Electromagnetic imaging for complex cylindrical objects

Electronic imaging of complex cylindrical objects with arbitrary cross sections was investigated, assuming an incident wave upon both penetrable inhomogeneous dielectric cylinders and perfectly conducting cylinders with known shape, and external measurements of the scanned field. By properly processing the scattered held measurements, the dielectric permittivity distribution of the scanned object can be reconstructed. A theoretical formulation was based on proper arrangement of the incident field directions resulting in a set of integral equations derived and solved by the moment method and the unrelated illumination method. Numerical results demonstrate the capability of the imaging algorithm. Good reconstruction results were obtained even in the presence of additive random noise. In addition, noise effects on the reconstruction results were investigated.     

B样条函数在二维导体横截面轮廓成象中的应用

本文将B样条函数应用于根据多入射方向下的后散射场对二维导体柱横截面形状的反演,并将整个反演过程转化为两次非线性优化过程。由于两次优化的目标函数的导数都是可求得的,因此采用基于梯度的优化算法,如Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfard-Shanno变尺度算法(简称BFGS方法)。第一次优化最佳的等效圆柱的半径和深度,然后在第二次优化过程中再进一步优化导体柱横截面的控制节点以得到反演的形状。最后,以数值结果验证了该方法的有效性,并讨论了该方法的抗噪声性能。     

Plane wave scattering by a corrugated conducting cylinder atoblique incidence

The problem of scattering from a corrugated conducting cylinder due to an obliquely incident plane wave is solved by a boundary-value method. The region between the corrugations is considered as a medium with tensor permeability and tensor permittivity, which is a valid assumption when the corrugation constant is much less than the free-space wavelength. By loading this region with a dielectric material, one of the components of the scattered electric field in the far-field region can be altered significantly with no change in the other component. These components, in turn, determine the bistatic scattering cross sections, and the dielectric loading of the corrugated region appears to have no effect on the cross section due to the polarized component, while showing significant changes in the cross section due to the depolarized component     

Electromagnetic waves excited by elementary sources and scattered by a finite circular conducting cylinder

A finite circular magnetodielectric conducting cylinder located in a conducting medium with arbitrary permittivity and permeability is considered. The method of induced currents is applied to analyze scattering of electromagnetic waves by this cylinder in the case when the incident field is excited by elementary sources. The effect of the parameters of the cylinder on the meridional and azimuthal components of the total electric field produced by a radial electric dipole is investigated numerically.     

Microwave imaging for a dielectric cylinder

The problem of reconstructing both the shape and the relative permittivity of a homogeneous dielectric cylinder from the measurement of scattered field is numerically simulated. The Newton-Kantorovitch algorithm and the moment method are used to solve a set of nonlinear integral equations. Numerical results show that, with multiple incident directions, good reconstruction is obtained. This algorithm can be applied at a single frequency without limitation on the value of dielectric constant. The effect of random noise on imaging reconstruction is also investigated     

Electromagnetic scattering by a cylinder with an inhomogeneous sheath

This letter deals with a perfectly conducting infinitely long circular cylinder coated with a radially stratified sheath. Scattering of normally incident plane electromagnetic waves is considered. A certain profile of permittivity in the sheath is taken, leading to particularly simple results.     

An effective medium description for a random uniaxial anisotropic medium with small-scale fluctuations

Some properties of the electromagnetic field are determined for an unbounded medium characterized by a permittivity tensor whose elements can be expressed as the sum of two terms, one deterministic and the other random. The deterministic and random parts of the permittivity tensor are considered to be uniaxial anisotropic; thus it is a diagonal tensor where two of the three elments are equal. Starting from the bilocal approximation to Dyson's equation, an effective permittivity tensor and mean dyadic Green's function are obtained for small-scale fluctuations. Some important properties of the ordinary and extraordinary waves are also made known.     

Unified Approach to Wave Diffraction by Space-Time Periodic Anisotropic Media

The diffraction properties of electromagnetic waves propagating in a planar anisotropic medium with tensor permittivity which is modulated periodically with respect to space and time are analyzed by extending the previous theory for time-invariant anisotropic dielectric gratings. The method applies to any isotropic or anisotropic medium, any polarization of the incident plane wave, and any orientation of the grating vector. The analysis is formulated in a unified matrix form so that calculations can be performed systematically. As numerical examples of the general analysis, the optical diffractions by an acoustic wave in a birefringent crystal and by a cholesteric liquid crystal are treated, where the approximate two-wave analysis is also derived and the accuracy is discussed by comparison with the rigorous analysis.     

