Effect of the layer orientation on mechanics and energy evolution characteristics of shales under uniaxial loading

The uniaxial compression tests were conducted on the cylindrical shale specimens with bedding plane inclined at 0° and 90° to the axial loading direction, respectively. Effect of the bedding orientation on the mechanical property and energy evolution characteristics of shales was revealed. The failure mechanisms of the specimens with layers in 0° orientation showed splitting failure along weak bedding, while the specimens with layers in 90° orientation were failed by shearing sliding. The values of compressive strength, elastic modulus and shear modulus of samples at 0° were higher than those of samples at 90°and there was little difference of Poisson's ratio between samples at 0° and 90°. The analysis of the stress–strain energy and acoustic emission(AE) energy indicated that the growth rate of absorbed energy density and elastic energy density at 0° was significantly faster than that at 90°, hence their final values at 0°were relatively larger than the latter. Moreover, higher energy release was observed for specimens at 0°.The energy release and rapid growth of energy dissipation also appeared more early at 0°. The stress ratio63% was a critical point of energy distribution at which differences started to arise between samples at 0°and 90°. These results indicated that the failure of shale at 0° was more violent and devastative than the failure of shale at 90°.     

Fracture evolution characteristics of sandstone containing double fissures and a single circular hole under uniaxial compression

The uniaxial compression experiments on the sandstone samples containing double fissures and a single circular hole were carried out by using electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine to investigate the effect of rock bridge angle β and fissure angle α on mechanical properties and evolution characteristics of cracks.The results show that the peak strength,peak strain and elastic modulus of defected specimens decrease comparing with those for intact sample,and show a decreased trend firstly and then increase with β changing from 0° to 90°.The peak strength and elastic modulus achieve the minimum value as the rock bridge angle is 60°,while the peak strain reaches the minimum value with the rock bridge angle of 45°.The crack initiation of tested rock samples occurs firstly in stress concentration areas at tips of prefabricated fissures under uniaxial compression,and then propagates constantly and coalescences with the prefabricated hole.Some secondary cracks initiate and propagate as well until buckling failure happens.The rock bridge angle has a great influence on crack initiation,coalescence,final failure mode,crack initiation stress and transfixion stress.The peak strength varies significantly,while the elastic modulus and peak strain change slightly,and the failure modes are also different due to the influence of fissure angle.     

Dynamic tensile behaviour and crack propagation of coal under coupled static-dynamic loading

The fracture behaviour and crack propagation features of coal under coupled static-dynamic loading conditions are important when evaluating the dynamic failure of coal. In this study, coupled static-dynamic loading tests are conducted on Brazilian disc(BD) coal specimens using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB). The effects of the static axial pre-stress and loading rate on the dynamic tensile strength and crack propagation characteristics of BD coal specimens are studied. The average dynamic indirect tensile strength of coal specimens increases first and then decreases with the static axial pre-stress increasing. When no static axial pre-stress is applied, or the static axial pre-stress is 30% of the static tensile strength, the dynamic indirect tensile strength of coal specimens shows an increase trend as the loading rate increases. When the static axial pre-stress is 60% of the static tensile strength, the dynamic indirect tensile strength shows a fluctuant trend as the loading rate increases. According to the crack propagation process of coal specimens recorded by high-speed camera, the impact velocity influences the mode of crack propagation, while the static axial pre-stress influences the direction of crack propagation. The failure of coal specimens is a coupled tensile-shear failure under high impact velocity.When there is no static axial pre-stress, tensile cracks occur in the vertical loading direction. When the static axial pre-stress is applied, the number of cracks perpendicular to the loading direction decreases,and more cracks occur in the parallel loading direction.     

