Estimating the relation between surface roughness and mechanical properties of rock joints

Discontinuities in rock masses have an important influence on deformational behaviour of blocky rock systems. For a single rock joint, the roughness of its surface is of paramount importance to its mechanical and hydraulic properties, such as friction angle, shear strength, and dilatancy/aperture. Many methods have been used to characterize the surface roughness of rock joints, such as joint roughness coefficients (JRC), root mean square (RMS) value, structure function (SF) etc. However, most of these methods can only be used in the 2-D models. In this study, we carried out direct shear experiments on rock joints under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions, and measured the surfaces of rock joints before and after shearing, using a 3-D laser scanning profilometer system. By using a 3-D fractal evaluation method of roughness characterization, the projective covering method (PCM) and a direct shear apparatus of high accuracy, the relation between mechanical properties of rock joints under different boundary conditions and the change of their fractal dimensions in both 2-D and 3-D models have been examined, which gives a new approach to accurately evaluate the evolution of roughness of rock joint surfaces and its influence on the hydro-mechanical behaviours of rock joints.     

剪切过程中岩石节理粗糙度分形演化及力学特征

在系统测量和试验的基础上，研究了剪切过程中岩石节理粗糙面的分形特征和岩石节理的力学行为，阐述了岩石节理面分形维数Ｄ和截距Ａ与岩石节理在载荷作用下法向、切向变形以及抗剪强度之间的关系，得出岩石节理在剪切过程中由于表面损伤而引起的表面分维Ｄ和截距Ａ的演化规律。研究表明：分维Ｄ和截距Ａ是描述节理面粗糙性的两个重要的参数。前者反映节理粗糙面的不规则程度，后者则与节理面粗糙体（ａｓｐｅｒｉｔｉｅｓ）的坡度密切相关。仅依据分形维数Ｄ不足以确定岩石节理的粗糙性与岩石节理力学行为之间的关系。在许多情况下，岩石节理的力学性质对截距Ａ的依赖程度大于对分维Ｄ的依赖程度     

孔壁粗糙度对嵌岩桩承载力的影响

总结了孔壁粗糙度对嵌岩桩承载力影响的规律 ,探讨了孔壁粗糙度影响嵌岩桩承载性状的机理 ,分析了影响嵌岩桩孔壁粗糙度的因素 ,指出改善孔壁粗糙度是提高钻孔灌注桩承载力的有效途径。     

大理岩硬性结构面剪切蠕变及粗糙度效应研究

 针对锦屏二级水电站地下洞室富含节理的实际情况,利用双轴蠕变仪对大理岩硬性结构面进行剪切蠕变试验。通过对大理岩硬性结构面表面的量测,采用平均粗糙角描述大理岩硬性结构面表面粗糙度情况;分析不同粗糙度情况下岩样剪切位移与时间的变化规律。结果表明,粗糙角大的岩样瞬时变形要小于粗糙角小的岩样。此外,试验在较低的应力水平下,岩样蠕变变形表现为衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变,但当剪应力水平达到某一应力水平时,岩样在极短时间内迅速破坏,未出现加速破坏阶段,因此,利用大理岩剪切蠕变试验数据对标准线性体剪切蠕变模型进行辩识,得出各岩样的剪切蠕变模型参数,通过由模型参数得出的拟合曲线与试验曲线比较知采用标准线性体模型是合理的。最后分析各大理岩岩样的平均粗糙角与剪切蠕变模型参数的变化规律。     

新的岩石节理粗糙度指标研究

首先,基于节理轮廓线提出一个剪切粗糙度指标(SRI),新指标由3个粗糙度参数构成,描述节理平均起伏度、起伏的方向性、起伏分布特点以及粗糙的分形特性,并建立新指标与JRC之间的拟合关系。其次,基于三角形面积单元离散的三维节理面,将剪切粗糙度指标推广到三维形式,从而使得新指标能够描述节理的三维形貌特征。最后,以张拉型花岗岩节理作为算例,计算结果表明新指标能较好地反映节理的各向异性粗糙特性。新指标物理意义明确,计算方便,能够表征节理的主要粗糙特性,为进一步研究岩石节理的剪切力学特性奠定基础,具有重要的理论意义。     

天然岩体结构面粗糙度各向异性、尺寸效应、间距效应研究

为了研究天然岩体结构面粗糙度评价结果影响因素,以重庆武隆地区大尺寸岩体结构面为例,运用三维激光扫描技术,基于Grasselli改进法描述粗糙度在不同采样方向、尺度与精度下的变化规律。结果显示:所选用的天然岩体结构面具有明显的各向异性、正尺寸效应和间距效应,因此在进行粗糙度评价时,采样方向务必与剪切方向保持一致,采样尺寸与采样间距应大于等于和小于等于有效采样尺寸与间距;为便于不同评价方法间结果对比,应保证在相同的采样参数下开展研究。     

