Estimating the groutability of granular soils: a new approach

This paper evaluates different parameters that affect the grouting of soil, and presents a new approach to predict the groutability of granular soil. An accurate prediction of the groutability of granular soils has always been complicated due to the effects of different soil parameters. We know that these parameters are the grain-size of soil and cement-based grouts, the relative density and fine contents of soil, the water/cement ratio of grout mixture and grouting pressure, which directly affect the groutability of soil media. However, the relative density, fine contents of soil, the water/cement ratio, and grouting pressure are seldom considered as the prediction of groutability. In order to study the effects of the parameters on groutability, an alternative empirical formula to estimate the groutability of granular soils is presented in this paper and supported by experimental results obtained from the grouted sand samples prepared with various relative densities. The newly developed approach will help for the more accurate prediction of the groutability in granular soils and may also be used to provide first-hand information about the groutability of soils.     

适应深厚复杂岩土层防渗灌浆的可控性黏土水泥稳定浆材及快速配制

深厚复杂岩土层同一钻孔的可灌性差异显著,灌浆材料要随机应变,灌浆工艺方法要适应性强。现有的灌浆材料可控性不足,可灌性单一;目前的灌浆方法在每一灌浆孔段,逐级变浆,浆材扩散难以控制,弃浆浪费严重,施工工效低。充分考虑灌浆施工工艺的实际要求、灌浆材料性能优化等,通过大样本室内试验,利用黏土的良好性能、水玻璃系浆液塑性黏度和屈服强度很低、水泥等的固化和强度特性以及改性剂,研制一种可控性黏土水泥稳定浆材,不仅性能指标满足一般工程的防渗要求,而且浆液流变参数、凝结过程、结石体参数等可在较大范围内调整。对于复杂地层,依据受灌岩土体性质的差异,选用研制的可控性浆材和相应的供料方式,可实现浆材的快速配制,变浆便捷,弃浆少,成本低。在托口水电站河湾地块防渗帷幕工程中,已完成的灌浆试验表明,与传统浆材和施工方法相比,注入量降低约65%,施工台月效益(m/(台.月))提高约30%,灌浆质量达到设计要求,研究成果可在该工程及类似工程中推广应用。     

Groutability of granular soils using sodium pyrophosphate modified bentonite suspensions

Groutability of granular soils using sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) modified bentonite suspensions was studied to investigate its applicability in permeation grouting. While the relative grain size of the soil and the grout has been widely used to evaluate the groutability of granular soils with particulate grouts, such criteria do not account for the effect of chemical modifications of grouts such as the changes in their rheological properties. The modification of grouts may improve the depth of its penetration, and thus changing the groutability of the granular soils. For such cases, the rheological properties of grouts become crucial to evaluate groutability of soils. In this study, the rheological properties of bentonite suspensions were measured at various bentonite fractions (5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12% by total mass of suspension) modified with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% SPP (by mass of dry bentonite), respectively. The small amounts of SPP effectively improved the mobility of the concentrated bentonite suspensions allowing the evaluation of change in groutability at different rheological properties but same concentrations. The modified bentonite suspensions were injected into the saturated sand columns prepared at various experimental conditions (effective particle size, relative density, and fines content) under two different constant pressures (35 and 140 kPa). The results showed that the injected pore volumes increased with an increase of the apparent viscosity at equilibrium (high shear rates). A new groutability criterion for granular soils is proposed based on the rheological properties of the suspensions, relative density of the sand, relative grain size of the sand and bentonite, and injection pressure. The proposed groutability criterion provides a more accurate prediction of groutability in granular soils when using modified bentonite suspensions.     

Effect of grout pressure and grout flow on soil physical and mechanical properties in jet grouting operations

Jet grouting is a method for improving soil characteristics. In this method, grouting of cement slurry with high pressure and velocity causes damage to soil structure. Excavated grains of soil are then removed from the borehole and are replaced with cement slurry. The grains that remain around the borehole mix with cement slurry and produce an improved soil mass of soil. This mass is called “soilcrete”. Soilcrete has special characteristics such as high strength, low deformability and very low permeability. The jet grouting process and its results are affected by various parameters of the soil material and jet grouting system. This paper discusses the effects of jet grouting process on the soil properties before and after the operations, and the effects of grout pressure and grout flow on soilcrete's uniaxial compression strength (UCS). For these purposes, five types of the laboratory tests have been done on the jet grouted soil: uniaxial compression, triaxial compression, direct shear, Brazilian indirect tension, and Schmidt hammer tests. According to the numerical results obtained from experiments, by increasing the grout pressure and flow, the UCS (MPa) of soil increases logarithmically. In addition, jet grouting dramatically increases properties such as cohesion and friction angle.     

