Influential factors and control of water inrush in a coal seam as the main aquifer

In this paper, a combination of field measurement, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were used to study the main control factors of coal mine water inrush in a main aquifer coal seam and its control scheme. On the basis of revealing and analyzing the coal seam as the main aquifer in western coal mine of Xiao Jihan coal mine, the simulation software of PHASE-2D was applied to analyze the water inflow under different influencing factors. The results showed that water inflow increases logarithmically with the coal seam thickness, increases as a power function with the permeability coefficient of the coal seam, and increases linearly with the coal seam burial depth and the head pressure; The evaluation model for the factors of coal seam water inrush was gained by using nonlinear regression analysis with SPSS. The mine water inrush risk evaluation partition within the scope of the mining field was obtained,through the engineering application in Xiao Jihan coal mine. To ensure the safe and efficient production of the mine, we studied the coal mine water disaster prevention and control measures of a main aquifer coal seam in aspects of roadway driving and coal seam mining.     

新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出特征及控制因素分析

为了掌握煤与瓦斯突出的特征和控制因素,提高煤矿防突工作的针对性,本文通过统计分析了新安煤田内义煤集团的4个煤与瓦斯突出矿井近年来发生的瓦斯动力现象,综合分析得出新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出具有以小型突出为主、突出前有预兆并受作业方式诱导、突出点附近瓦斯质量体积和瓦斯压力高、易发生在掘进工作面和煤层变化带的特征;分析总结了埋藏深度、瓦斯赋存、地质构造、煤层厚度变化、构造软煤、作业工艺是控制新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出的主要因素,为该煤田防治煤与瓦斯突出提供了理论指导.     

河东煤田三交3号井田上煤组分布规律探讨

通过对河东煤田三交３号井田上煤组分析，上煤组４号煤层和５号煤层煤岩特征不同，４＃煤层以光亮部分为主，镜质组含量高，５＃煤层以暗淡部分为主，惰性组含量相对较高；４＃煤显微煤岩类型主要是微镜煤，５＃煤主要是微镜惰煤。４＃煤层局部受到上覆砂体的冲蚀变薄；５＃煤层厚度与下覆Ｋ３砂体呈一定的正相关性，４＃煤层硫分特低，５＃煤层硫分变化很大，大于０．５％的硫分含量与４＃～５＃煤层间黑色泥岩和Ｋ３砂岩厚度比呈正相关。     

△P index with different gas compositions for instantaneous outburst prediction in coal mines

In this study we measured the △P(initial speed of gas emission)index with different gas concentrations of carbon dioxide(pure CO2,90% CO2+10% CH4,67% CO2+33% CH4,50% CO2+50% CH4,30% CO2+10% CH4 and pure CH4)of coal samples from the No.2 coal seam in the Yaojie Coal Mine,Gansu province,China.The effect of carbon dioxide concentration,gas composition,coal strength and particle size of coal samples on the △P index was investigated.The experimental results show that with gas of various compositions,the △P value of three samples were clearly different.The △P index of coal samples A,B and C(0.2～0.25 mm)were 4,6 and 7 with pure CH4 and 22,30 and 21 when pure CH4 was used.Carbon dioxide concentration affects the△P index markedly.The △P index increases with an increase in carbon dioxide concentration,especially for coal B.Hence,the△P index and K(another outburst index)values tested only with pure CH4 for prediction of the danger of outburst is not accurate.It is important to determine the initial speed of gas emission given the gas composition of the coal seam to be tested for exact outburst prediction.     

Measurement of overburden failure zones in close-multiple coal seams mining

In the Kaiping Coal field, mining of five coal seams, located within 80 m in the Kailuan Group, #5, #7, #8,#9 and #12 coal seam, is difficult due to small interburden thickness, concentrated stress distributions,high coal seam metamorphism, and complex geological conditions. By using the ZTR12 geological penetration radar(GPR) survey combined with borehole observations, the overburden caving due to mining of the five coals seams was measured. The development characteristics of full-cover rock fractures after mining were obtained from the GPR scan, which provides a measurement basis for the control of rock strata in close multiple coal seam mining. For the first time, it was found that the overburden caving pattern shows a periodic triangular caved characteristic. Furthermore, it is proposed that an upright triangular collapsed pile masonry and an inverted triangular with larger fragments piled up alternately appear in the lower gob. The research results show that the roof structure formed in the gob area can support the key overlying strata, which is beneficial to ensure the integrity and stability of the upper coal seams in multiple-seam mining of close coal seams.     