开口同轴探头测量微波集成电路基片的复介电常数

本文论述了开口同轴（无外加法兰）非破坏测量微波集成电路基片复介电常数的方法。文中阐明了开口同轴FDTD法的建模与测量原理。由于FDTD法建模是一种全波分析方法，出此该模型相当准确。在S和X波段测量了聚四氟乙烯材料和另一种介质基片的复介电常数，所得结果与它们的典型值非常吻合。开口同轴法测量具有非破坏性，适于现场测量，而且具有设备简单、操作方便、测量精度高等优点。     

Electromagnetic imaging for an imperfectly conducting cylinder

A computational approach to the imaging or inverse scattering of an imperfectly conducting cylinder is presented. A conducting cylinder of unknown shape and conductivity scatters the incident wave in free space and the scattered field is recorded on a circle surrounding the scatterer. By properly processing the scattered data, the shape and conductivity of the scatterer can be reconstructed. The problem is formulated in the form of nonlinear integral equations, which can be solved numerically by the Newton-Kantorovitch algorithm. The pseudoinverse technique is used to overcome the ill-posedness, and the condition number of the matrix is also discussed. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the capability of the inversion algorithm using the simulated scattered fields in both near and far zones. Multiple incident directions permit good reconstruction of shape and, to a lesser extent, conductivity in the presence of noise in measured data     

Antiradar protection of a metal body with a dielectric coating

A metal body can be made invisible for a radar (radar-protected) through covering it with a dielectric film. The invisibility means that the scattered (diffraction) field induced when a plane wave radiated by a radar is incident on a body has a zero amplitude in the direction toward the radar and that this situation occurs for any direction of the arrival of an arbitrarily polarized incident wave. The permittivity of the film should be anisotropic, complex, and different on different sections of a body’s surface. A system of equations from which this permittivity can be found is derived. The problem of protection of a cylinder of an arbitrary section is considered in detail.     

基于支持向量机的介质圆柱体逆散射问题研究

提出一种新的在线逆散射方法-支持向量机,通过支持向量机将原问题转化成一个回归估计问题.该方法可广泛应用于各种逆散射方面,尤其是目标的几何与电磁参数重构.以相对介电常数作为输入,复散射系数作为输出,通过对训练样本的学习,利用支持向量机回归估计了介质圆柱体不同相对介电常数下复散射系数的实部与虚部.同时,以多个观测点的散射电场值作为样本信息,利用支持向量机对已知探测范围内的介质圆柱体的相对介电常数和电导率进行了重构.比较结果显示了该方法的有效性和准确性.     

Reflecting Rubber Characteristics of Anisotropic Sheets and Measurement of Complex Permittivity Tensor

Complex values of the permittivity tensor of robber sheets which are manufactured by the rolling process were estimated by the least-squares method using the reflection coefficient measured for normal incidence. First, the frequency characteristics of the reflection coefficients of a rubber sheet backed by thin aluminum were measured from 8.5 to 10.5 GHz by changing the rolling angle relative to the incident electric field. Next, the elements of the permittivity tensor were determined by the least-squares method from many data of measured reflection coefficients of the samples. Five kinds of rubber sheets containing carbon particles or fibers were selected, and circular pieces 30 cm in diameter were measured by this method. The complex permittivity tensors including off-diagonal elements were thus obtained, and the principal directions of the tensor were calculated from the measured permittivity tensor. The following facts were found through this analysis: The permittivity element in the rolling direction is about five times larger and the off-diagonal elements are small compared with the diagonal elements. The principal direction of the real part is different from that of the imaginary part for a certain kind of rubber sheet mixed with carbon particles.     