粉细砂地层泥水盾构渣土回收利用及性能优化

以南京地铁10号线越江盾构隧道工程为依托,采用现场渣土作为同步注浆砂源,通过室内试验测量同步注浆浆液的强度、初凝时间、流动度、稠度、泌水率及渗透性等指标,研究粉细砂地层中泥水盾构渣土作为同步注浆浆液中砂源的可行性,并通过调整配比对浆液性能进行优化.结果表明:粉细砂地层中采用泥水盾构渣土所配置的浆液能够满足同步注浆浆液性能要求,改变胶砂比、粉灰比,同步注浆浆液性能提高明显.     

黏土中压密注浆及劈裂注浆室内模拟试验分析

开发了一种实验室模拟土体注浆的试验装置,能形成完整的试样。通过注浆模拟试验,实现了黏土注浆过程中压密浆泡及劈裂裂隙的自然产生与发展。试验结果表明:在黏土注浆中压滤效应贯穿于整个注浆过程,即在高压的作用下,浆液中自由水被强制滤过黏土,并从泻流口流出,使浆泡及浆脉中的浆液浓度提高。压滤效应随土体渗透性、浆液水灰比及注浆压力的增大而增强,因此在透水性较好的土层中注浆时,必须考虑压滤效应对浆液扩散的影响。浆液水灰比的增大将导致浆泡直径减小,浆脉数量及长度增加,浆脉宽度减小。在给定注浆压力下,随着浆液水灰比的增大,浆液的扩散方式逐渐由以压密为主向以劈裂为主过渡。黏土中劈裂注浆可分为三个阶段:鼓泡压密阶段、第一劈裂面阶段、后续劈裂面阶段,每个劈裂面都产生在阻力最小的面上。通过对原状萧山黏土、清水压密固结黏土及注浆后黏土进行电镜扫描观测分析得知:在压滤效应的作用下,水泥水化反应生成的Ca2+离子会随着滤出液扩散到土体中,导致黏土表面的双电层厚度变薄,使联结更为紧密,从而形成较坚固的团粒结构,使土体强度提高。试验结果对注浆理论研究与工程应用有一定的指导意义。     

注浆扩散与浆液若干基本性能研究

浆液流型、流变参数的时变性、可灌性、塑性强度和可重复注浆性是影响浆液扩散的基本性能。试验表明,各种浆液分别属于三种不同流型;水泥基浆液在注浆过程中流型不变;浆液粘度的时变性规律符合指数函数。研制了平板裂隙注浆装置进行试验,结果表明,普通水泥浆的最小可灌裂隙宽度并非 0.18 mm 或 0.2 mm。在重复注浆时,后注浆液克服先注浆液的粘聚力,在流道中间冲开新通道继续注入,而不是推动先注浆液向前整体移动。“塑性强度”概念可以推广到一般浆液,用这一指标可以预知浆液的可注期。基于以上试验研究成果,尤其是粘度时变性规律,建立了稳定性浆液注浆扩散模型。     

盾构壁后注浆体变形及压力消散特性试验研究

壁后注浆是盾构施工的关键工序.壁后注浆体的变形及力学性质变化直接影响到土体的应力释放、地层位移及作用在管片上的土压力大小.利用自制壁后注浆单元体模型试验装置,研究不同的注浆压力、注浆材料及围岩土质条件对注浆体变形及注浆压力消散的影响规律.较高的注浆压力有利于减小围岩的应力释放量,加快浆体排水速率.在砂性土地层中,浆体变形和浆体压力消散较粘性地层快,说明土质条件对地层位移和围岩应力释放影响较大.     

