卷烟纸参数对细支卷烟烟气常规成分释放量的影响

为研究细支卷烟卷烟纸参数(定量、透气度、助燃剂中钾钠比,以及麻浆、灰分和助燃剂的质量分数)对烟气常规成分释放量的影响,根据国内外细支烟用卷烟纸的设计特点进行了样品设计和制作,分析了细支烟卷烟纸参数对烟气常规成分释放量的影响,并与常规卷烟进行了对比。结果表明:(1)透气度、助燃剂质量分数、钾钠比与细支烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO的释放量呈现强的负相关关系。相同的助燃剂质量分数和钾钠比增加幅度,细支烟焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的降低率比常规卷烟大;相同的透气度增加幅度,常规卷烟焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的降低率比细支烟大。(2)卷烟纸定量与细支烟焦油和烟碱的释放量具有一定的负相关关系,与CO释放量具有一定的正相关关系。相同的定量增加幅度,细支烟焦油和烟碱释放量降低率比常规卷烟大,细支烟CO释放量降低率与常规卷烟基本一致。(3)麻浆和灰分的质量分数与细支烟焦油释放量均具有一定负相关关系,与烟碱和CO的释放量不相关;常规卷烟卷烟纸麻浆和灰分质量分数对烟气常规成分释放量影响不明显。     

烟丝含水率对细支卷烟的影响

考察了烟丝含水率对细支卷烟烟支物理性能、烟支内部烟丝结构分布、烟支静燃速率、抽吸时燃烧锥落头率、卷烟主流烟气释放和感官质量的影响。结果表明,细支卷烟烟丝含水率为11.5%~13.8%,在卷烟单重一致的情况下,烟丝结构分布、卷烟抽吸时燃烧锥落头率以及感官抽吸品质受烟丝含水率影响大。烟丝含水率增大,烟丝抗造碎性能增强,烟支中大尺寸烟丝所占比例增加,烟末减少,卷烟抽吸时燃烧锥落头现象明显减轻;烟丝含水率从11.5%增加到12.9%,燃烧锥落头率可从65%降低至30%。烟丝含水率过高会导致卷烟烟气浓度减小,满足感降低。此外,烟丝含水率增大,细支卷烟的烟支硬度、烟支静燃速率、烟气焦油和烟碱释放量也会发生细微的变化。综上,建议细支卷烟生产过程中烟丝含水率尽量控制在12.5%~12.9%。     

在线激光打孔卷烟通风率与卷烟理化指标的关系

利用在线激光打孔设备制作通风率不同的混合型卷烟和烤烟型卷烟,考察通风率对两种卷烟物理指标、常规烟气释放量的影响.结果表明:两种卷烟的总通风率、滤嘴通风率均与卷烟质量呈正相关,与吸阻呈负相关,且通风率越高,滤嘴通风率对总通风率的贡献越大;两种卷烟的总通风率、滤嘴通风率均与烟气烟碱、焦油和CO释放量呈显著负相关,影响大小依次为CO释放量焦油释放量烟碱释放量.根据卷烟烟气指标设计,可先计算总通风率,再通过调整在线激光打孔参数来满足卷烟产品设计要求.     

卷烟纸助燃剂对卷烟燃烧特性及主流烟气中CO释放量的影响

为了考察卷烟纸助燃剂对卷烟燃烧特性及主流烟气中CO释放量的影响,探讨了卷烟纸助燃剂的类型、用量、含钾比例与卷烟燃烧主流烟气中CO的释放量、卷烟燃烧特性之间的相关性。结果表明,卷烟纸助燃剂用量与卷烟的阴燃温度、烟碱量、焦油量具有相关性,提高助燃剂用量能提高卷烟燃烧时的阴燃温度、加快烟支的燃烧速度,且烟碱量和焦油量随之减少;保持卷烟纸助燃剂用量不变,助燃剂中的含钾比例与烟气常规成分和卷烟燃烧温度无明显相关性;卷烟纸助燃剂的类型、用量、含钾比例与CO释放量无明显相关性,CO释放量与卷烟燃烧时低温区域面积和高温区域面积的比值R具有强烈的正相关。     

