出现纳米晶化合物;随后纳米晶化合物内部发生局部结构长程无序化,纳米晶化合物分割成更为细小的纳米晶;最终纳米晶颗粒完全非晶化。从原子尺度证明了非晶化的主要原因是高能球磨过程中发生了剧烈塑性变形,形成了高密度位错以及严重的晶格畸变,最终导致原子长程无序化从而形成非晶。球磨引起加工硬化和非晶晶化,使得球磨后的合金粉末硬度显著增加。     

机械合金化法制备Ni—Zr非晶软磁合金粉末的研究

研究Ni基非晶软磁合金粉末在Ni—Zr二元相图上三个稳定化合物成分配方Ni7Zr2、Ni21Zr8、NiZr和两个共晶点Ni64Zr36、Ni36Zr64组分在机械合金化条件下的非晶合金形成能力和热稳定性。五种配方在一定的时间内都能形成非晶态合金;其中Ni64Zr36的过冷液相区间△Tx达到69．9K。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了不同球磨时间混合粉末的形貌,发现球磨时间对混合粉末的结构及颗粒形貌存在显著影响。随着球磨时间的增加,Ni、Zr颗粒都发生严重塑性变形,并且通过冷焊团聚起来,形成具有层状结构的复合颗粒。由于磨球的剧烈撞击,使得结构发生了严重的畸变,从而破坏了原有的有序结构而形成了无序结构。另外,在进一步的球磨过程中,合金的晶粒不断减小,形成高体积分数的晶界,而金属粉末不断的发生塑性变形,形成了点缺陷、位错等高密度缺陷,晶格发生严重的畸变,晶体自由能也相应不断上升,最后发生了非晶转变。磁性能测量表明合金粉末具有较好的软磁性能。     

机械合金化W-Ni-Fe纳米复合粉的制备及结构研究

W,Ni,Fe粉末按照91.16W6．56Ni2.26Fe和95W5Ni的成分配比进行了机械合金化(MA)．通过调整球磨转速、球磨时间等工艺参数研究了其对粉末结构的影响,并对机械合金化粉末的物相、合金化特性、晶粒尺寸、点阵畸变及粉末形貌和颗粒度作了测定和分析讨论.机械合金化使晶粒细化并产生孪晶和位错．有利于原子扩散形成过饱和固溶体和非晶；高的球磨能有利于形成非晶相、晶粒细化和点阵畸变，350r／min球磨20h后晶粒尺寸可达25nm；输入的球磨能不同．粉末粒度的变化路径不同，但都会经历长大，变小和稳定三个不同阶段.     

机械合金化对Cr-W粉末及烧结材料组织的影响

通过机械球磨法制备原子比为4:1的Cr-W预合金粉末,对球磨后的Cr-W粉末进行XRD、SEM、TEM分析,探讨球磨时间对Cr-W粉末形貌、晶粒大小、组织结构及烧结Cr-W合金固溶度的影响。结果表明：采用机械合金化法,可以制备纳米级的Cr-W预合金粉末;球磨初期,晶粒尺寸、微应变变化较大,48 h后趋于稳定获得小于30 nm的纳米晶粉末;经72 h球磨后,粉末中有固溶体形成;球磨过程伴随着晶格常数的变化;球磨时间越长的粉末,烧结后各相分布越均匀,固溶程度越高     

机械合金化及热处理过程中Ti50C50二元系统的结构演变

使用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）研究了Ti50C50元素混合粉在机械合金化过程中的结构演变以及热处理对粉体结构的影响,讨论了TiC机械合金化合成机制。研究结果表明,机械合金化合成TiC遵循逐渐扩散反应机制,反应首先形成纳米晶Ti（C）粉体,球磨10h析出TiC,随着球磨过程的进行,TiC的量逐渐增多,品格常数增加,晶粒尺寸降低。球磨80h后,粉体主要由纳米晶TiC构成,晶粒尺寸6nm,但仍有少量的Ti（C）剩余。热处理促进残余的Ti（C）转变成TiC,同时导致TiC粉体晶粒生长,晶粒尺寸增大,晶格畸变程度降低,有序度提高。     

机械合金化制备Ni-W(B)非晶-纳米晶的粉末特性

利用机械合金化(MA)制备了Ni-20.7W和Ni-17.9W-27B(at%)非晶-纳米晶粉末,分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪分析了不同球磨时间粉末的微观形貌和结构参数,探讨了B的添加对非晶化过程的影响。研究结果表明:MA过程中,Ni-20.7W样品没有明显发生非晶化,而Ni-17.9W-27B样品在40 h时发生了非晶化,说明B提高了Ni-W合金体系的非晶化形成能力;非晶化过程为W/B首先固溶于Ni中生成Ni(W,B)过饱和固溶体,然后转变为非晶;Ni-20.7W样品球磨30 h后Ni的晶粒尺寸为32.9 nm,晶格畸变为0.48%,而Ni-17.9W-27B样品球磨10 h后的晶粒尺寸为9 nm,晶格畸变为0.62%。     

