煤岩体中弹性比能分布的有限元计算分析

冲击地压发生的前提是矿山井巷和采场周围的煤岩体中储存了足够的弹性能．摸清围岩体中弹性能的分布规律是有效地进行冲击地压预测预报的前提，文中探讨了井巷和采场围岩体处于弹塑性变形状态下其弹性比能的计算方法，提出了用有限元法分析计算处于弹塑性变形状态下的煤岩体中弹性比能分布的理论与方法，以及产生冲击地压的弹性能判据．结果表明，蝶层巷道两帮煤体中弹性比能的最大值与采深的平方近似成正比，与其弹性模量近似成反比．对鲁村煤矿2217区段运输平巷的具体条件进行的有限元计算分析表明，该巷道不满足产生冲击地压的条件，与现场实际情况相吻合．     

A dynamic ejection coal burst model for coalmine roadway collapse

In this study, we established a dynamic ejection coal burst model for a coalmine roadway subject to stress, and held that the stress concentration zone at the roadway side is the direct energy source of this ejection. The formation and development of such burst undergoes three stages:(1) instability and propagation of the cracks in the stress concentration zone,(2) emerging of a layered energy storage structure in the zone, and(3) ejection of coal mass or coal burst due to instability. Moreover, we figured out the initial strength of periodic cracks is parallel to the maximal dominant stress direction in the stress concentration zone and derived from the damage strain energy within the finite area of the zone based on the Griffith energy theory. In addition, we analyzed the formation process of the layered energy storage structure in the zone, simplified it as a simply supported restraint sheet, and calculated the minimum critical load and the internally accumulated elastic energy at the instable state. Furthermore, we established a criterion for occurrence of the coal burst based on the variational principle, and analyzed the coal mass ejection due to instability and coal burst induced by different intensity disturbances. At last, with the stratum conditions of Junde Coalmine as the model prototype, we numerically simulated the load displacement distribution of the stress concentration zone ahead of the working face disturbed by the main roof-fracture-induced dynamic load during the mining process as well as their varying characteristics,and qualitatively verified the above model.     

A new criterion of coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index

To evaluate the coal burst proneness more precisely, a new energy criterion namely the residual elastic energy index was proposed. This study begins by performing the single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression tests with five pre-peak unloading stress levels to explore the energy storage characteristics of coal. Five types of coals from different mines were tested, and the instantaneous destruction process of the coal specimens under compression loading was recorded using a high speed camera. The results showed a linear relationship between the elastic strain energy density and input energy density, which confirms the linear energy storage law of coal. Based on this linear energy storage law, the peak elastic strain energy density of each coal specimen was obtained precisely. Subsequently, a new energy criterion of coal burst proneness was established, which was called the residual elastic energy index(defined as the difference between the peak elastic strain energy density and post peak failure energy density).Considering the destruction process and actual failure characteristics of coal specimens, the accuracy of evaluating coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index was examined. The results indicated that the residual elastic energy index enables reliable and precise evaluations of the coal burst proneness.     

顶板岩层对冲击矿压的影响规律研究

采用模拟试验方法研究了顶板岩层对煤体应力状态的影响,并根据震动能量对煤体的破坏效应和在岩体中的传播衰减规律,从能量角度分析了煤层上方不同厚度和强度的顶板岩层对煤体冲击的影响程度.结果表明,顶板释放的能量与岩层强度呈对数关系、与顶板厚度呈指数关系,坚硬、厚层顶板岩层会对煤体产生更为强烈的扰动,使冲击矿压危险性明显升高.另外,具有一定厚度和强度且距离煤层较近的老顶岩层运动产生的冲击载荷对煤体的影响作用较大.某矿一个工作面的冲击矿压防治工程实践表明,对该煤层上方的顶板岩层实施爆破弱化处理技术措施后,可有效降低工作面回采过程中的冲击危险性.     