爆珠滤棒设计参数对卷烟通风率及主流烟气成分的影响

为进一步拓宽爆珠滤棒设计思路,制备了不同爆珠直径和位置的爆珠滤棒和卷烟样品,分析了爆珠滤棒设计参数对常规卷烟主要物理指标、主流烟气常规指标及烟碱过滤效率的影响。结果表明:①随爆珠直径的增加,烟支滤嘴通风率和吸阻的升高幅度分别可达28.4%和28.1%;卷烟焦油和烟碱释放量分别降低6.8%和3.3%,烟碱过滤效率升高幅度达15.8%。②随爆珠距唇端距离的增加,滤嘴通风率和过滤效率在爆珠位置与打孔位置较近时达到最小。③爆珠破碎后,烟支吸阻显著降低,幅度可达210 Pa;焦油和烟碱释放量最大分别可升高1.9和0.08 mg/支,烟碱过滤效率降低16.3%。④随爆珠直径的增加,爆珠破碎后,烟支滤嘴通风率和总通风率整体降低,烟支吸阻呈增加趋势;烟碱和焦油释放量逐渐增加。⑤随爆珠距唇端距离的增加,爆珠破碎后,焦油和烟碱的释放量逐渐增加,过滤效率逐渐减小,并在爆珠距离打孔位置较近时出现极值。      

应用含纳米贵金属催化材料降低卷烟烟气中CO技术研究

本研究利用常温多相催化氧化CO为CO₂的原理,在国际上首次研制出了适合于烟草工业应用的含纳米贵金属催化材料和二元复合滤棒,进行了降低卷烟烟气中CO的试验研究。系统地研究了材料制备方法、活性组分、焙烧温度和活性组分担载量对催化材料催化性能的影响,确定了较佳的催化材料制备方法和条件。确定了二元复合滤棒是适合于降低卷烟烟气中CO的工艺添加方式。研究了催化材料粒度和添加量以及添加助剂对降低卷烟烟气中CO的影响,确定了较佳的催化材料的组成和工艺参数。应用最终确定的含纳米工具书催化材料制作的二元复合滤棒接装试验卷烟,与对照卷烟相比,普通卷烟的CO释放量可降低26.9%,低侧流卷烟的CO释放量可降低45.4%,并且卷烟感官质量基本保持不变。应用研究成果研制开发了一种低焦油、低CO烤烟型卷烟,焦油、CO和烟碱的释放量分别为10.0mg/支、9.1mg/支和0.93mg/支,符合欧盟对低释放量卷烟的规定。      

不同长度、圆周、切丝宽度卷烟主流烟气常规指标释放量及其变化

为评价不同烟支长度、圆周及切丝宽度对卷烟主流烟气化学成分释放量的影响,以3种切丝宽度的单一叶组配方制备的5种圆周、4种长度的卷烟为研究对象,分析了ISO抽吸模式下的主流烟气常规指标,并考察了其单位焦油、单位烟碱、单位燃烧烟丝质量释放量的变化规律.结果表明:①切丝宽度和烟支圆周相同时,卷烟主流烟气各常规指标的实测值随烟支...     

“三丝”掺兑量对卷烟主流烟气有害成分释放量的影响

为考察膨胀梗丝、膨胀烟丝或再造烟叶(简称“三丝”)掺兑量对主流烟气有害成分释放量的影响规律,在控制烟支硬度一致的条件下,制备了15种不同“三丝”掺兑量的卷烟,对其烟丝重量、吸阻、抽吸口数及主流烟气中焦油、烟碱、CO、氢氰酸、NNK、氨、BaP、苯酚、巴豆醛的释放量进行了测定,并建立了“三丝”掺兑量与上述有害成分释放量的回归方程.结果表明:①膨胀梗丝、膨胀烟丝或再造烟叶掺兑量增加10％,烟丝重量分别减少约1.8％,31％和1.3％,卷烟抽吸口数均减少约0.4口;膨胀梗丝或膨胀烟丝掺兑量增加10％,卷烟吸阻均增加约3.0％;②随着膨胀梗丝掺兑量增加,CO和巴豆醛释放量增加,其它7项有害成分释放量降低;随着膨胀烟丝掺兑量增加,巴豆醛释放量增加,焦油、烟碱、CO、BaP、氨和苯酚释放量降低;随着再造烟叶掺兑量增加,巴豆醛释放量增加,焦油、烟碱、氢氰酸、BaP、氨和苯酚释放量降低;③通过增加膨胀梗丝、膨胀烟丝或再造烟叶掺兑量,可以选择性降低卷烟主流烟气中的BaP、氨和苯酚.     