利用平板样品反演各向异性介质的本构参数

将电各向异性介质沿3个正交的方向切割成尺寸相同的3块平板,利用介质板后向同极化RCS的谐振特性反演其介电系数张量对角线元素。结合FDTD方法和二分法利用介质板交叉极化后向RCS的特点反演介电系数张量非对角线元素。数值模拟结果表明了本文方法的可行性。     

基于电路网络理论的电容层析成像方法

本文描述了一种用于两种成份的流体成像的12电极电容层析成像新方法.该方法基于电路的网络理论,首先对重建区域假定一个介电率分布,用电容网络作为离散化模型,将每一个源电极和探测电极对组成的测量电路看作一个四端网络,该四端网络的跨导与源电极和探测电极之间的电容值是线性关系,这个电容值和测量得到的电容值之间存在误差,根据这个误差对修正介电率分布.通过对不同介质分布作的模拟实验结果,证实了该算法是有效的,收敛的.     

Induced current in and scattered field from a finite cylinder with arbitrary conductivity and permittivity

A finite cylinder with arbitrary conductivity and permittivity is illuminated by an EM wave. The induced current in and the scattered field by the cylinder are determined based on the numerical solution of a tensor integral equation. An experiment has been conducted to verify the theory. Biological and metallic cylinders are emphasized in the study.     

Study of some practical issues in inversion with the Born iterativemethod using time-domain data

The performance of the Born iterative method of nonlinear two-dimensional profile inversion is examined for the reconstruction of large objects and in the presence of measurement noise. Time-domain data are used. It is shown that objects at least as large as about nine wavelengths can be inverted without any convergence problems. The algorithm is shown to perform well in the presence of 10% noise, or 20-dB signal-to-noise ratio. The simultaneous inversion of permittivity and conductivity profiles is formulated and solved using the Born iterative method. Objects with various loss tangents are reconstructed, and the limits of applicability of the algorithm are investigated     

Inverse scattering method for one-dimensional inhomogeneous layered media

An inverse scattering method to reconstruct simultaneously the permittivity profile and the conductivity profile of one-dimensional inhomogeneons medium which makes use of the transverse electric (TE) wave and/or transverse magnetic (TM) wave, is proposed. The medium is illuminated by the TE and/or TM plane wave at oblique incidence, and the data are taken as the reflection coefficients for a set of discrete frequencies and/or a finite number of incident angles. Furthermore, the reflection coefficient data contain the Gaussian noise. The nonlinear integral equation relating the unknown constitutive parameter of the medium to the reflection coefficient for TE wave and/or TM wave is solved by the Newton iteration method. The inverse operator in the Newton method is determined by the regularization method. It is demonstrated in terms of the numerical examples that this method utilizing both polarizations and the incident angle of the incident plane wave is very effective even if the reflection coefficient contains the practical measurement error, or the phase of the reflection coefficient is unknown. Moreover, the relationships between the errors of reconstructed profile and the measured reflection coefficient are also discussed.     

Finite-element solution of planar arbitrarily anisotropic diffused optical waveguides

The finite-element method for propagation in planar anisotropic diffused optical waveguides with arbitrary permittivity tensor is presented. A Galerkin procedure has been introduced to the finite-element formulation, to study both the nonleaky and leaky surface waves. The complex propagation constants are determined as a function of frequency for possible modes of propagation. The accuracy of the method has been checked by calculating the nonleaky and leaky surface waves of Ti-diffused LiNbO3waveguides with Gaussian index profiles. The numerical results of Ti-diffused LiNbO3waveguides with dielectric overlays are also presented and the effects of dielectric overlays on the propagation characteristics for the nonleaky and leaky surface waves are examined.     

Parameter reconstruction of materials with off-diagonal anisotropy using the state transition matrix method

An effective non-iterative method is developed for determination electromagnetic parameters of complex materials with anisotropy. Unlike the existing methods, the proposed method can extract the electromagnetic tensor parameters of materials with off-diagonal anisotropy using co- and cross-polarized reflection and transmission without using iterative procedures. Useful analytical expressions are derived for extracting the medium parameters of materials with off-diagonal anisotropy. The advantage of the method is that it uses state transition matrix and its properties in order to avoid nonlinearity and complexity of the problem. The method can work very well for dispersive materials since it is based on frequency-by-frequency extraction. The proposed method is validated by extraction of the complex permittivity and permeability tensors of two typical anisotropic materials.