Effect of roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints subjected to impact loading

The shear behavior is regarded as the dominant property of rock joints and is dramatically affected by the joint surface roughness. To date, the effect of surface roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints under static or cyclic loading conditions has been extensively studied, but such effect under impact loading conditions keeps unclear. To address this issue, a series of impact shear tests was performed using a novel-designed dynamic experimental system combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The dynamic shear strength, deformability and failure mode of the jointed specimens with various joint roughness coefficients (JRC) are comprehensively analyzed. Results show that the shear strength and shear displacement characteristics of the rock joint under the impact loading keep consistent with those under static loading conditions. However, the temporal variations of shear stress, slip displacement and normal displacement under the impact loading conditions show obviously different behaviors. An elastic rebound of the slip displacement occurs during the impact shearing and its value increases with increasing joint roughness. Two identifiable stages (i.e. compression and dilation) are observed in the normal displacement curves for the rougher rock joints, whereas the joints with small roughness only manifest normal compression displacement. Besides, as the roughness increases, the maximum compression tends to decrease, while the maximum dilation gradually increases. Moreover, the microstructural analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggests that the roughness significantly affects the characteristics of the shear fractured zone enclosing the joint surface.     

一种考虑剪切速率的粗糙结构面剪切强度准则

动荷载(不同剪切速率)下的节理岩体结构稳定性是目前工程建设亟待解决的问题之一。以黄岛国家石油储备库地下水封石油洞库工程为工程背景,采用JAW-600岩石剪切流变–渗流耦合试验机对4种粗糙度下的类岩石粗糙结构面进行不同剪切速率下的常规剪切试验,对结构面的强度特性进行了基础性研究。研究结果表明:剪切速率和粗糙度对结构面剪切强度都有较为明显的影响;同一结构面的剪切强度随着剪切速率的增大而减小,并不受粗糙度系数的影响;同时结构面剪切强度随粗糙度系数增加呈现出线性增加的趋势,但不受剪切速率的影响。最后,基于试验结果与Barton模型,提出考虑剪切速率的粗糙结构面剪切强度模型。Barton标准粗糙剖面线结构面及粗糙结构面的试验结果与新模型预测值误差保持在20%之内,平均误差为10.539%,能够较好的预测粗糙结构面动荷载条件下剪切强度。     

Wire mesh filtering in 3D image data of rock faces

The presence of wire mesh partially obscures rock faces imaged using terrestrial laser scanners. The objective of the methodology presented in this paper is to remove the wire mesh from point cloud data, leaving rock face data suitable for joint orientation and surface roughness analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is first performed to segregate data belonging to the wire mesh from legitimate rock face data. Two iterative filters are then applied. The baseline filter relies on an estimation of the instrument noise and surface roughness. Rockbolt face plates are used to measure the instrument noise in situ. A second derivative filter based on a central finite difference approximation is used to identify the boundary between rock face and wire mesh data. This filtering methodology was successful in removing wire mesh and associated edge effects from point cloud data allowing for joint orientation and surface roughness assessment, the latter of which was found to be more sensitive to the presence of the wire mesh.     

Estimation of the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of rock joints by vector similarity measures

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Accurate determination of joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of rock joints is essential for evaluating the influence of surface roughness on...     

岩石结构面峰值摩擦角应力效应试验研究

 工程上常采用不随应力变化的岩石结构面抗剪强度参数,不能反映结构面摩擦角应力效应的变化规律。为研究结构面摩擦角与法向应力的相关度,首先对中砂、水泥、硅粉、非引气型萘系减水剂等原材料的配比进行研究,获得与天然钙质板岩物理力学特性相类似的岩石模型材料,然后采用研发的结构面制作模具及其制备工艺制作10组具有不同表面起伏度和粗糙度的结构面,并利用自制的高精度岩石结构面直剪仪对系列法向应力下的结构面摩擦角进行直剪试验研究和数据统计分析,结果表明：结构面峰值摩擦角及其变化率均随法向应力的增加而降低,而不是通常认为的峰值摩擦角为定值;结构面残余摩擦角随法向应力的变化并不是很明显;具有不同起伏程度和粗糙度系数的模型结构面在相同法向应力下的峰值摩擦角也有差异;结构面峰值摩擦角应力效应和JRC-JCS (JRC为粗糙度系数,JCS为壁岩强度)准则中所确定的峰值摩擦角变化规律相一致,而且粗糙度系数越大结构面峰值摩擦角的应力效应越明显。     

Estimation of the appropriate sampling interval for rock joints roughness using laser scanning

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - The rock joint roughness greatly affects the mechanical behaviors and permeability characteristics of rock mass. To accurately and effectively...     

Investigation of the effects of nonstationary features on rock joint roughness using the laser scanning technique

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Accurately estimating rock joint roughness is crucial for understanding the shear mechanism and permeability behavior of a rock mass. Several...     