Strength and failure characteristics of brittle jointed rock-like specimens under uniaxial compression:Digital speckle technology and a particle mechanics approach

The strength and failure characteristics of most natural rock mass are influenced by discontinues such as fissures, joints, and weak surfaces. In the present study, the strength and failure behavior of ubiquitousjoint rock-like specimens under uniaxial loading have been investigated by DIC(digital image correlation) and discrete element numerical method(PFC2 D). The results are obtained. Firstly, the UCSJof specimens with c = 15° or 30° shows similar tendency while a goes from 0° to 75°. With c = 45° or 60°, the UCSJof specimens increases when a goes from 0° to 30° and decreases after a goes beyond 30°. With c = 75°, the peak UCSJvalue is reached when a = 0°. The UCSJvalue shows an increasing trend when a goes from 60° to 75°. Secondly, the ubiquitous-joint specimens present different failure modes for various levels of a and c(b-a). Based on the experimental results, the failure mode of ubiquitous-joint specimens can be classified into three categories: stepped path failure, failure through parallel plane, and failure through cross plane.     

An experimental investigation of the fracturing behaviour of rock-like materials containing two V-shaped parallelogram flaws

The distribution characteristics and evolution law of rock mass fissures induced by mining are a key scientific issue in the study of deep rock mechanics. In this study, a series of uniaxial compression experiments was conducted on rock-like specimens containing double V-shaped prefabricated fissures at dip angles of α = β = 45°, α = 45°<β = 60°, α = β = 60°, and α = 60°<β = 75° with a rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system. According to the experimental results, the effects of the dip angles of the double V-shaped prefabricated flaws with the same area on the mechanical parameters and fracturing process of the specimens were analysed in detail. Additionally, the crack initiation stress presented a nearly linear growth trend, which is generally similar to that of the crack peak stress with increasing flaw dip angle. By applying photographic monitoring to the crack initiation, propagation, coalescence, and failure modes in rock-like specimens, it was easily seen that the V-shaped flaw properties slightly influence the crack initiation positions but significantly influence the crack trajectories. The crack failure modes can be summarized into two distinct types. The study reported herein can provide a better understanding of the evolution of double V-shaped prefabricated fissures induced by coal mining.     

Influence of maximum principal stress direction on the failure process and characteristics of D-shaped tunnels

To investigate the failure process and characteristics of D-shaped tunnels under different maximum principal stress directions θ, true-triaxial tests were conducted on cubic sandstone samples with a through D-shaped hole. The test results show that the failure process can be divided into 4 periods: calm, buckling deformation, gradual buckling and exfoliation of rock fragment, and formation of a V-shaped notch. With an increase in θ from 0° to 90°, the size of the rock fragments first decreases and then increases, whereas the fractal dimension of the rock fragments first increases and then decreases. Meanwhile, the failure position at the left side shifts from the sidewall to the corner and finally to the floor, whereas the failure position at the right side moves from the sidewall to the spandrel and finally to the roof, which is consistent with the failure position in underground engineering. In addition, the initial vertical failure stress first decreases and then increases. By comparing the results, the failure severities at different maximum principal stress directions can be ranked from high to low in the following order: 90°>60°>30°>45°>0°.     

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.     

Spatial–temporal evolution of gas migration pathways in coal during shear loading

Custom designed and built meso shear test equipment was used to examine the shear crack propagation in gassy coal under different gas pressures. The spatial–temporal evolution of gas migration pathways in the coal during shear loading was also researched. The results show that gas pressure can hasten crack growth at the shear fracture surface, can reduce the shear strength of gassy coal, and can accelerate the shear failure process. Shear failure in gassy coal exhibits five stages: the pre-crack stage; the stable crack growth stage; the unsteady crack growth stage; the fracture stage; and, finally, the friction crack stage. The shear breaking creates two kinds of crack, shear cracks and tensile cracks. Cracks first appear in the shear plane at both ends and then extend toward the center until a shear fracture surface forms. The direction of shear crack propagation diverges from the predetermined shear plane by an angle of about 5°–10°.     

