15%阿维菌素·吡虫啉微囊悬浮-悬浮剂的研制

正1原材料和设备1.1原材料阿维菌素:白色结晶固体,含量≥95%(市售);吡虫啉原药:白色固体粉末,含量≥96%(山东海利尔化工有限公司);乳化剂:烷基芳基聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯醚、十二烷基苯磺酸钙、苯乙基酚聚氧乙烯醚、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚(市售);润湿剂:十二烷基硫酸钠、脂肪醇乙氧基化物、烷基酚乙氧基化物、十八烷基磺基琥珀酸钠(市售);分散剂:木质素磺酸盐类、萘磺酸甲     

全球醇乙氧基化物需求看涨

正IHS Markit报告显示,中国已超过北美和西欧成为洗涤剂醇乙氧基化物(AE)最大生产国。受中国生活水平不断提高的推动,未来5年中国在醇乙氧基化物的领先地位还将进一步提高。IHS Markit预计,2019～2024年全球AE产量平均年增长率为2.3%,脂肪醇醚硫酸盐(AES)产量平均年增长率为3.1%,使洗涤剂醇乙氧基化物产量增至235.2万吨,     

正交试验设计优化藻酸双酯钠磺化物的合成工艺

为了优化藻酸双酯磺化物的合成工艺,按L1645正交表设计考察了影响以酯化物、氯磺酸、吡啶、甲酰胺为原料合成藻酸双酯钠磺化物的投料比(A)、反应时间(B)、吡啶用量(C)、滴加温度(D)4个主要因素,每个因素各取4个水平。结果表明:合成的最优反应条件为A3B3C3D1,此合成工艺硫酸盐合格率可达到95.0%以上。     

洗涤剂醇市场分析

2003年世界洗涤剂醇的总生产能力为215.7万t/a,其中合成醇的生产能力占60%。2003年,北美地区洗涤剂醇的消费量为52.5万t,86%用于生产醇醚、醇醚硫酸盐、脂肪醇硫酸盐、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和脂肪醇甘油醚硫酸盐;西欧的消费量为64.1万t,77%用于生产醇醚、醇醚硫酸盐和脂肪醇硫酸盐;日本为11.7万t,66%用于生产醇醚。2004年我国洗涤剂醇的生产能力为32.7万t/a,产量8万t,其中天然醇的产量为7万t。我国生产合成醇的厂家有吉林石化、抚顺洗化和广东惠州石化,总生产能力为19万t/a,天然醇的主要生产厂家有大连华能化工厂、辽阳华兴化工集团公司、无锡东泰精细化工公司等。     

国内脂肪醇的生产和市场现状

介绍国内脂肪醇及其下游产品脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐的生产现状及市场现状。2005年,国内掀起了改建、扩建和新建脂肪醇装置的热潮。目前,我国脂肪醇产能15万t/a,市场需求为18~20万t。2006年上半年,脂肪醇价格的下降也导致其下游产品脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐(AES)的价格回落。     

美国与波兰公司共同开发脂肪醇技术

美国工程公司巴杰尔公司上周宣布,它已与波兰波里麦克斯公司和重有机合成研究所签署一项意向书,共同开发脂肪醇生产技术,并将这项技术投入工业使用,然后发放技术许可证。由于从醇制得的洗涤剂如醇乙氧基化物和醇醚硫酸盐更适合于与酶复配以及在不含磷酸盐的情况下适用于硬水,用于洗涤剂生产的脂     

脂肪醇与三氧化硫气液相连续硫酸化

我厂生产的洗衣粉的活性物是脂肪醇硫酸钠,以脂肪醇为原料,经酸化、中和、配料和喷雾干燥等工艺过程制得。现有酸化工艺是以发烟硫酸为酸化剂。因反应过程有水生成,发生逆反应,使硫酸酯水解,故转化率较低,只有86%(以醇计),致使洗衣粉单体小的不皂化物含量高达10%,这些不皂化物必须在喷雾干燥过程中赶出其大部分,才能得到合格的洗衣粉产品。赶出的不皂化物被喷粉塔尾气所带走,造成尾气中不皂化物含量高达600~900毫克/立方米,污染了大气,所以转化率低是造成喷粉尾气污染的重要原因。     

测定再生酸中磺化物分子量和含量的新方法

焦化厂的轻苯初馏所得的混合馏分,用浓硫酸洗涤时,会产生棕黑色的再生酸。再生酸内所含的杂质主要是磺化物。因此,准确测量再生酸中磺化物的含量对综合治理再生酸十分必要。但由于不同焦化厂的再生酸中磺化物的含量和性质各不相同,为了准确测量再生酸中磺化物的含量,必须先测定再生酸中磺化物的平均分子量。本文提出了一种测定再生酸中磺化物平均分子量的方法,并对方法的准确度和精密度进行了验证。结果表明,该测定方法的准确度高,精密度较好。1实验方法与步骤(1)磺化物平均分子量测定方法和步骤。移取10.00mL再生酸原样,用NaOH溶液调到中…     

