Evaluation of motor characteristics for hybrid electric vehicles using the hardware-in-the-loop concept

If the concept of Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) is applied to component testing, characteristic of component of hybrid electric vehicle in real vehicle environment can be evaluated without actually installing that component in real vehicle. In this paper, when commercially available test motor is adopted as a drivetrain of hybrid vehicle, we need to figure out which drive train configuration would be best for specific purpose. The characteristic of the motor when it is installed in the vehicle at different drive train and driving mode can be simulated and actual characteristic can be measured. Also both results can be compared. For the hardware characteristic measurement, test facility which consists of vehicle simulator and dynamometer is required. In this case, vehicle controller in the vehicle simulator is used as a vehicle controller and dynamometer is used to simulate vehicle dynamics. Two drive train types, 4-motor series, and 2-motor parallel type are proposed. Vehicle speed tracks driving cycle speed command well in both simulation and HIL implementation.     

Propulsion system design of electric and hybrid vehicles

There is a growing interest in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles due to environmental concerns. Efforts are directed toward developing an improved propulsion system for electric and hybrid-electric vehicles applications. This paper is aimed at developing the system design philosophies of electric and hybrid vehicle propulsion systems. The vehicles' dynamics are studied in an attempt to find an optimal torque-speed profile for the electric propulsion system. This study reveals that the vehicles' operational constraints, such as initial acceleration and grade, can be met with minimum power rating if the power train can be operated mostly in the constant power region. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the importance of the constant power operation. Operation of several candidate motors in the constant power region are also examined. Their behaviors are compared and conclusions are made     

Mechatronic design and control of hybrid electric vehicles

The work in this paper presents techniques for design, development, and control of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Toward these ends, four issues are explored. First, the development of HEV is presented. This synopsis includes a novel definition of degree of hybridization for automotive vehicles. Second, a load-leveling vehicle operation strategy is developed. In order to accomplish the strategy, a fuzzy logic controller is proposed. Fuzzy logic control is chosen because of the need for a controller for a nonlinear, multidomain, and time-varying plant with multiple uncertainties. Third, a novel technique for system integration and component sizing is presented. Fourth, the system design and control strategy is both simulated and then implemented in an actual vehicle. The controller examined in this study increased the fuel economy of a conventional full-sized vehicle from 40 to 55.7 mi/h and increased the average efficiency over the Federal Urban Driving Schedule from 23% to 35.4%. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of intelligent control and mechatronic systems as they apply to automobiles     

新能源车辆远程监控系统优化设计

新能源车辆远程监控优化设计系统的远程管理终端系统采用车载信息功能集成方法,完善网络化的智能交通状态体系。云端信息服务平台的数据云存储系统采用创新的云存储服务方法;地图存取服务系统采用多源地理信息处理融合方法,形成动态车辆信息处理融合系统;车辆监控规划系统采用云计算同步方法、大数据模糊关联挖掘方法、集群技术和并行计算方法等,全面释放车辆数据的深层价值。根据国家对于新能源车辆的标准要求,移动车载终端与云端信息服务中心相互配合,对新能源车辆关键技术和海量数据进行研究,实现新能源车辆示范运行的实时监控和智能分析。测试结果表明,该系统可为新能源车辆关联产业建设提供有效数据支撑,为未来新能源车辆的全面推广和资源整合打好基础。     

Robust LPV control of diesel auxiliary power unit for series hybrid electric vehicles

This paper presents a robust gain-scheduling approach for the control of diesel auxiliary power unit (APU) for series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEVs), using the linear parameter-varying (LPV) techniques. An average physical model of the diesel APU is established, which combines the subsystem models including diesel engine, synchronous generator, and three-phase diode rectifier in an elegant way. The nonlinear system model is then formulated as a quasi-LPV form with parametric uncertainty and augmented with performance objectives in a robust control framework. As a solution to this type of control problem, a robust LPV control synthesis method is proposed and its numerical implementation issues are also considered. Simulation results verify the performance of the proposed robust LPV controller.     

纯电动汽车充电系统设计与研究

本文以某款纯电动汽车作为研究对象,根据整车参数需求对其充电系统参数进行了匹配设计,对APFC电路、半桥式逆变部分、高频变压器、吸收回路及滤波回路、保护电路、单片机控制等进行了开发设计,并对充电器CAN总线通讯协议定义,经过不同充电阶段不同充电模式下的反复测试,结果表明该充电器性能稳定,达到了快速无损伤充电的目的,且整机的转换效率在94%以上。本文网络版地址：http：//www.eepw.com.cn/article/274746.htm     

ADVISOR-based model of a battery and an ultra-capacitor energy source for hybrid electric vehicles

An energy source is the heart of a hybrid electric vehicle. If it is capable of supplying enough power at all times, then it is an adequate source. Major problems presently facing the industry include the size, cost, and efficiency of the energy source. The primary energy source presently used in automotive systems is a battery. In order to reduce the cost of the battery, the current needs to be decreased and stabilized so it is not very erratic. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and justify the use of a new model for an energy source: a battery in parallel with an ultra-capacitor. The ultra-capacitor can supply a large burst of current, but cannot store much energy. Conversely, the battery can store mass amounts of energy; however, without expensive and inefficient units, a battery cannot provide the current that the ultra-capacitor can. By combining the two energy sources in parallel, the storage and peak current characteristics desired can be achieved. The standards of the vehicle are not degraded, allowing this to be a promising technique to incorporate into hybrid electric vehicles to reduce their cost and increase the efficiency of their energy-source system.     