辅助材料设计参数对细支卷烟感官质量和主流烟气常规化学成分释放量的影响

为考察辅助材料设计参数对细支卷烟感官质量和主流烟气常规成分释放量的影响,制备了不同卷烟纸透气度、卷烟纸定量、丝束规格和接装纸透气度细支卷烟,对其感官质量进行评价,并测定了主流烟气常规化学成分的释放量。结果表明:(1)卷烟纸透气度对细支卷烟感官质量的影响较小,随着卷烟纸透气度的增加,主流烟气常规成分的释放量均呈降低趋势;(2)随着卷烟纸定量的增加,细支卷烟感官质量呈下降趋势,烟气焦油和烟气烟碱释放量呈降低趋势,烟气CO释放量基本无差异;(3)与6.0/17 000规格丝束相比,8.0/15 000规格丝束细支卷烟的感官质量有所提升,焦油、CO、烟碱释放量均为8.0/15 0006.0/17 000;(4)随着接装纸透气度的增加,细支卷烟感官质量先升高后略有下降,感官质量总分排序为500 CU600 CU400 CU,烟气常规成分释放量均呈降低趋势。通过优化设计相应的辅助材料设计参数,有助于提升细支卷烟的感官质量,降低焦油和CO释放量。     

细支与常规卷烟主流烟气常规指标及中性致香成分对比分析

为了解细支卷烟主流烟气成分的释放特征,以叶组相同的细支和常规卷烟为研究对象,从单支卷烟和单位焦油的角度考察了两种规格卷烟常规烟气指标及粒相物中中性致香成分的差异。结果表明:(1)对于单支卷烟烟气成分释放量而言,细支卷烟TPM、烟碱、焦油、CO、水分、单口烟碱、单口焦油以及各中性致香成分的分析结果均低于常规卷烟。(2)以单位焦油计,细支卷烟大多数中性致香成分的释放量与常规卷烟基本一致。细支卷烟2(5H)-呋喃酮、3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、苯乙酮、愈创木酚、5-乙酰氧基甲基-2-糠醛、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚和亚油酸甲酯的单位焦油释放量显著高于常规卷烟。细支卷烟1-戊烯-3-酮、丙酮酸甲酯、2-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮、柠檬烯和2,3-二甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮的单位焦油释放量显著低于常规卷烟。(3)细支与常规卷烟多种物理指标(烟支圆周、烟丝质量、滤嘴通风率、吸阻等)和热解反应的不同协同导致了卷烟常规烟气指标及中性致香成分分析结果的差异。     

Effects of low nicotine content cigarettes on smoke intake.

Cigarettes with selective reductions in nicotine delivery have been considered as potential tools to prevent or treat nicotine dependence or to reduce harm by virtue of reduced nicotine and nitrosamine delivery. An important question is whether individuals smoke these products more intensively, as has been shown to occur with ventilated-filter cigarettes. To investigate this issue, we compared conventional highly ventilated filter cigarettes, having very low tar and nicotine yields when smoked by Federal Trade Commission method (1 mg tar, 2 mg carbon monoxide [CO],.2 mg nicotine), with low nicotine content cigarettes, manufactured from a genetically modified strain of tobacco, which had higher tar but lower nicotine yield (14 mg tar, 13 mg CO,.02 mg nicotine). A total of 16 cigarette smokers participated in two 8-hr sessions (order counterbalanced) during which they smoked each type of cigarette ad libitum. Expired-air CO, plasma nicotine, and smoking topography measures were collected. Subjects showed significant increases in smoking when using the highly ventilated filter cigarettes, and puff volume was significantly greater than with the low nicotine content cigarettes. Subjects achieved an expired-air CO level 74% as high as with the low nicotine content cigarettes; the latter produced CO levels similar to those measured at baseline when subjects smoked their habitual brands of cigarettes. Plasma nicotine levels obtained when subjects smoked the highly ventilated filter cigarettes also were significantly higher than when they smoked the low nicotine content cigarettes. These results indicate that the delivery of substantial amounts of smoke, with selective reductions in nicotine yield, appears to prevent compensatory smoking behavior. Further studies should determine whether similar results are obtained in naturalistic environments.     