乙氧基化烷基硫酸钠中未磺化物测定的国标法改进

采用国标改进法测定乙氧基化烷基硫酸钠产品的未磺化物,相对平均误差及精密度分别为3.81%和2.22%,平均树脂吸附回收率为97.99%。该法可节省检测时间3 h左右,减少阴、阳离子树脂的使用量,同时减少无水乙醇的使用量200 m L/次,便于指导生产检测,大大降低了检测成本。     

液蜡氧化制取仲醇新工艺及乙氧基化的研究

日本的醇系非离子型洗涤剂占40%(对总的表面活性剂),共中仲醇乙氧基化物占30%(对醇系表面活性剂)。目前我国合成洗涤剂工业所需脂肪醇及共乙氧基化物主要靠进口。据资料,认为从原料来源、工艺路线、产品质量等方面考虑,液蜡氧化制取仲醇及其乙氧基化物是具有发展前途的制醇路线。     

Alcohol ether sulfates in shampoos

Mono-, di- and triethanolamine sulfates of several different molecular weight alcohol ether sulfates were formulated into shampoos. The ethylene oxide content of the alcohol ethoxylates varied from about 20 to 60%, although 40% was usual. The shampoo formulation was 20% active ether sulfate and 5% foam stabilizer. Lauric diethanolamide and amine oxides were used as foam stabilizers. The shampoos were tested for quality and quantity of foam, viscosity and cloud point. Although no “hair effects” tests were run, a limited home use test was made. Alcohol ether sulfate shampoos are equal or superior to several popular commercial products on the basis of a laboratory foam test. They are comparable in foam to alcohol sulfates in similar formulations. Cloud points of these shampoos were generally good. Amine oxide foam stabilizers reduced the cloud point more than the amide. Viscosities of the shampoos were readily controllable. Although the choice of alkanolamine, alcohol molecular weight and degree of ethoxylation had some effect on these properties, none were highly critical; this allows considerable leeway in their selection. The home use tests assured us that these shampoos were not obviously deficient in the desired “hair effect” properties. The literature records that alcohol ether sulfates are preferred to alcohol sulfates for low skin and eye irritation. By varying the free oil (unsulfated ethoxylate) content and making the proper choice of ether sulfate and foam stabilizer, bright and clear liquid shampoos with viscosities from about 10 centipoise to over 50,000 centipoise were made. The latter are essentially gels. Paste shampoos were also made from these ether sulfates. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Chicago, October 1967. Now with Stepan Chemical Company, Northfield, Illinois.     

Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Fettsäurepolyglykolestersulfaten

Production and Properties of Fatty Acid Polyglycol Ester Sulfates Fatty alcohol oxethylates, produced by reaction of fatty alcohols from hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters with ethylene oxide, are the basic material for an important class of anionic tensides, the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. The fatty acid polyglycol ester sulfates are a very interesting alternative to the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. The former are available by saving hydrogenation, in principle directly by fatty acid oxethylation or interesterification of fatty acids with polyglycols, followed by sulfatation. We report about the production of fatty acid ester sulfates by sulfatation of the fatty acid polyglycol monoesters by sulfurtrioxide or chlorosulfonic acid. By means of the results of physicochemical measurements and process trials it is discussed how far fatty acid polyglycol monoester sulfates are suited as alternative tenside raw material fatty alcohol ether sulfates.     

Fettalkoholsulfate – Die ökologische Absicherung einer wichtigen Gruppe von Waschmitteltensiden

Fatty Alcohol Sulfates – The Ecological Evaluation of a Group of Important Detergent Surfactants The biodegradability and ecotoxicological properties of natural raw materials based fatty alcohol sulfates were extensively investigated. These surfactants displayed very fast and virtually complete biodegradation with respect to primary (MBAS) loss) as well as ultimate degradability (mineralization abd assimilation). This pertains also to the partially poorly soluble tallow alcohol sulfate as was shown by radiolabelling. In addition, complete anaerobic biodegradability was proved in a simulation test for sludge digestion. The effect concentrations determined in acute, subacute and chronic toxicity tests with bacteria, algae, daphniae and fish prove fatty alcohol sulfates to be surfactants of relatively low ecotoxicity, i. e. they are innocuous in the realistic environmental concentration range. This conclusion was supported by results obtained in models of aquatic biocenoses (microcosm, ecological system “sewage treatment plant – receiving water”). Thus, fatty alcohol sulfates can be unequivocally classified as “environmentally compatible” on the basis of the presented ecological data.     

Microaerophilic biodegradation of tallow-based anionic detergents in river water

Nine anionic detergents from five general classes (alcohol sulfates, ether alcohol sulfates, sulfated alkanolamides, α-sulfo esters and alkylbenzenesul-fonates) were rapidly screened for biodegradability under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions in river water at 25 and 35 C. In decreasing order, the ease of biodegradation under microaerophilic conditions at 35 C was as follows: alcohol sulfates, sulfated alkanolamides, α-sulfo fatty acid esters and ether alcohol sulfates. Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate did not degrade. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970.     