Numerical simulation study on hard-thick roof inducing rock burst in coal mine

In order to reveal the dynamic process of hard-thick roof inducing rock burst, one of the most common and strongest dynamic disasters in coal mine, the numerical simulation is conducted to study the dynamic loading effect of roof vibration on roadway surrounding rocks as well as the impact on stability. The results show that, on one hand, hard-thick roof will result in high stress concentration on mining surrounding rocks; on the other hand, the breaking of hard-thick roof will lead to mining seismicity, causing dynamic loading effect on coal and rock mass. High stress concentration and dynamic loading combination reaches to the mechanical conditions for the occurrence of rock burst, which will induce rock burst. The mining induced seismic events occurring in the roof breaking act on the mining surrounding rocks in the form of stress wave. The stress wave then has a reflection on the free surface of roadway and the tensile stress will be generated around the free surface. Horizontal vibration of roadway surrounding particles will cause instant changes of horizontal stress of roadway surrounding rocks; the horizontal displacement is directly related to the horizontal stress but is not significantly correlated with the vertical stress; the increase of horizontal stress of roadway near surface surrounding rocks and the release of elastic deformation energy of deep surrounding coal and rock mass are immanent causes that lead to the impact instability of roadway surrounding rocks. The most significant measures for rock burst prevention are controlling of horizontal stress and vibration strength.     

A numerical study of rock burst development and strain energy release

We consider rock burst to be a dynamic disaster similar to earthquakes, rapid land sliding, or coal mine gas dynamic disasters. Multi-scale mechanical principles imply the same mechanism of damage evolution proceeds the catastrophe. Damage may occur at various scales from a meso-scopic scale to a macroscopic, or engineering scale. Rock burst is a catastrophe at the scale of the engineering structure, such as a tunnel cross section or the work face of a long wall mine. It results from dynamic fracture of the structure where microscopic damage nucleates, expands, and finally propagates into a macroscopic sized fracture band. Rock burst must, therefore, undergo a relatively long development, or gestation, time before its final appearance. In this paper, a study of rock burst within a deeply buried tunnel by numerical methods is described. The results show that during rock burst gestation the distributed microscopic damage in the rock surrounding the tunnel localizes, intersects, and then evolves into a set of concentrated “V” shaped damage bands. These concentrated damage bands propagate in the direction of maximum shear as shearing slide bands take shape. Rock burst happens within the wedge separated by the shear bands from the native tunnel rock. An analysis of the wedge fracture shows that the unloading effects result in rock burst and rapid release of the strain energy. The implications for rock burst prediction in tunnels are that: (1) rock burst develops in the upper arch corners of in the tunnel cross section prior to developing in other zones, so good attention must be paid there; (2) all monitoring, prevention, and treatment of rock burst should be done during the gestation phase; (3) the shear bands contain abundant information concerning the physics and mechanics of the process and they are the foundation of physical and mechanical monitoring of acoustic emission, micro seismic events, stress, and the like. Thus a special study of the shearing mechanism is required.     

Simulation of the relationship between roadway dynamic destruction and hypocenter parameters

Many factors can induce rock burst. Shock energy and shock distance are two key factors affecting rock burst. The 32101 roadway of the Xingcun coal mine, which has a tendency for rock burst, was used as an example. The dynamic module of Itasca's FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) 2D explicit finite-difference software was used to simulate the roadway's destruction. The vibration velocity and displacements of the rock surrounding the roadway were modeled for different shock energies and hypo-center distances. The simulation results indicate that the vibration velocity and displacement of rock surrounding the roadway have a quadratic relationship to the shock energy and a power law relationship to the distance of the hypocenter from the roadway. A dynamic view of the process was obtained from a series of "snap-shots" collected at 100 different time steps. This shows an isolat-ing "river" is first formed at the hypocenter. The region above the "river" is a low stress zone while below the "river" a high stress zone exists. This high stress zone surrounds the ribs of the roadway in a "double ear" pattern. Continuous and repeated action of the high stress in the "double ear" shaped zone destroys the roadway.     