Layout and support design of a coal roadway in ultra-close multiple-seams

A roadway within ultra-close multiple-seams(RUCMSs) is one of the most difficult supported coal roadways to deal with in underground coal mines. This is usually due to the unknown stress distributions, improper roadway layout, and unreasonable support parameters. In order to solve this support problem and effectively save RUCMSs from frequent and abrupt disasters(such as serious deformation of the surrounding rock, roof cave ins, and coal side collapse), a comprehensive method is adopted here which includes theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring. A mechanical model was constructed to determine the stress distribution in the coal pillar after two sides of a longwall panel had been mined. Based on this model, the horizontal, vertical, and tangential stress equations for the plane below the floor of the upper-left coal pillar were deduced. In addition, a typical coal mine(the Jinggonger colliery, located in Shuozhou city, Shanxi province, China) with an average distance between its 9# and 11# coal seams of less than 8.0 was chosen to conduct research on the proper layout and reasonable support required for a typical coal roadway located within coal seam 11#. Using FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) numerical software, eight schemes were designed with different horizontal distances(d) between the center lines of the coal pillar and the roadway in the lower coal seam(RLCS). The simulations and detailed analysis indicate that the proper distances required are between 22.5 and 27.5 m. A total of 20 simulation schemes were used to investigate the factors influencing the support provided by the key bolts(bolt length, spacing, distance between two rows, installation angle, and pre-tightening force). The results were analyzed and used to determine reasonable values for the support parameters. Field results show that the stability and strength of the RLCS can be effectively safeguarded using a combination of researched stress distribution characteristics, proper layout of the RLCS, and correct support parameters.     

近距离突出煤层群瓦斯治理技术优化的研究

近距离突出煤层群工作面受上下邻近煤层卸压瓦斯的影响,致使回采工作面瓦斯涌出量大、工作面回风隅角及回风巷中的甲烷传感器频繁报警,瓦斯治理消耗大量的人力、物力和时间,严重制约了矿井的安全生产。通过对几种瓦斯治理方案进行分析论证,得出将整个煤层群作为一个治理单元,统筹考虑,将煤层厚度、瓦斯含量相对较小的弱突出煤层作为关键保护层,配合打钻进行立体式抽采,实现上下递进保护,最大限度地抽采邻近煤层的卸压瓦斯的方案。现场实践结果表明,保护层工作面在回采期间瓦斯抽采率高达90%以上,回风隅角瓦斯浓度降至0.6%以下,回风巷风流中瓦斯浓度降至0.2%以下,工作面月平均回采长度由原来的120 m提高至200 m。同时,从根本上解决了被保护层工作面回采期间瓦斯带来的安全威胁。     

基于灰色关联与神经网络的瓦斯含量预测研究

为了解各影响因素对煤层瓦斯赋存规律的影响,准确预测煤层瓦斯含量,在分析潘一东勘探钻孔资料的基础上,基于灰色关联分析了影响13-1煤层瓦斯含量的各因素,确定了煤层埋深、顶板岩性、煤层厚度和地质构造是影响煤层瓦斯含量的主要因素;利用神经网络方法建立了煤层瓦斯含量预测模型,结合实际数据,对预测模型进行训练与检验。结果表明：预测精度较高,验证了基于灰色理论与神经网络预测模型的可靠性。     

基于液氮吸附实验的煤层夹矸孔隙结构特征研究

煤层夹矸存在孔隙,具有吸附气体的能力。为研究沁水盆地新景矿煤层夹矸孔隙特征,选择8#煤层夹矸和15#煤层夹矸进行液氮静态吸附法实验研究。根据实验结果对新景煤矿8#煤层夹矸和15#煤层夹矸孔隙结构特征中的比表面积、孔径、孔径占比进行分析。结果表明:新景8#煤层夹矸主要以微孔和小孔为主,微孔和小孔占总孔比的92%以上,新景15#煤层夹矸主要由微孔、小孔和中孔为主,微孔、小孔占67%,中孔占到32%左右。微孔、小孔孔径大小与比表面积和吸附量有较强的相关性。     

Technical scheme and application of pressure-relief gas extraction in multi-coal seam mining region