Acoustic emission characteristics and stress release rate of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time

Considering the importance of the prediction of rock burst disasters, and in order to grasp the law of acoustic emission(AE) of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time, the SH-II AE monitoring system was adopted to monitor the failure process of coal samples. The study of the change rule of the AE numbers, energy, ‘b' value and spectrum in the micro crack propagation process of the coal samples shows that as dynamic damage time went by, AE presented high-energy counts and the accumulated counts increased during the compression phase. The AE energy and cumulative counts increased during the elastic stage. The AE blank area increased gradually and the blank lines were more and more obvious in the molding stage. The AE counts and energy showed a trend of decrease in the residual damage phase.AE ‘b' values gradually became sparse, and the large scale cracks percentage compared with micro cracks decreased and the degree of damage decreased. The AE frequency spectrum peak went from the residual damage phase to the molding phase, and finally it was nearly stable, besides the bandwidth of the main frequency is gradually narrowed. Also, the frequency peak changed from single peak frequency to bi-peak frequency and to the single peak frequency. Uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive than the elastic modulus to dynamic damage time.     

PTFE膜材料的偏轴拉伸性能及破坏机理

为深入把握PTFE膜材料的率相关力学性能及破坏机理,对3种常见的PTFE膜材料进行了偏轴拉伸试验,主要考虑了0°、5°、15°、25°、35°、45°、55°、65°、75°、85°、90°等11个偏轴角度和10、25、50、100、200、500 mm/min等6种拉伸速率,分析了主要力学参数的变化规律,研究了不同拉伸速率下的膜材破坏模式及破坏机理.结果表明:不同拉伸速率下膜材主要力学参数的变化规律比较一致,表现出明显的各向异性;材料的抗拉强度与破坏模式密切相关,随着拉伸速率的增加,抗拉强度逐渐升高,且与拉伸速率的对数呈近似线性关系,这主要与材料应变能及编织结构有关;材料的破坏模式和断裂延伸率受拉伸速率的变化影响不明显.     

Effect of sintering temperature on aging resistance and mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP dental ceramic

In order to investigate the effect of sintering temperature on aging properties and mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP dental ceramic in simulated oral environment,3Y-TZP nanopowder compacts were pressurelessly sintered at 1 350 ℃,1 400 ℃,1 450 ℃,1 500 ℃,respectively,then were treated by soaking in artificial saliva(65 ℃,pH=7)for two months.The treated specimens sintered at 1 350 ℃ showed there was no phase transformation but whose strength and toughnesswere significantly improved(P<0.05),while those sintered at 1 400 ℃-1 500 ℃ revealed a small amount of phase transformation and insignifi cant mechanical reinforcement(P>0.05).No micro-cracks were detected but increment in lattice volume was found in all specimens.Lowering sintering temperature favors aging resistance and mechanical reinforcement of 3Y-TZP in a simulated oral environment.     

Size effect of fracture characteristics for anisotropic quasi-brittle geomaterials

Understanding the size effect exhibited by the fracture mechanism of anisotropic geomaterials is important for engineering practice. In this study, the anisotropic features of the nominal strength, apparent fracture toughness, effective fracture energy and fracture process zone(FPZ) size of geomaterials were first analyzed by systematic size effect fracture experiments. The results showed that the nominal strength and the apparent fracture toughness decreased with increasing bedding plane inclin...     

Analysis of the stress ratio of anisotropic rocks in uniaxial tests

The effect of structural discontinuities on the progressive failure process of anisotropic rocks should be paid particular attention.The crack damage stress σ_(cd),also considered as the yield strength,and the relationship between σ_(cd) and the uniaxial peak strength σ_(ucs) of anisotropic rocks for different orientations 8 of the isotropy planes with respect to the loading directions were investigated theoretically and experimentally.A theoretical relation of σ_(cd)/σ_(ucs) with the function of the shape parameter m was established.Additionally,uniaxial compression tests of shale samples were conducted for several inclinations θ.The test result of σ_(cd)/σ_(ucs) was close to the theoretical value for a given orientation.Furthermore,both experimental results and theoretical solutions of σ_(cd)/σ_(ucs) were independent of the inclination θ while σ_(cd) andσ_(ucs) were strongly affected by θ.The strength ratio σ_(cd)/σ_(ucs) may therefore be an intrinsic property of anisotropic rocks and could be used to predict the failure of rock samples.     