An appraisal of the test grouting data for the Tehri Dam,India

Test grouting has been carried out in the three different rock units (phyllites grade I, II & III) exposed around Tehri Dam Project to evaluate the groutability of these rocks and to evolve optimum spacing of grout holes to be adopted for the grout, curtain. Since it has been observed that permeability of the rock mass is essentially secondary and is mainly joint and fissure controlled, the structural discontinuities observed in the rock types have been analysed for finding out the direction of grout holes that can intersect the maximum numbers of discontinuities and hence seal the rock mass properly. The grouting has been carried out through grou holes and its effectiveness has been observed through inspection holes drilled in between and depending upon the effectiveness, secondary and tertiary holes were drilled in between to reduce the spacing of holes from inspection holes. Finally, when the permeability values of inspection holes were reduced to 1 lugeon or less after grouting through tertiary holes, it has been considered to have achieved optimum grouting efficiency. The effective grout travel distance in the phyllites has been proved to be 0.75 m. It has been inferred that adoption of high grout pressures while emplacing the grout curtain might change the spacing to around 1.5 m apart.     

考虑区间分布的幂律流体脉动渗透注浆扩散机制研究

脉动注浆技术虽已得到了一定应用,但脉动压力下浆液的扩散机制研究则远滞后于工程实践。为了进一步推广和完善脉动注浆技术,基于注浆过程中脉动压力持续段流量恒定、压力间隔段流量为零的特点,考虑地层参数的不确定性,建立了脉动压力下幂律流体的渗透扩散模型,得到了脉动压力下幂律流体扩散半径的区间分布方程;设计了一套脉动渗透注浆模拟试验装置,得到了不同施工参数下幂律流体在地层内的分布形态;通过在数值模拟中构造脉动压力周期变化模型与孔隙率随机分布模型,实现了脉动压力下幂律流体渗透注浆浆液扩散过程的模拟。研究结果表明:脉动压力作用下幂律流体在地层内扩散范围并非是一个确定的量值,但基本集中在一定范围内,存在明显的扩散半径上下限;浆液扩散半径上下限受脉动注浆压力、脉动频率等影响明显,且上限差值随脉动注浆压力的增大而增大,浆液离散程度表现的更显著;理论计算、数值模拟与模型试验所得的浆液扩散半径随注浆压力的变化趋势一致,理论与数值计算得到的浆液扩散半径上下限数值误差均在可接受范围内,推导的理论公式和建立的数值模型均能较好的描述幂律流体在脉动压力下的扩散过程及区间分布。研究成果可为脉动渗透注浆理论、数值模拟以及实践工程提供一定的指导意义。     

考虑滤过效应的卵砾石层浆液扩散研究

 渗透注浆过程中水泥颗粒对土体孔隙的堵塞会产生滤过效应,滤过效应在浆液扩散过程中起着非常重要的作用。基于此,研究滤过效应对卵砾石层中注浆浆液扩散的影响。在总结浆液可注入性标准的基础上,考虑浆液滤过过程中水、水泥和土体的质量平衡,引入线性滤过定律,给出一种球孔扩散条件下考虑滤过效应的水泥浆浆液扩散模型,并通过模型理论结果和现场实测数据的对比,说明该方法的合理性和考虑滤过效应的必要性。不同注浆时间和水灰比条件下滤过效应对渗透注浆的影响分析表明,滤过效应导致土体的渗透阻力逐渐增大,土体中注浆压力随时间逐渐增加。浆液水灰比越小,注浆压力越大,滤过效应也越显著。     

土体劈裂注浆过程的数值模拟及浆脉形态影响因素分析

针对现有数值方法对土体劈裂注浆中裂缝产生和扩展过程模拟困难的现状,采用自主研发的基于有限元与流体体积函数的数值方法对劈裂注浆过程进行了模拟研究,再现了土体劈裂注浆过程中裂缝的产生以及浆脉扩展过程。数值模拟获得的劈裂注浆浆脉扩展过程与已有理论分析及试验所得规律基本一致,表明采用该方法模拟土体劈裂注浆问题是可行的。在此基础上分析了注浆深度和土体模量两个因素对浆脉形态的影响规律。结果表明:数值模拟可以呈现劈裂注浆过程的几个阶段,包含"浆泡"挤密、初始竖向劈裂、斜向二次劈裂等阶段;在二次劈裂发生之前的挤密阶段和竖向浆脉扩展阶段,地层竖向位移增加较小,而二次劈裂之后的斜向浆脉的产生和扩展是地层竖向位移增加的主要阶段;随着注浆深度的增加浆脉的分支越来越少而且方向性更加明显,浆脉宽度也越来越小;随着土体模量的增大,注浆孔周边"浆泡"体积减小,浆脉的宽度逐渐变窄。工程实例的模拟表明,该数值模型能很好的反映工程现象,对工程实践具有一定的指导意义。     