卷烟燃烧包灰与烟丝化学成分的关系

为揭示卷烟燃烧包灰与烟丝化学成分的关系,利用卷烟包灰检测仪测定了 84种卷烟样品在ISO抽吸条件下的灰色值、裂口率、缩灰率、炭线宽度、炭线整齐度和燃烧速率,并采用统计分析方法研究了卷烟包灰指标和燃烧速率与烟丝化学成分之间的关系.结果表明:①钾元素质量分数(αK)、钾氯元素质量比(mK/mCl)、钾硫元素质量比(mK/m...     

抽吸模式对纸打孔细支卷烟烟气释放量的影响

为研究卷烟纸打孔细支卷烟的主流烟气,测定不同卷烟纸打孔参数的细支卷烟在ISO和HCI 2种模式下焦油和烟碱逐口释放量。结果表明:(1)ISO模式下卷烟纸打孔细支卷烟样品的焦油释放量有不同程度降低,而烟碱释放量变化幅度不明显;(2)HCI模式下,纸打孔样品焦油和烟碱总释放量均有不同程度升高,卷烟纸打孔对细支卷烟焦油和烟碱总释放量有不利影响;(3)前3口焦油增长率的变化反映了ISO模式下焦油逐口释放量的变化趋势较HCI模式大;(4)ISO模式下,纸打孔卷烟总烟碱/焦油比均大于对照样,且在打孔数目相同的情况下,总烟碱/焦油比随孔带宽度增加而增加,孔带宽度相同时,烟碱/焦油比随打孔数目增加而升高。而HCI模式下打孔卷烟与对照样烟碱/焦油比未呈现明显的变化规律。     

基于材料参数的中支烟烟气常规成分释放量预测模型

为建立基于材料参数的中支烟烟气常规成分释放量预测模型,采用中心组合结合正交试验设计方法设计了不同材料参数样品,使用线性回归和逐步回归方法构建了中支烟烟气总粒相物、焦油、烟碱、CO和水分释放量以及烟支开式吸阻和总通风率等7个预测模型,根据统计学原理中交叉验证标准差（RMSECV）最小及预测值与实测值线性相关系数最大的原则筛选出最优预测模型。采用市售中支烟对各预测模型进行了验证。结果表明:7个模型的预测精度良好,总粒相物、焦油、烟碱、CO、水分释放量以及烟支开式吸阻和总通风率平均预测相对偏差分别为4.0%、2.1%、6.0%、4.5%、8.3%、6.6%和3.2%,且对于不同配方、辅材参数的中支烟具有较好的适用性。      

卷烟纸罗纹对卷烟燃烧温度和烟气常规成分的影响

为探讨卷烟纸罗纹参数变化对卷烟燃烧温度和烟气常规成分的影响,对不同参数卷烟进行卷烟燃烧锥温度和主流烟气常规成分的测定。结果发现:卷烟纸罗纹形式、罗纹强度和压纹方式对卷烟燃烧温度和卷烟常规烟气成分有不同程度影响;采用无罗纹卷烟纸、浅罗纹卷烟纸、正压卷烟纸的卷烟,其燃烧最高温、抽吸最高温平均温度、抽吸平均温度、阴燃平均温度、峰值平均值较高,烟气CO释放量较低;烟气中焦油、CO与抽吸燃烧锥最高温平均值呈现显著负相关关系。卷烟纸罗纹参数优化设计可改变卷烟燃烧温度,降低主流烟气焦油和CO释放量。      

Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes

Objective: Survey of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) smoke deliveries from 77 cigarette brands purchased in 35 countries was conducted using a standardised machine smoking method. The goal of this study was to determine regional variations and differences in the tar, nicotine, and CO smoke yields of a cigarette brand manufactured by a leading transnational corporation and of non-US locally popular cigarette brands.