巷道周边裂纹应力强度因子的实验研究

岩爆是深埋地下工程在施工过程中常见的破坏现象,严重影响地下工程的安全施工。岩体裂纹尖端的应力强度因子对岩爆的发生有重要影响。使用一种无损的、全领域的平面应力实验分析技术——光弹性实验技术,通过分析试件的主应力差和主应力方向,并使用数值方法,讨论了当隧道围岩裂纹角度和荷载变化时,其尖端应力强度因子的变化情况。结果表明:1)在单轴压缩荷载作用下,裂纹尖端的应力强度因子随裂纹倾角的增加而增加,到达60°时开始下降,并且当倾角固定时,随荷载增加而增加;2)在围压作用下,倾角为45°时的裂纹为最不利裂纹,其应力强度因子最大。     

Investigation of the aeroacoustic behavior and aerodynamic noise of a high-speed train pantograph

As one of the main aerodynamic noise sources of high-speed trains, the pantograph is a complex structure containing many components, and the flow around it is extremely dynamic, with high-level turbulence. This study analyzed the near-field unsteady flow around a pantograph using a large-eddy simulation(LES) with high-order finite difference schemes. The far-field aerodynamic noise from a pantograph was predicted using a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)/Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H) acoustic analogy. The surface oscillating pressure data were also used in a boundary element method(BEM) acoustic analysis to predict the aerodynamic noise sources of a pantograph and the far-field sound radiation. The results indicated that the main aerodynamic noise sources of the pantograph were the panhead, base frame and knuckle. The panhead had the largest contribution to the far-field aerodynamic noise of the pantograph. The vortex shedding from the panhead generated tonal noise with the dominant peak corresponding to the vortex shedding frequency and the oscillating lift force exerted back on the fluid around the panhead.Additionally, the peak at the second harmonic frequency was associated with the oscillating drag force. The contribution of the knuckle-downstream direction to the pantograph aerodynamic noise was less than that of the knuckle-upstream direction of the pantograph, and the average sound pressure level(SPL) was 3.4 dBA. The directivity of the noise radiated exhibited a typical dipole pattern in which the noise directivity was obvious at the horizontal plane of θ=0°,the longitudinal plane of θ=120°,and the vertical plane of θ=90°.     

不同大变形等级下层理角度对层状软岩隧道的影响

为探究不同大变形等级下层理角度对层状软岩隧道的影响,依托九绵高速全线软岩大变形隧道,通过岩石力学试验确定遍布节理模型参数,基于数值模拟,探究不同软岩大变形等级（轻微、中等、强烈）下层理角度对层状软岩大变形隧道围岩及支护体系受力变形的影响,并通过现场统计的层理角度与大变形情况对数值模拟结果进行验证。结果表明：1）层理小角度（0°、15°）与大角度（90°）围岩变形、支护结构受力变形较大,随着大变形等级的增大,层理角度引起的围岩支护变化效果越明显。2）随着层理角度的增大,围岩变形从拱底逐渐转移到右拱腰。围岩变形主要发生在隧道轮廓与层理面相切位置,其中拱底及左拱脚对层理角度变化较敏感。3）初支应力偏向及节理塑性区大致与层理弱面法向一致,随着层理角度的增大,节理的剪切塑性区由拱顶、拱底转移到左拱脚、右拱肩,最终偏移到左右拱腰上下位置;相比初支压应力,初支拉应力对层理角度更敏感,垂直节理增大了张拉剪切破坏塑性区贯通的风险,但剪切破坏塑性区半径反而有可能减小。4）现场的统计规律表现为小角度与大角度大变形等级较高,层理角度为60°以下时,岩层破坏发生在拱腰及拱肩处,随着层理角度的增大,有向拱肩发展的...     