基于流体时变性的隧道劈裂注浆机理研究

水泥复合浆液流变参数的时变性对注浆扩散范围计算值影响很大。基于宾汉体流变方程和平板裂缝理想平面流模型,推导了考虑流体时变性的土体劈裂注浆扩散半径计算公式。由公式可知,土体劈裂压力、裂隙宽度、浆液流速、流变参数的时变性是影响扩散半径的重要因素。计算分析了劈裂注浆过程中劈裂压力随缝隙宽度的变化以及流变参数对扩散半径的影响规律。结果表明,忽略流体时变性注浆扩散半径计算值明显偏大,会给注浆工程设计带来隐患。结合厦门机场路隧道全风化花岗岩地层注浆试验,发现水泥复合浆液劈裂注浆加固效果良好,扩散半径理论计算值基本符合工程实际;研究成果对风化花岗岩地层劈裂注浆的设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。     

基于裂隙动水注浆的水泥–水玻璃浆液相界面特征研究

 在地下工程注浆治理中,不同类型的浆液与水具有不同的相界面特征,浆–水相界面特征对揭示注浆堵水机制及建立浆–水混合区数值模型具有重要意义。通过分析不同浆液的浆–水相界面形态,得到注浆材料相界面表征方法和适用类型;通过注浆模拟试验,开展水泥水玻璃浆–水相界面测定试验,得到动水条件下水泥水玻璃浆–水相界面特征;对试验数据进行回归分析,将相函数拆分为高度函数和宽度函数对相界面几何特征进行描述,并分析浆–水相界面特征的影响因素。研究成果对注浆堵水机制的发展和浆–水界面数值模型的建立具有一定的参考价值。     

压密和劈裂灌浆加固地基的原理和方法

压密灌浆和劈裂灌浆都是加固弱透水性地基的有效办法。前者通过浆泡，后者通过浆脉网来挤密邻近土体和提高土中的主应力和，从而降低压缩性和提高贯入击数。在劈裂灌浆中，只有灌入大量浆液后，才见加固效果，加固的土体大。相反，在压密灌浆中，灌注少量浆液，即可对小范围的土进行加固。快速灌注稠浆是保证产生压密型灌浆的有效办法，但中途经常转化为劈裂型灌浆。劈裂灌浆的施工较简单、费用低，它不可能转化为压密灌浆。     

桩端后注浆上返高度及桩顶冒浆处理

在幂律型浆液平板窄缝流动模型的基础上,推导出了桩端后注浆浆液上返高度的计算公式。并对上返高度随注浆压力、桩埋深、桩径、泥皮厚度的变化情况进行计算分析,结果表明:桩底浆液压力越大、桩侧泥皮越厚、桩长越短,浆液上返高度越大,即越容易发生桩顶冒浆。工程实例研究表明,桩顶冒浆的主要原因包括桩侧泥皮厚、试桩龄期短、持力层可注性差和桩底沉渣厚。通过降低注浆压力,减小桩侧泥皮及桩底沉渣厚度,提高泥皮强度可以防止桩顶冒浆的发生。对于发生桩顶冒浆的试桩,可采用间歇注浆进行处理。与未发生桩顶冒浆的桩相比,发生桩顶冒浆并通过复注达到设计注浆量的桩,其极限承载力较高。这是由于沿桩侧泥皮上返的浆液,通过劈裂、置换桩侧泥皮,使桩侧摩阻力略微提高。     