机械合金化ODS钴基合金粉末的放电等离子烧结

采用机械合金化（MA）和放电等离子烧结（SPS）技术制备了Y2O3弥散强化Co基合金，研究了高能球磨过程中粉末形貌和微观结构的变化规律以及机械合金化粉末的放电等离子烧结行为。结果表明：在球磨的初始阶段（≤8h），粉末粒度和晶粒尺寸显著减小，晶格畸变增大；球磨8h以后，粉末粒度、晶粒尺寸和晶格畸变的变化渐缓；但进一步延长球磨时间，使Y2O3弥散粒子的分布更加均匀。采用放电等离子烧结技术，在1100℃，10min条件下便可制备出相对密度〉99％的合金试样，所得合金平均晶粒小于5μm，经过均匀化热处理后，合金的室温抗压强度和压缩延伸率分别达到1982MPa和27％，优于铸造钻基合金。     

粉末冶金工艺制备Ir-Zr-W合金及其显微结构研究

采用粉末冶金工艺制备Ir-4Zr-0.3W(at%)合金,并对合金粉末和合金的相组成和显微结构分别进行了研究.发现,即使对合金粉末高能球磨24 h,也无法生成Ir3Zr相,不发生机械合金化现象.但是,当合金粉末经1300℃煅烧后,完全转变为Ir3Zr相.采用粉末冶金工艺制备的铱合金晶粒尺寸细小,约4～5 μm,并且在铱合金中原位生成Ir3Zr相颗粒.     

纳米晶(Ag-Cu28)-25Sn合金粉末的制备及表征

采用机械合金化法制备纳米晶(Ag-Cu28)-25Sn合金粉末.用X射线衍射(XRD)仪、扫描电镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC)等分析手段,对合金化过程中物相组成、微观结构及熔化特性进行表征.结果表明:(Ag-Cu28)-25Sn纳米晶合金粉末的物相组成为Cu3Sn和Ag4Sn.球磨 40 h,合金化完全,其熔化温度为548.5 ℃;球磨至60 h,合金明显非晶化,其熔化温度为554.0 ℃,熔程变小且在186.3和399.5 ℃处出现明显放热峰.HRTEM表明,纳米晶的尺寸约为5～10 nm,合金中有非晶态物质出现和晶格缺陷产生.200和400 ℃退火后,合金的平均晶粒尺寸分别为21.3和33.9 nm.     

Mechanically induced crystalline–glassy phase transformations of mechanically alloyed Ta55Zr10Al10Ni10Cu15 multicomponent alloy powders

New multicomponent Ta-based glassy alloy powder was synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) the elemental powders of Ta₅₅Zr₁₀Ni₁₀Al₁₀Cu₁₅ at room temperature, using a low-energy ball milling technique. During the early stage of milling the agglomerated crystalline powders are mechanically crushed and fresh surfaces are rapidly created. Kneading of such ground powders enhances the atomic diffusion and leads to local alloying. As the MA time increases, the number of vacancies in the Ta lattice (base material) increases so that the atoms of the alloying elements for Zr, Al, Ni and Cu tend to migrate to the open defected lattice of metallic Ta. The number of atoms of the alloying elements that migrate to the bcc lattice of the base material are increasing with increasing MA time and this leads to a monotonic expansion of the Ta lattice. Further milling time (86–130 ks) plays an important role in increasing the rate of diffusion and this leads to an increase in the number of migrated atoms of the alloying elements that pass into the Ta lattice. The a₀ of the yielded solid solution at this stage does not change anymore with increasing MA time and a homogeneous supersaturated bcc-solid solution is obtained after 130 ks of MA time. This solid solution, which is subjected to continuous imperfections, is gradually transformed into a glassy phase upon increasing the MA time. The glassy powders of the final-product (1080 ks) in which its glass transition temperature (T_g) lies at a high temperature (834 K), crystallize through a single sharp exothermic peak at 1004 K (T_x). The total enthalpy change of crystallization (ΔH_x) is −10.32 kJ/mol. The width of the supercooled liquid region before crystallization (ΔT_x) of the synthesized glassy powder shows the largest value (170 K) of any reported metallic glassy system.     

机械合金化对WZrZn合金冲击反应特性的影响

W具有高的热惯性以及低的绝热火焰温度,导致其在空气中难以燃烧。为改变W的燃烧特性,通过机械合金化将20%(质量分数)的Zr引入W中。XRD、SEM及STEM分析表明,球磨30 h后,Zr的衍射峰完全消失,得到了单相bcc结构的W(Zr₂₀)超饱和固溶体合金粉末。在此基础上,以Zn粉作为粘结剂,采用热压工艺制备WZrZn合金。准静态力学性能测试和弹道枪试验结果表明,以W(Zr₂₀)合金粉末为原料制备的W(Zr₂₀)-Zn₃₀合金的抗压强度和能量释放特性明显优于机械混料制备的W/Zr₂₀-Zn₃₀合金。在1200 m/s的冲击速度下,W(Zr₂₀)-Zn₃₀合金的反应超压达到0.21 MPa,能量释放特性优异。同时,在反应产物分析中,发现大量钨的燃烧产物WO₃,表明Zr的固溶诱发了W的燃烧反应,有效提高了WZrZn合金的冲击反应特性。     

机械合金化法制备Al-Ru合金

采用纯Al粉和纯Ru粉通过机械合金化(MA)和热处理制备了含Ru50%(质量分数, 下同)的铝钌合金.利用扫描电镜、差热分析和X-射线衍射等手段观察了复合粉体在MA和热处理后粉体的相组成和晶粒尺寸的变化.结果表明,MA30 h后Al溶入Ru中形成无序过饱和固溶体,晶粒尺寸细化到了20 nm左右.经550 ℃退火处理后,发生烧结现象,固溶体发生有序转变生成以Al2Ru为主的合金相,晶粒尺寸在50～60 nm,保温时间对合金组成和晶粒尺寸没有太大影响.     