主应力方向对隧道稳定性影响规律的研究

采用模型实验方法和数值模拟方法探究了马蹄形隧道在不同方向主应力作用下围岩从初始损伤到完全破坏的全过程,归纳分析马蹄形隧道在不同方向主应力作用下的破坏规律。数值模拟方法采用最大拉应变准则,计算出隧道周边各点的相当应力,与模型实验结果吻合较好。结果表明,马蹄形隧道裂纹的产生和扩展大致沿主应力方向,马蹄形隧道围岩的破坏模式随主应力方向而改变。破坏应力的最大值出现在主应力与隧道成60°左右时,破坏应力的最小值则出现在主应力与隧道成45°左右和90°左右时,且45°左右方向的破坏应力与90°左右方向的破坏应力基本相同。     

应变速率对注浆体力学特性影响规律

为研究微震荷载作用下注浆加固体力学特性,以裂隙倾角30°、宽度4 mm的红砂岩裂隙注浆体为研究对象,借助岩石三轴伺服压力机进行变应变速率(10^-5 ~5×10^-3 s^-1)单轴压缩试验;然后从能量耗散、裂纹扩展及破坏形态等3个方面,分析变应变速率对注浆体力学特性的影响规律及机理. 研究表明:随着应变速率的增加,注浆体的峰值强度、弹性模量均随之而增大;且峰值强度与应变速率呈指数函数关系变化;注浆体受应变速率影响的响应分为敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变速率阶段,主要差异在于峰值强度变化率和弹性模量变化率;随着应变速率的增大,注浆体的总能量在增大;压密阶段是影响不同应变速率下注浆体力学特性的主要阶段;敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变率阶段中的压密阶段主要区别在于积散比大小,积散比进一步决定产生裂纹的多少和分布区域与规律;耗散能密度对注浆体破坏脱落面积以及粒径分布影响较大,耗散能密度越大,碎块越以大块为主(粒径大的比率逐渐增加),滞缓应变率阶段耗散能密度较敏感应变率阶段大,其破碎块体较敏感应变率阶段大. 研究在裂隙注浆加固体的变应变速率影响下力学特性,从能理原理、分形理论角度得到了其影响机理.     

Failure of rock under dynamic compressive loading

Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar（SHPB） test was simulated to investigate the distribution of the first principal stress and damage zone of specimen subjected to dynamic compressive load. Numerical models of plate-type specimen containing cracks with inclined angles of 0°,45° and 90° were also established to investigate the crack propagation and damage evolution under dynamic loading. The results show that the simulation results are in accordance with the failure patterns of specimens in experimental test. The interactions between stress wave and crack with different inclined angles are different; damage usually appears around the crack tips firstly; and then more damage zones develop away from the foregoing damage zone after a period of energy accumulation; eventually,the damage zones run through the specimen in the direction of applied loading and split the specimen into pieces.     

As-extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy fatigue crack propagation behavior

The fatigue crack propagation rate of as-extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy was studied. Compact tension [C(T)] of the notch direction parallel (T-L), vertical (L-T), and inclined at 45o to the extrusion direction was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the crack propagation direction is parallel to the extrusion direction for T-L and L-T specimens, whereas the specimen inclined at 45o has an angular deflection of 9° to 11° toward the extrusion direction. The T-L specimen has the fastest fatigue crack propagation rate, and the L-T specimen has the slowest rate, the fatigue crack propagation rate of the specimen inclined at 45o is between the two directions. The crack tip propagates by both transgranular and intergranular fractures. Fatigue fractures consist of cleavage plane or quasi-cleavage and are brittle fractures. The fatigue striation occurs for specimens inclined at 45o and its size is 3-15 μm.