Reliability design of direct liquid cooled power semiconductor module for hybrid and electric vehicles

With the global interests and efforts in popularizing low carbon vehicles, automotive power module has been becoming one of the fastest growing sectors in power semiconductor industry. As working in a harsh environment, the performance and reliability requirements of automotive module are stringent than industrial products. In this work, an integrated direct liquid cooled power module with enhanced reliability for hybrid and electric vehicles (HEV/EV) is developed. The design and assembly of the module were optimized in terms of performance, weight, cost and reliability. The module is integrated Al direct liquid cooling structure, leading to about 40% reduction of weight and cost and almost 50% reduction of junction to heat sink thermal resistance. Therefore, the junction temperature stays below the upper limit at the worst operation case which enhances the thermal reliability and lifetime. By incorporating advanced die lead bonding, the parasitics can be reduced by 50%, which is beneficial to efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, the die and terminal attach technologies are investigated to improve reliability. The lifetime prediction under a typical driving cycle shows that the proposed module is capable of working in the whole vehicle service period.     

A two-level stochastic approach to optimize the energy management strategy for fixed-route hybrid electric vehicles

Many hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) energy management strategies are developed and evaluated under fixed driving cycles. However in the real-world driving, vehicles are very unlikely to keep running under a fixed known cycle. Instead, a lot of vehicles run on fixed routes. Unfortunately, human driving data collected on a driving simulator shows that it is very difficult to select or create a determined typical driving cycle to represent the fixed-route driving due to the uncertainties in traffic light stops and driver behaviors. This paper presents a two-level stochastic approach to optimize the energy management strategy for fixed-route HEVs. The historical data on the fixed route are utilized and a road-segment-based stochastic HEV energy consumption model is built. The higher-level energy optimization problem is solved by stochastic dynamic programming (SDP). The SDP computation uses the vehicle model and historical driving data on the fixed route and it can be conducted offline. The result of SDP is a 2-dimension lookup table of parameters for lower-level control strategy therefore this approach can be easily real-time implemented in practice. The developed stochastic approach is compared with three strategies using the data collected on the driving simulator: the optimal energy consumption by assuming all trip information is known in advance and solved via dynamic programming (DP), a determined energy management approach using typical trip data of the fixed-route driving, and a simple strategy which does not require any route data. Simulation results show that the proposed stochastic energy management strategy consumes 1.8% more energy than the optimal result after 24 trips on the fixed route and considerably outperforms the other two real-time HEV energy management strategies.     

面向地铁车辆牵引电机的车载变流系统设计

为使地铁牵引电机获得良好的静态和动态性能,从而满足地铁车辆牵引传动系统需求,文章提出的面向地铁车辆牵引电机的车载变流系统基于异步电机动态等效模型,采用间接矢量控制策略和DSP+FPGA的基本构架。通过Matlab仿真和搭建实验平台试验,证明系统运行稳定,且电机起动平滑,转矩动态响应快。     

A five-leg inverter for driving a traction motor and a compressor motor

This paper presents an integrated inverter for speed control of a traction motor and a compressor motor to reduce the compressor drive cost in electric vehicle/hybrid electric vehicle applications. The inverter comprises five phase-legs; three of which are for control of a three-phase traction motor and the remaining two for a two-phase compressor motor with three terminals. The common terminal of the two-phase motor is tied to the neutral point of the three-phase traction motor to eliminate the requirement of a third phase leg. Further component reduction is made possible by sharing the switching devices, dc bus filter capacitors, gate drive power supplies, and control circuit. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify that speed control of the two motors is independent from each other.     

Modeling and analysis of multiple access channel capacity based on hybrid energy storage and energy harvesting

Energy harvesting (EH) has been considered as a promising technology to solve the constrained energy problem in the devices of IoT with its advantages of flexible deployment and sustainable energy supply.For multiple access channel with energy harvesting,a hybrid energy storage structure model composed by super capacitor and battery was proposed for the devices of IoT.According to the peculiarities of medium access channel and energy harvesting system,an optimized energy allocation strategy with exponential-type decline (ETD) was presented,the upper and lower bounds of the average throughput were deduced,in particular,the gap of two bounds was derived to be a constant.The channel capacity was further obtained by utilizing the relationship between the average throughput and the channel capacity.In the simulations,the effect of harvested energy,storage capacity and the number of nodes on the channel capacity were analyzed respectively.Experiment results show that compared with the conventional wireless node with single battery storage,the proposed hybrid energy storage structure can improve the harvested energy value and increase the multiple access channel capacity by using adaptive modulation scheme when transmitting the signals.     