A pressure relief gas extraction technical model of a typical mining area is proposed based on coal and gas simultaneous extraction theory. Flac3 Dwas employed to model vertical stress and displacement contour plot characteristics of non-outburst coal seam(No. 4) on top of outburst coal seam(No. 2) along strike and incline directions. Field investigations were also conducted to verify the scientific nature of the simulation. The results demonstrate that gas pressure in No. 2 coal seam dropped to approximately 0.55 MPa in the pressure relief multi-coal seam. The highest expansion rate of the coal mine reached up to 2.58%.The pressure-relief angle was 76° along the incline direction and 60° along the strike direction. As the expansion rate and pressure-relief angle increased and the gas pressure decreased, a large amount of gas flowed into the gob of No. 4 from No. 2 coal seam and was later discharged through specific gas pipes,which eliminated No. 2 outburst risks. This study resulted in positive outcomes in that gas extraction time was reduced by 13.5 days, due to pressure relief, and drilling work load was reduced by 0.1161 m/t coal. This method ensures that gas is discharged from the outburst coal seam quickly and safely,demonstrating that the proposed technical model of pressure-relief gas extraction is effective in a multi-coal seam region.     

Time-domain characteristics of overlying strata failure under condition of longwall ascending mining

Ascending mining is one of the most effective ways to solve problems of water inrush, gas outburst and rock burst in coal seams mining. In order to reveal the law of motion and spatiotemporal relationship of overlaying strata, field measurement has been done in a mine. Long distance drillings were constructed from 4# coal seam to 6# coal seam at several certain typical positions, and movement and failure law of overlying strata after mining was analyzed by drilling video and observing the fluid leakage. Besides, we also analyzed the spatiotemporal development law of overlying strata failure with different mining heights and time intervals in the lower coal seam. The results show that: ascending mining is significantly affected by time-domain characteristics of overlaying strata failure after the lower coal seam’s mining, height equations of caving zone and fractured zone are given in this paper, and the feasibility of ascending mining was compartmentalized concretely according to the spatiotemporal relationship. Research methods and conclusions of this paper have certain referential significance for the study of ascending mining, mining under water, mining under building, mining under railway and stress-relief mining.     

倾斜煤层区段煤柱变形破坏规律

煤层倾角是影响区段煤柱稳定性的关键因素之一.利用理论分析、相似模拟、数值模拟等方法研究了倾斜煤层开挖后倾向覆岩结构演化特征、煤柱变形及失稳破坏形式.研究结果表明,0~45°范围内随着煤层倾角增大,区段煤柱发生剪切失稳破坏的可能性增大;煤柱两侧覆岩结构呈现不对称分布,煤柱上侧砌体梁结构形成层位较低,煤柱下侧形成冒空区,砌体梁结构形成层位高于上侧;与水平煤层煤柱破坏以挤压变形为主不同,倾斜煤柱以沿着弱面剪切滑移破坏为主;不同倾角煤层煤柱围岩变形量呈不对称分布,煤柱下侧围岩变形量大于上侧,煤层倾角越大煤柱围岩变形量不对称分布趋势越明显.     

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine, the universal discrete element (UDEC) software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4# coal seam. Besides, this study researched on the influence of face advancing length, speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones (HWFFZ), and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow. Based on those mentioned above, this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies: draining the roof water before mining, draining goaf water, reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness. These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the field, thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.     

煤层厚度变化区域矿震活动规律研究

为更有效地预防采掘期间深部煤层分叉或厚度变化区域冲击矿压的发生,以某矿回采工作面为工程实践背景,基于矿震活动在能量释放与震动频次方面的变化特征及在空间上的分布规律,分析了煤层分叉及煤层厚度变化对冲击矿压的影响。结果表明:在大能量矿震发生前,日震动频次连续处于高位而日释放能量较长时间维持低水平;在煤层厚度变化区域,矿震活动活跃,容易发生大能量矿震。通过对矿震进行"时间-空间"分析,可以确定矿震集中区域和能量积聚时间段,从而可对煤层厚度变化影响区域进行有针对性的卸压防冲工作。     

地面群孔瓦斯抽采技术应用研究

为保证新集一矿突出煤层13-1煤北中央采区的安全开采,先后开采131103、131105等11-2煤层工作面作为保护层。首先在上述两个工作面共布置了6个地面钻孔,建立了地面群孔瓦斯抽采系统,预抽采动区被保护层13-1煤瓦斯。接下来对地面钻孔抽采瓦斯参数进行了考察,主要包括基于示踪技术考察了131105工作面采动卸压地面钻孔走向及倾向瓦斯抽采半径,统计分析被保护层瓦斯抽采率,同时就地面群孔与井下底板巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采两种方法进行了抽采率、工程费用等方面的对比。研究结果表明：新集一矿的地层条件下地面钻孔抽采煤层卸压瓦斯沿煤层倾向和走向的抽采半径分别不小于160m和240m;采动区地面群孔瓦斯抽采率达35%以上;地面钻孔相对比井下底板巷,在抽采瓦斯方面具有技术上可靠、安全、经济等优点。     