受载煤体变形破裂表面电位效应及其机理的研究

矿井煤岩动力灾害如煤与瓦斯突出、冲击地压等是井下煤岩体在地应力作用下快速断裂破坏而引起的,在这些过程中会伴随有多种地球物理信号产生,对煤岩灾变伴生地球物理信号特征规律的研究,对于预测矿山灾害危险,保障矿山安全,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值.本文对受载煤体表面电位效应、规律、影响因素及其产生机理等方面进行了系统的研究.全文的主要成果及创新点如下:1)揭示了煤体在单轴压缩、拉伸、三点弯曲等不同加载方式下的表面电位特征及规律,发现煤体在不同受载破坏条件下都能够产生表面电位,并且表面电位与载荷及载荷变化率有较好的相关性,二者之间的相关系数在0.6～0.9以上;研究表明受载破坏煤体的内部电位与表面电位变化趋势基本一致,煤体内部电位在试件无宏观破裂时对载荷变化的反映比表面电位更显著和敏感.2)深入研究了不同因素(煤体电性参数、加载速率、水分等)对煤体表面电位的影响.结果表明:a.煤体受载时电阻率减小,电场在煤体中的损耗增加,对表面电位有削弱作用;b.煤体表面电位的产生与加载速率(即煤体结构损伤速率)有着直接的关系,加载速率越大,表面电位信号则越强;c.煤体中水分对表面电位有较大的影响,在较低应力水平(7%～21%σmax)下就会出现表面电位的峰值.3)对表面电位信号进行了R/S统计分析,其Hurst指数均大于0.5,煤体破坏过程中产生的表面电位信号与时间(载荷)之间呈现正相关性,即随煤体破坏电位信号在时间上呈增强趋势.4)受载煤体表面的应变场分布具有非均匀性和各向异性特征,煤体表面的电位场分布随加载过程而不断变化;表面电位集中点的连线与试样破裂面位置吻合较好,破坏时刻高电位点与低电位点以破裂面基本对称.5)煤体破裂是其中缺陷、裂隙在应力作用下分叉扩展、汇合、贯通的结果,煤体受载过程中裂隙面的摩擦起电作用、新生裂隙扩展壁面电荷分离等产生的自由电子为表面电位提供电荷源;基于损伤力学、电磁动力学等理论建立了有限边界煤体表面电位的统计损伤计算模型U(P)σ,并且建立了煤体破坏自由电荷累积与煤体本构关系之间的联系.6)现场测试结果表明:表面电位在时间上与周期来压同步,在空间上与工作面前方煤体应力场分布基本一致并随工作面推进同步前移;煤体表面电位对采掘空间电磁噪音的抗干扰能力较强,而煤层注水对其影响较大,现场测试中应避开.对表面电位的深入研究可望为评定矿山煤体应力状态及其稳定性、监测预报煤岩动力灾害提供一种新的方法和手段.     

Developing coal burst propensity index method for Australian coal mines

Coal burst is the violent failure of overstressed coal, and it is often accompanied by sound, coal ejection and seismic events. It is subsequently recognized as a serious safety risk of Australia after double fatalities coal burst happened at Austar Coal Mine. Considering the increasing trend of coal burst severity and frequency with mining depth, it is an urgent task to develop the coal burst risk assessment methods for Australia underground coal mines. Coal burst propensity index method is a widely used method of burst risk evaluation of coal as it is summed up from the coal burst research and practice of many countries.This paper presents the experimental and theoretical research of coal burst propensity index method for coal burst risk assessment in Australia. The definition of four indexes including elastic strain energy index(W_(ET)), bursting energy index(K_E), dynamic failure time(DT) and uniaxial compression strength(RC)is introduced in the first part. Then, the standard laboratory test process and test parameter of coal burst propensity index is presented. DT test is conducted with 0.3 mm/min displacement control loading rate while other test is with 0.5 mm/min. Besides, modified data processing and risk classification method of test are proposed. Differentiate analysis of stress-strain curve is adopted in the data processing of DT and KEindex. A four level risk classification form of burst risk is recommended for Australian underground coal mines. Finally, two likely improvement methods of W_(ET) test, including volumetric strain indicator method and theoretical calculation method, are discussed.     

煤层厚度变化区域矿震活动规律研究

为更有效地预防采掘期间深部煤层分叉或厚度变化区域冲击矿压的发生,以某矿回采工作面为工程实践背景,基于矿震活动在能量释放与震动频次方面的变化特征及在空间上的分布规律,分析了煤层分叉及煤层厚度变化对冲击矿压的影响。结果表明:在大能量矿震发生前,日震动频次连续处于高位而日释放能量较长时间维持低水平;在煤层厚度变化区域,矿震活动活跃,容易发生大能量矿震。通过对矿震进行"时间-空间"分析,可以确定矿震集中区域和能量积聚时间段,从而可对煤层厚度变化影响区域进行有针对性的卸压防冲工作。     

Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines

A number of rockburst accidents occurring in soft coal seams have shown that the rockburst mechanism involved in soft coal seams is significantly different from that involved in hard coal seams. Therefore, the method used to evaluate rockburst in hard coal seams is not applicable to soft coal seams. This paper established an energy integral model for the rockburst-inducing area and a friction work calculation model for the plastic area. If the remaining energy after the coal seam is broken in the rockburstinducing area is greater than the friction work required for the coal to burst out, then a rockburst accident will occur. Mechanisms of ‘‘quaking without bursting" and ‘‘quaking and bursting" are clarified for soft coal seams and corresponding control measures are proposed as the optimization of roadway layouts and use of ‘‘three strong systems"(strong de-stressing, strong supporting, and strong monitoring).     

软煤应变强度硬化冲击灾变

煤与瓦斯突出软煤层不具冲击倾向性,但在深部开采中却发生了软煤层冲击灾变动力现象.为探索软煤冲击灾变的成因,通过文献研究和工程案例实证分析,证明了软煤层冲击灾变现象的客观存在;通过煤样无侧限单轴压缩试验和冲击倾向性测定,得知试验煤样无冲击倾向性,极限载荷后单调应变强度软化;模拟工程背景现场与掘进工作面和采煤工作面中部相同的边界约束和加载条件,开展单自由度边界承压试验,考察灾变全程应力、应变、声发射特征,研究软煤冲击灾变机理.结果表明:单自由度边界条件下加载,3个煤样均出现应变强度软化-硬化-灾变过程,甚至反复软化-硬化;经应变强度硬化,灾变前煤样抗压强度均超过冲击倾向性的阈值条件;定义了应变强度软化、应变强度硬化系数,灾变前应变强度硬化系数分别为1. 26,1. 53,2. 25,应变强度硬化程度比较显著;软煤在单自由度约束条件下承压,应变硬化达到煤样冲击破坏强度条件时,可发生类似硬煤的冲击灾变,合理解释了现场软煤层冲击灾变的成因.深部高应力条件下,煤与瓦斯突出软煤掘进和开采,要对应变强度硬化导致煤层冲击灾变引起重视;工程上,这种冲击灾变的强度一般不高,但其可诱导煤与瓦斯突出或瓦斯异常涌出,危害性很高.     

高压注水防治瓦斯突出试验研究

严重突出地区煤巷掘进,采取超前排放钻孔等防突措施后,掘进期间瓦斯涌出量大、易超限,影响掘进速度和施工安全.高压注水综合防突措施可有效防治煤与瓦斯突出,降低巷道掘进期间瓦斯涌出,保证施工安全,提高掘进速度.     

Rock burst risk evaluation based on equivalent surrounding rock strength

On-site investigations consistently show that the rock burst inherent to coal seams varies greatly with coal seam thickness. In this study, impact factors related to coal seam thickness and surrounding rock strength were analyzed and a corresponding rock burst risk assessment method was constructed. The model reflects the influence of coal seam thickness on the stress distribution of surrounding rock at the roadway. Based on the roadway excavation range, a stress distribution model of surrounding roadway rock is established and the influence of coal seam thickness on rock burst risk is analyzed accordingly. The proposed rock burst risk assessment method is based on the equivalent surrounding rock strength and coal seam bursting liability. The proposed method was tested in a 3500 mining area to find that it yields rock burst risk assessment results as per coal seam thickness that are in accordance with real-world conditions. The results presented here suggest that coal seam thickness is a crucial factor in effective rock burst risk assessment.     

Gas-solid coupling laws for deep high-gas coal seams

A better understanding of gas-solid coupling laws for deep, gassy coal seams is vital for preventing the compound dynamic disasters such as rock burst and gas outburst. In this paper, a gas-solid coupling theoretical model under the influence of ground stress, gas pressure, and mining depth is established and simulated by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Research results indicate that under the influence of factors such as high ground stress and gas pressure, the mutual coupling interaction between coal and gas is much more significant, which leads to the emergence of new characteristics of gas compound dynamic disasters. Reducing the ground stress concentration in front of the working face can not only minimize the possibility of rock burst accidents, which are mainly caused by ground stress, but also can weaken the role of ground stress as a barrier to gas, thereby decreasing the number of outburst accidents whose dominant factor is gas. The results have a great theoretical and practical significance in terms of accident prevention, enhanced mine safety, disaster prevention system design, and improved accident emergency plans.     