Analysis of anti-directional-twin-rotary motor drivecharacteristics for electric vehicles

A new power train for electric vehicles is proposed using an anti-directional twin rotary (ADTR) motor. A stator in a conventional motor was reformed to be movable, and the stator (outer rotor) rotates in the opposite direction to the inner rotor. In this paper, several characteristics of an induction motor-type ADTR motor are reported. When an ADTR motor is used in electric vehicles, the direction of one of the rotors should be reversed and both rotors rotate in the same direction, propelling the two wheels of the electric vehicle. The torque of the wheels can be balanced without a differential gear. The fundamental torque-balancing characteristics of an ADTR motor are clarified, namely, the torque balance theory, the torque-speed characteristics, the rotor-speed transient characteristics and the transient torque response under speed sensorless torque control     

新型直线电机运输系统的牵引变流器设计

针对新型直线电机运输系统的需求,设计了牵引变流器的结构,主电路和控制系统,并给出了相关器件的选型过程。根据直线电机的数学模型,变流器采用滑模变结构的间接矢量控制策略,实现对直线电机初级电流的快速控制。对变流器进行了满载实验考核,实验结果表明该变流器性能良好,工作稳定、可靠,满足新型直线电机运输系统的要求。     

Design of multiple-input power converter for hybrid vehicles

This paper deals with designing and sizing of a multiple-input power electronic converter (MIPEC) to be used in an electric vehicle propulsion system that includes a fuel cell (FC) generator and a combined storage unit. The combined storage unit is composed by an ultracapacitors tank (UC) and a battery unit (BU). MIPEC is responsible for power-flow management on-board the vehicle for each mode of operation. Specifications for MIPEC designing come out from many considerations concerning traction drive and reference driving cycle, on-board power source and storage unit characteristics. However, to date sizing and configuration of both storage units and on-board generators are directly related to traction drive and driving profile (i.e., vehicle performances and characteristics) and no relation with power electronic interface is considered during preliminary design. Then, power electronic interface is selected in order to fit traction drive requirements with power source and storage unit characteristics; as a consequence converter mode of operation lacks of optimization, as well dynamic behavior and efficiency cannot be maximized. In this paper, MIPEC design and power source and storage unit selection are achieved at the same project stage according to traction drive requirements. Experimental results on 60-kW power electronic interface are presented.     

A novel thermal management for electric and hybrid vehicles

Assuring the right temperature in battery compartments of an electric or hybrid vehicle is crucial for the safe operation and the achievement of optimal performance of the batteries. This paper is about the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel system for thermal management for electric/hybrid vehicles. This system is based on Peltier-effect heat pumps. The experiment results show the applicability of this type of technology for the thermal management for this type of vehicles.     

外军无人机数据链的发展现状与趋势

无人机数据链是无人机的重要组成部分,是飞行器与地面系统联系的纽带。首先按照飞行高度和重量对无人机进行了分类,在此基础上概述了外军无人机数据链的发展现状;然后介绍了几种典型无人机数据链如数字数据链(DDL)、战术通用数据链(TCDL)和Quint网络技术(QNT)数据链的发展和性能,并分析和展望了无人机数据链通用化、安全化、网络化等发展趋势;最后总结了外军无人机数据链发展的经验,希望为从事无人机和数据链研究的工程技术人员提供参考。     

有源并联混合储能系统多级电压控制研究

在超级电容和蓄电池的混合储能系统,如果功率分配不当,会造成储能系统充电电流振荡或过大。为此,提出一种以储能元件荷电状态为判断依据的功率分配方法,根据荷电状态确定分解层次,接着添加多级电压控制进行储能功率的初次分配,进一步通过多环PI控制和功率修正,有效抑制充电电流振荡和过充。最后,通过仿真验证了其控制方法的有效性。     

Nonlinear air-to-fuel ratio and engine speed control for hybrid vehicles

Internal combustion spark ignition engine management systems regulate the fuel, spark, and idle air subsystems to achieve sufficient engine performance at acceptable fuel economy and tailpipe emission levels. Engine control units also monitor other engine processes, using a suite of sensors, and periodically check the system actuators' operation to satisfy legislated onboard diagnostics. The majority of production engines regulate the air-to-fuel ratio using a speed-density, or air-flow, control strategy. In this approach, the mass of air drawn into a given cylinder is calculated using the engine speed, manifold absolute pressure, and inlet air temperature. Based on the air mass, appropriate fuel amounts are injected to achieve stoichiometric operation. However, the wide range of operating conditions, inherent induction process nonlinearities, and gradual component degradations due to aging have prompted research into model-based algorithms. In this paper, a nonlinear model-based control strategy will be proposed for simultaneous air-to-fuel ratio control and speed tracking in hybrid electric vehicles. The motivation for engine speed management resides in the integrated control of the engine and a continuously variable transmission for increased efficiency. The proposed backstepping controller uses an observer to reduce the inputs to manifold air mass (e.g., manifold absolute pressure and inlet air temperature) and engine speed. The underlying engine model describes the air intake, fuel injection, and rotational dynamics. For comparison purposes, an existing multisurface sliding mode controller and an integrated speed-density air-to-fuel controller with attached engine speed regulation have been implemented. The performance of each controller is studied using an analytical engine model with representative numerical results presented and discussed to provide insight into the overall performances.