煤层底板灰岩含水层突水危险性评价

在对某矿含水层富水性、地质构造、隔水层等影响底板突水因素综合分析的基础上,采用突水系数法和安全水头压力值对4号煤层底板主要灰岩含水层突水危险性进行了评价,分析结果表明,伏青灰岩水对-550m标高以下4号煤层的开采具有突水危险性,而对其他含水层均不构成突水威胁,这为矿井防治水和安全生产奠定了理论基础．     

Longwall mining automation horizon control:Coal seam gradient identification using piecewise linear fittingOA

Horizon control, maintaining the alignment of the shearer’s exploitation gradient with the coal seam gradient, is a key technique in longwall mining automation. To identify the coal seam gradient, a geological model of the coal seam was constructed using in-seam seismic surveying technology. By synthesizing the control resolution of the range arm and the geometric characteristics of the coal seam, a gradient identification method based on piecewise linear representation(PLR) is proposed. To achi...     

低可容空间河流三角洲沉积层序与聚煤模式

为了揭示低可容空间河流三角洲沉积背景下层序发育及聚煤特征,以鲁西南二叠系山西组为例进行了层序地层和聚煤作用研究.识别出强制海退(BFSR)造成的陆表侵蚀不整合面(SU)及其对应的整合面(CC*)、河流侵蚀面(RES)、古土壤层(PSS)、最大海退面(MRS)、海泛面(FS)、最大海泛面(MFS)7种层序界面,将煤系划分为12个准层序(2种准层序类型)、2个四级层序、1个三级层序,提出了低可容空间沉积背景下河流三角洲沉积体系聚煤模式.结果表明:低可容空间河流三角洲沉积背景下基准面与沉积界面基本一致,准层序以侵蚀面和海泛面为界并主要沉积于基准面上升半旋回;绝对海平面下降速率超过基底沉降速率是层序边界形成的主要驱动力;平面上聚煤中心位于下三角洲平原和间湾湖泊环境,指出剩余可容空间大小及新增可容空间产生速率是泥炭沉积的关键因素.     

含煤岩系层序地层分析的新认识--兼论河北南部晚古生代层序地层格架

讨论了煤系层序地层学研究方法及有关问题．认为聚煤作用实际上是海（湖）平面幕式、快速抬升过程中发生的,一些大面积或盆地范围分布的厚煤层多是在一次沉积幕期间的最大海（湖）泛期的沉积．同时还讨论了河北南部晚古生代含煤岩系层序地层特征．     

超临界CO2增透煤热流固耦合模型与数值模拟

针对中国绝大多数高瓦斯煤层渗透性低以及低渗透煤层强化抽采瓦斯效果不理想的现状,结合超临界CO₂强扩散和溶解增透孔隙介质等独特优点,依据超临界CO₂作用后煤微观孔裂隙的演化特征,得到煤微观孔隙率和渗透率演化方程,根据孔隙率的变化确定损伤变量,考虑体积应力、温度、孔隙压力及超临界CO₂溶解增透作用的影响,建立超临界CO₂作用后煤的热流固耦合力学模型,利用ABAQUS软件提供的场变量子程序,结合PYTHON脚本和子程序二次开发功能,实现低渗透煤层注超临界CO₂增透规律数值模拟。结果显示：超临界CO₂注入后,注气孔周围煤体内体积应力、温度及孔隙压力变化明显,随着距注气孔距离的增加,影响程度逐渐减弱,并趋于稳定;经超临界CO₂作用后,注气孔周围煤体内不断萌生新的孔裂隙,并与原有的孔裂隙相互贯通,随注气时间的延长各级孔裂隙不断向煤体纵深演化发展,煤微观孔隙率较注气前提高了2个数量级;超临界CO₂的致裂增透作用引起煤体不同程度的损伤,距注气孔越近,损伤程度越大,损伤增加越快,注气时间越长,损伤增加的幅度越大;煤微观孔裂隙的有效发育为煤层气的扩散渗流提供了更多的运移通道,使煤体渗透系数较注气前提高了3个数量级。