均质砂土中桩端后注浆抗压桩室内模型试验研究

在参考现场桩端后注浆工艺的基础之上,利用自行研发的注浆装置和注浆工艺,在均质砂土中进行了不同注浆压力和不同注浆量下的共计7根模型桩的桩端后注浆抗压承载特性的室内模型试验。结果表明：相对于未注浆桩,注浆桩的极限承载力均有明显提高,提高范围为213%~347%,同时桩端上返的浆液对桩侧摩阻力也有加固效果;在一定的注浆量下,存在一个最佳注浆压力,使整体的注浆加固效果最好,此试验中是0.3MPa;在最佳注浆压力0.3MPa下,桩的承载能力随着注浆量的增大而提升,但提高效果随注浆量的增大而减弱,以单位注浆量计算,注浆量从1L提升至4L,每升浆液带来的极限承载力增量从200%降至106.8%;随着注浆量的提升,浆液上返高度也从0.65m增加至1.0m。     

一种新型高分子注浆材料的试验研究

 在深部岩土工程实体加固及涌水封堵治理的基础上,分析一种新型高分子注浆材料反应机制的可行性,就浆材的黏结性、凝胶性、固结体抗压抗折强度等进行详细的室内试验研究工作,并在模拟的砂卵砾石层中开展渗透注浆模拟试验研究,分析注浆压力、注浆时间、浆液温度、围岩渗透系数等主要因素对浆液扩散半径和注浆后结石体抗压强度的影响规律以及其相互关系。结合现场工程实例,进一步验证该化学浆液在工程加固及涌水封堵治理上的实用性和优越性。试验结果表明：注浆材料的流动性、黏结性、早强性及耐久性较好,具有储存运输方便、工艺简单实用、遇水急速膨胀、固结体无毒环保等优点。浆液扩散半径随注浆压力、注浆时间、渗透系数的增大而增大,随浆液温度的升高而减小,最显著的影响因素是注浆压力和渗透系数,其次是浆液温度和注浆时间;注浆后结石体的抗压强随注浆压力、浆液温度、孔隙度以及注浆时间的增大而增大,注浆压力和孔隙度对结石体抗压强度有较大影响,浆液温度次之,注浆时间对结石体强度的影响最小。研究结果表明该高分子注浆材料具有良好的工程加固和封堵性能,与传统固化材料相比,具有凝胶快、强度高、膨胀性好等优点,是一种比较理想的高分子加固材料和堵水剂。     

Stop mechanism for cementitious grouts at different water-to-cement ratios

Cementitious grouts are the most commonly used grouting material in the world. The general concept of grouting is to propagate the grout in a sufficiently large volume in the grouted medium and hence to have a controlled penetration. This study has been performed in order to determine and test the different mechanisms that result in stoppage of the penetration of cementitious grouts. This is performed as sand column tests in a laboratory study, coupled with grouting in the field. The result shows that three different stop mechanisms can be identified depending on the ratio between the grain size of the grout and the available opening. At an opening up to three times the size of the largest grout grains, penetration does not occur due to clogging of the grains. For an opening larger than five times the largest grain the penetration is unrestricted and stoppage occurs due to equilibrium between the driving and resistance forces. Between these ratios, a transition area exists where the water content determines the penetrability and the stoppage is governed by a filtration process for the grout grains. This implies that grouting with higher water-to-cement ratios results in a larger penetration area and hence by applying the mixture-thickening method during grouting an increased sealing efficiency can be obtained.     

Numerical calculations for prediction of grout spread with account for filtration and varying aperture

Grouting as a mean to reduce the ingress of water to underground facilities has been used for decades. With an increased demand for tightness and cost efficiency, the incentive to improve the method has also increased, and the need to understand the governing factors has been focused. The knowledge concerning grouting involves several fields of research, for instance flow in fractured rock and the behaviour of the grouting material. An understanding of these fields is essential in grouting research. Numerical modelling of grout propagation in fracture geometries is one means of achieving such understanding. The paper presents how numerical calculations of grout spread and sealing effect can be used for predictions of the grouting result. The calculation concerns flow of grout in a network of conductive elements, representing a fracture geometry with the scope to understand the governing parameters when grouting. The spread of grout is significantly affected by the spatial variability of the fracture aperture. Measurements on grout properties and laboratory experiments show that the grout possesses a limited penetration ability and that filtration of the grout occurs if the aperture of a constriction is smaller than a critical value, i.e. when a filter cake forms in front of constrictions in the flow and the grout that passes is filtered. In the paper, a model for filtration of grout is presented. When filtration and limited penetration ability are incorporated in the calculations, additional strong effects are observed. This underlines the need of both a representative geometry, including the fracture variability, and measurements of grout properties.