Determination of fatty alcohols in fatty alcohol sulfates

A simplified procedure for the quantitative determination of very small amts of fatty alcohols in fatty alcohol sulfates has been developed. In the present work this procedure was applied to the determination of lauryl alcohol in lauryl alcohol sulfate.     

The effect of tallow-based detergents on anaerobic digestion

Eight anionic detergents from three general classes (alcohol sulfates,a-sulfo fatty acid esters and alkylbenzenesulfonates were tested for biodegradability under anaerobic conditions of sludge digestion. The alcohol sulfates were found to be readily and completely degraded. Thea-sulfo fatty acid esters did not degrade but had no adverse effect on bacteriological digestion while the alkylbenzenesulfonates used for control purposes did not degrade and disrupted the normal digestion process. Preliminary lysimeter studies showed that sodium isopropyla-sulfostearate is completely degraded, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate 83%, and ABS 35%. Presented at the AOCS meeting, Chicago, 1964. E. Utiliz. Res. Devel. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet fettchemischer Tenside

New Developments in the Field of Oleochemical Surfactants A large area of application for fats and oils in the technical field is the manufacture of surfactants. The oleochemical industry has long been making intensive efforts to gain a still greater share of the world's surfactant production for oleochemical surfactants. There are some promising conditions to reach this goal. New developments in the field of anionic and nonionic surfactants are summarized in an overview. There will be discussed fatty alcohol sulfates (especially tallow alcohol sulfate), α-sulfo-fatty acid methylesters, acyl cyanamides, non-terminal fatty acid methylester sulfonates (by sulfoxidation of saturated fatty acid methylesters and by SO₃-sulfonation of unsaturated fatty acid esters), oleic acid sulfonates, alkyl- and alkenyl ether sulfonates, hydroxy alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl glucosides, fatty alcohol polyethyleneglycol alkyl ethers and -hydroxyalkyl ethers and narrow range fatty alcohol ethoxylates. The development work on new oleochemical surfactants which has been described permits the conclusion that in future oleochemical surfactants will further increase their share of world surfactant production.     

Ether alcohol sulfates. The effect of oxypropylation and oxybutylation on surface active properties

The reaction of 1,2-butylene oxide with fatty alcohols of 12 to 18 carbon atoms was investigated and products were compared with those from the propylene oxide reaction. A 60% yield of the first derivative was obtained for the butylene oxide reaction compared with a maximum yield of 50% for the propylene oxide reaction. First and second derivatives were fractionally distilled from the reaction mixtures and characterized as pure ether alcohols and their acetates. Sulfation of the pure ether alcohols permitted some interesting comparisons of the effect of structural change on surface active properties. Oxybutylation gave slightly greater solubility increases than oxypropylation and both reactions were more effective than oxyethylation. Dioxyalkylated products had lower Krafft points than monooxyalkylated products. A low degree of oxyalkylation had only minor effects on the detergency of alcohol sulfates but polyoxybutylation caused significant reductions in foam height for the 16 and 18 carbon alcohol sulfates. Critical micelle concentration was reduced both by increasing degree of oxyalkylation and molecular weight of epoxide. All of the ether alcohol sulfates were effective lime soap dispersing agents. Presented at the AOCS Meeting in Philadelphia, October 1966. E. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

The course of biodegradation of anionic detergents by analyses for carbon,methylene blue active substance and sulfate ion

Tallow alcohol sulfates, ether alcohol sulfates and esters of α-sulfo tallow fatty acids were degraded aerobically by sewage microorganisms in a system in which detergent was the sole source of C. Biodegradation was followed by loss of C and methylene blue active substance (MBAS) and formation of SO ₄ ⁻⁻ . Tallow alcohol sulfates were rapidly and completely degraded; ether alcohol sulfates not quite as readily. Reduction in MBAS was rapid for the α-sulfo esters but loss of C and SO ₄ ⁻⁻ formation was incomplete, possibly because of the intermediate formation of a resistant sulfosuccinate. Sodiump-(1-methylundecyl) benzenesulfonate (LAS) was the reference standard. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1969.     

The effect of homolog distribution on sodium alcohol sulfate solution viscosity

Several compositional factors influence the viscosity of fatty alcohol sulfate solutions. The effects of free oil and inorganic salts on viscosity are known by most sulfators. Each builds viscosity as its level is increased. The relation between viscosity and alkyl sulfate homolog distribution is more subtle and often overlooked. Some synthetic alcohol manufacturers have the flexibility within the coconut alcohol range to vary the lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohol composition. Mixtures containing high lauryl and cetyl alcohol content yielded alkyl sulfates having low viscosities. Mixtures of lauryl and myristyl alcohol gave high viscosity alkyl sulfates. When restricted to compositions containing all three alcohols, the viscosity of the sodium alkyl sulfate derivative was shown to be dependent on the myristyl sulfate content. Solutions having high myristyl sulfate levels had high viscosities. A. limited solubility study of different sodium lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohol sulfate solutions was made.