Properties of Porous TiNbZr Shape Memory Alloy Fabricated by Mechanical Alloying and Hot Isostatic Pressing

In the past decades, systematic researches have been focused on studying Ti-Nb-based SMAs by adding ternary elements, such as Mo, Sn, Zr, etc. However, only arc melting or induction melting methods, with subsequent hot or cold rolling, were used to fabricate these Ni-free SMAs. There is no work related to powder metallurgy and porous structures. This study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of porous Ti-22Nb-6Zr (at.%) shape memory alloys produced using elemental powders by means of mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing. It is found that the porous Ti-22Nb-6Zr alloys prepared by the HIP process exhibit a homogenous pore distribution with spherical pores, while the pores have irregular shape in the specimen prepared by conventional sintering. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the solid solution-treated Ti-22Nb-6Zr alloy consists of both ?? phase and ???? martensite phase. Morphologies of martensite were observed. Finally, the porous Ti-22Nb-6Zr SMAs produced by both MA and HIP exhibit good mechanical properties, such as superior superelasticity, with maximum recoverable strain of ~3% and high compressive strength.     

Characteristics of mechanical alloyed Ni-Al powder for sintering

Mechanical alloying was employed to obtain high-activity Ni-AI powder. The effects of mechanical alloying on the microstructure and characteristics of milled powder with a normal composition of Ni-22.89 at.% AI-0.5 at.% B were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results show that a solution Ni （AI） was obtained after milling. During mechanical alloying, the milled powder obtains extra surface energy and crystalline energy because the crystallite size becomes free and the lattice strain increases with the milling time prolonging. Furthermore, about 0.5 mol% oxide in the particles were formed after milling, and this kind of dis- persed oxide is effective to improve the properties of the sintered alloy by dispersion strengthening. It is confirmed that Ni3AI alloy with outstanding properties has been prepared with mechanical alloyed powders.     

高能球磨制备Al-Pb-Si-Sn-Cu纳米晶粉末的特性

通过机械合金化制备了Al-15％Pb-4％Si-1％Sn-1．5％Cu(质量分数)纳米晶粉末。采用X射线衍射(XRD)，扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对不同球磨时间的混合粉末的组织结构、晶粒大小、微观形貌以及颗粒中化学成分分布情况进行了研究。结果表明混合粉末经过球磨后形成了纳米晶，其组织非常均匀。球磨对Pb的作用效果明显大于对Al的作用效果，经过40h球磨后Pb粒子达到40nm，而Al在球磨60h后晶粒为65nm；经球磨后，Cu和Si固溶于Al的晶格中，而Sn则固溶于Pb晶格中，并且Al和Pb发生了互溶，形成了Pb(Al）超饱和固溶体；在球磨过程中硬度高的脆性粒子Si难于完全实现合金化。     

Electrical breakdown characteristic of a Ce-doped W-Cu contact material

W-Cu composite powder doped with Ce (1.5 wt.%) was prepared by mechanical alloying (MA), and the W-Cu contact material was fabri-cated by hot pressing sintering in an electrical vacuum furnace. The microstructure, electric conductivity, hardness, and breakdown voltage of the Ce-doped W-Cu alloy were measured and compared with a conventional W-Cu alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. The results show that microstructural refinement and uniformity can improve the breakdown behavior and the electric arc stability of the Ce-doped W-Cu contact material. Also, the Ce-doped W-Cu contact material shows the characteristic of spreading electric arc, which is beneficial to electric arc erosion.     

机械合金化时间对Ni6Cr4W1.5Fe9Ti高熵合金激光熔覆涂层组织与耐蚀性的影响

对机械合金化Ni₆Cr₄W_1.5Fe₉Ti高熵合金粉末进行激光熔化沉积,制备了该高熵合金的熔覆涂层,研究了机械合金化时间对涂层显微组织和耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,机械合金化时间的增加可促进合金粉末成分的均匀化,且有利于涂层的致密化及其组织的晶粒细化。机械合金化棒磨4 h后的高熵合金粉末中,各组元均匀分布,并形成了FCC+BCC的双相固溶体结构;通过激光熔化沉积后,双相固溶体结构转变为FCC单相固溶体结构,组织主要由4～6μm的等轴晶和少量胞状晶组成。机械合金化棒磨4 h粉末制备熔覆涂层的致密度和硬度最高、耐蚀性最佳,其耐蚀性相较于棒磨0 h粉末制备熔覆涂层提升了近两个数量级。