华亭煤田冲击地压定向解危技术

针对华亭煤田各煤矿冲击地压显现时底板鼓起严重的现象,采用横向(巷道横截面)卸压和纵向(沿巷道走向)卸压相结合的方式来消除冲击危险.在巷道两脚布置钻孔,水平应力在钻孔上分解后形成的静摩擦力会挤压底板使之向下运动,并通过两侧钻孔卸压爆破形成底板裂隙区来隔断底板深部传来的应力;同时在巷道中每隔一段距离设置一个破碎带,破碎带起到"弹簧体"的作用,吸收沿巷道走向方向水平应力所带来的能量.研究表明,经计算定向解危方法吸收能量(10~8J)远大于微震系统已经测得的矿区冲击危险源产生的能量级别(10~6J),对底板型的冲击地压现象能够起到很好的防治作用.现场实施情况良好,有效减轻了煤矿巷道底板鼓起的现象.     

A review of the geomechanics aspects of a double fatality coal burst at Austar Colliery in NSW,Australia in April 2014

A coal burst occurred on 15 April, 2014 at the Austar Coal Mine, located west of Newcastle, NSW,Australia. The burst resulted in fatal injuries to two men working as part of the mining crew at the development face. At the time, a continuous miner was being used to mine a longwall development gate road through heavily structured coal, at a depth of approximately 550 m. A number of pre-cursor bumps had occurred on previous shifts, emanating from the coal ribs of the roadway, in proximity to the coal face.This paper reviews the geological, geotechnical and mining conditions and circumstances leading up to the coal burst event; and presents and discusses the available evidence and possible interpretations relating to the geomechanical behaviour mechanisms that may have been critical factors in this incident. The paper also discusses some key technical and operational considerations of ground support systems and mining practices and strategies needed for operating in such conditions in the future.     

Mechanism of energy limit equilibrium of rock burst in coal mine

With the increase of mining depth, the effect of rock burst on coal mining is becoming more and more obvious and the rock burst mechanism becomes more and more complicated. Scholars from many countries had put forward different mechanisms, but no one gave a reasonable explanation to the mechanism of rock burst. In this paper, based on the energy theories, we studied the energy limit equilibrium (ELE) of coal mine rock burst. The coal seam with rock burst is divided into energy limit equilibrium zone (ELEZ) (A) and elastic zone (B); we also determined the position where the rock burst occurs, including the roof and floor of coal seams; in addition, we derived the limit width of ELEZ and the mathematic relationship between the limit width and occurrence mechanism of rock burst: the energy difference function (EDF), w(x) = wJ - wp because first-order derivative w'(x), is less than 0. So EDF is a monotonically decreasing function. The graph of the energy difference function was also determined,through which we analysed the occurrence mechanism of rock burst.     

突出矿井深部新水平开采瓦斯综合治理模式研究

针对矿井浅部瓦斯治理模式已不能保障深部采区安全高效生产的现状,提出一种适宜矿井深部新水平开采的瓦斯综合治理模式.工作面消突采用底板岩巷穿层钻孔预抽煤巷条带瓦斯;底板岩巷布置“一巷多用”,在工作面回采工程中可兼做回风巷、尾抽巷、措施巷;回采工作面采用沿空留巷Y型通风综合治理瓦斯.其中,顺层钻孔预抽本煤层瓦斯,高位钻场顶板走向钻孔抽采裂隙带瓦斯,上隅角、尾巷埋管抽采采空区瓦斯,形成矿井三维立体瓦斯抽采体系.     

初始释放瓦斯膨胀能与煤层瓦斯压力的关系

根据突出模拟实验中出现突出时初始释放瓦斯膨胀能的临界值，可以确定煤层发生突出需要达到的瓦斯压力临界值．本文通过现场钻取煤样，并在试验室进行了不同瓦斯压力下的初始释放瓦斯膨胀能测定，发现煤样的初始释放瓦斯膨胀能与煤中的瓦斯压力呈线性关系．根据这一发现，石门揭煤之前的预排瓦斯过程中，只要用少量的实验就可以确定局部煤层瓦斯压力应该降到多少就可以安全揭开煤层，为石门揭煤进行突出预测和预排瓦斯过程中定量检测其防突效果提供了一种方便可靠的方法.