Design: The majority of the cigarettes were purchased in each of the participating countries by delegate members of the World Health Organization and forwarded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis. Smoke deliveries were determined using a standardised smoking machine method and subsequent gravimetric and gas chromatography analysis.

Results: The smoke deliveries varied widely. Mainstream smoke deliveries varied from 6.8 to 21.6 mg tar/cigarette, 0.5 to 1.6 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 5.9 to 17.4 mg CO/cigarette. In addition to the smoke deliveries, the cigarettes were examined to determine physical parameters such as filter composition, length, and ventilation levels.

Conclusion: Analysis of the smoke deliveries suggested that cigarettes from the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific WHO regions tended to have higher tar, nicotine, and CO smoke deliveries than did brands from the European, American, or African WHO regions surveyed.

     

卷烟纸自然透气度对卷烟物理性能及烟气量的影响

为探讨卷烟纸自然透气度对卷烟物理性能及烟气量的影响情况 ,采用国标方法检测了卷烟纸自然透气度分别为 4 0、5 0、6 0、70、80CU时烟支的质量 (g)、圆周、卷烟稀释率、烟支段稀释率、开式吸阻、闭式吸阻、烟气总粒相物、焦油量、烟碱量、一氧化碳量、烟支抽吸口数、静燃速率等 12个理化指标 ,并得到卷烟纸自然透气度与各指标的相关方程。结果表明 ,卷烟纸自然透气度对卷烟的一些物理指标如烟支质量 (g)、圆周、开式吸阻和闭式吸阻影响不大 ,但对卷烟稀释率和烟支段稀释率有影响 ,分别与两者成线性关系 ;卷烟的抽吸口数随卷烟纸自然透气度的增加而减少 ,但当卷烟纸自然透气度超过70CU时 ,卷烟的抽吸口数减少已不明显 ;卷烟的静燃速率随卷烟纸自然透气度的增加而呈上升趋势 ,但增加幅度随卷烟纸自然透气度的增加而减少 ;卷烟烟气中总粒相物、焦油量、烟碱量、一氧化碳量随着卷烟纸自然透气度的增加逐渐减少 ,但当卷烟纸自然透气度超过 70CU时 ,烟气中总粒相物、焦油量的减少已不明显 ,烟气中的烟碱量和一氧化碳量随卷烟纸自然透气度增加基本上呈线性降低。     

卷烟表观燃烧性能质量状况分析

为了全面了解卷烟表观燃烧性能质量状况,对近年来代表性规格的卷烟产品进行了燃烧过程外观形貌和落头倾向测试,基于对测试结果数据的挖掘,从产品设计和原辅材料角度对表观燃烧性能进行了分析.结果表明:①所挑选的436个市售卷烟样品总体燃烧锥落头倾向1.58％,其中中支烟落头倾向最低,细支烟最高.烟支硬度大、卷烟纸透气度60 CU...     

Do increases in cigarette prices lead to increases in sales of cigarettes with high tar and nicotine yields?

We used scanner data on cigarette prices and sales collected from supermarkets across the United States from 1994 to 2004 to test the hypothesis that cigarette prices are positively correlated with sales of cigarettes with higher tar and nicotine content. During this period the average inflation-adjusted price for menthol cigarettes increased 55.8%. Price elasticities from multivariate regression models suggest that this price increase led to an increase of 1.73% in sales-weighted average tar yields and a 1.28% increase in sales-weighted average nicotine yields for menthol cigarettes. The 50.5% price increase of nonmenthol varieties over the same period yielded an estimated increase of 1% in tar per cigarette but no statistically significant increase in nicotine yields. An ordered probit model of the impact of cigarette prices on cigarette strength (ultra-light, light, full flavor, unfiltered) offers an explanation: As cigarette prices increase, the probability that stronger cigarette types will be sold increases. This effect is larger for menthol than for nonmenthol cigarettes. Our results are consistent with earlier population-based cross-sectional and longitudinal studies showing that higher cigarette prices and taxes are associated with increasing consumption of higher-yield cigarettes by smokers.