Assessment of rock fracture surface roughness using Riemannian statistics of linear profiles

The mechanical behaviour of rock masses is complex, due partly to the presence of discontinuities within them. Of the geometrical parameters of discontinuities, surface roughness, which encapsulates the topographical features of a rock surface, is known to play a significant role. Here, a new parameter for quantitative roughness determination based on the distribution of unit normal vectors to a rock profile is presented.The analysis of unit normal vectors in terms of directional statistics is customarily performed in Euclidean space using a Cartesian co-ordinate system. Here, the analysis is developed using Riemannian geometry, with Mahalanobis distances being proposed for discrimination between different rock profiles. Statistical parameters on the unit circle are extracted using Riemannian geometry, and from that a roughness parameter, D_R1, is obtained. This parameter corresponds to 1D Riemannian dispersion, and as such D_R1 increases as profile roughness increases.D_R1 is applied to the analysis of synthetic profiles and some real rock profiles. Conclusions are drawn that demonstrate the advantages of the new method in terms of investigating the scale effect in roughness determination as well as in comparing different profiles.A preliminary study into the correlation between D_R1 and the shear strength of a fracture, using analytical and numerical investigation of the strength of profiles comprising symmetric triangular asperities sheared at different normal stress levels, shows a clear relation between Riemannian roughness parameter and profile shear strength.     

平台对滚石停积作用试验研究

 平台对危岩体失稳后运动有很好的减速拦阻作用,是危岩体防治的有效措施。设计了平台停积作用试验,采用多元非线性回归模型对滚石在平台上的停留位置以及平台平均阻力系数进行研究,分析停留位置和平均阻力系数分别与滚石质量、形状、滚石到达平台时的速率以及平台表面粗糙程度等因素之间的关系以及各因素的相关性,并对多元非线性回归模型进行预测;同时,特别分析了滚石质量对停留位置的影响。结果表明：(1) 滚石停留位置和平均阻力系数与滚石质量、形状、滚石到达平台时的速率以及平台表面粗糙程度等影响因素的关系均可采用多元非线性回归关系式表示,并且预测值与实际值可较好吻合;(2) 滚石质量、初始位置(边坡高度)和平台表面粗糙程度对滚石停留位置有较大影响,表现为滚石质量越大,边坡高度越大,滚石在平台运动的距离越远。所得结果为将平台作为危岩体防治措施时确定平台的宽度提供依据,对坡面地质灾害的防治有指导意义。     

Interaction of shotcrete with rock and rock bolts—A numerical study

The shotcrete–rock interaction is very complex and is influenced by a number of factors. The influence of the following factors was investigated by a series of numerical analyses: the surface roughness of the opening, the rock strength and Young's modulus, the discontinuities, the extent and properties of the excavated disturbed zone, the mechanical properties of the interface between shotcrete and rock, and the thickness of the shotcrete lining and the rock bolts. The study was carried out as a sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the rock strength and the surface roughness had significant impact on the number of failures at the rock–shotcrete interface and in the shotcrete lining. Furthermore, the behaviour of the lining is sensitive to small amplitudes of the surface roughness. In all the cases investigated, a high interface strength was favourable. The results indicate that if a thick shotcrete lining is dependent on the bond strength. The benefit of using a thicker lining can be doubtful. The analyses showed that for an uneven surface the extent of the EDZ had a minor effect on the behaviour of the shotcrete lining. Furthermore, if rock bolts were installed at the apex of the protrusion instead of at the depression, the number of failures decreased both at the interface and in the lining.     

Permeability evaluation for artificial single rock fracture according to geometric aperture variation using electrical resistivity

A convenient approach was proposed by which to evaluate and monitor the permeability of a rock fracture by verifying the quantitative correlation between the electrical resistivity and permeability at laboratory scale.For this purpose,an electrical resistivity measurement system was applied to the laboratory experiments using artificial cells with the shape of a single rock fracture.Sixty experiments were conducted using rock fractures according to the geometry,aperture sizes,wavelengths,and roughness amplitudes.The overall negative relationship between the normalized electrical resistivity values and the aperture sizes directly linked with the permeability,was well fitted by the power-law function with a large determination coefficient(≈0.86).The effects of wavelength and roughness amplitude of the rock fracture on the electrical resistivity were also analyzed.Results showed that the electrical resistivity was slightly increased with decreasing wavelength and increasing roughness amplitude.An empirical model for evaluating the permeability of a rock fracture was proposed based on the experimental data.In the field,if the electrical resistivity of pore groundwater could be measured in advance,this empirical model could be applied effectively for simple,quick monitoring of the fracture permeability.Although uncertainty may be associated with the permeability estimation due to the limited control parameters considered in this research,this electrical resistivity approach could be helpful to monitor the rock permeability in deep underground facilities such as those used for radioactive waste repositories or forms of energy storage.