低取代度阳离子淀粉的制备及在造纸上的应用

介绍了以玉米淀粉和3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为原料,采用水法制备低取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉,讨论了醚化剂用量、n(NaOH)∶n(CTA)、反应温度、反应时间对取代度的影响,最佳实验条件为:淀粉50 g,醚化剂用量0.0 160 mol,n(NaOH)∶n(CTA)=1.2∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,制备的阳离子淀粉取代度可达0.0791%,糊液粘度为1.07,同时对阳离子淀粉在造纸工业上的应用做了简述。     

季铵型高取代度阳离子淀粉的合成

采用3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为醚化剂,通过干法对淀粉进行改性,合成季铵型高取代度阳离子淀粉。研究了体系中水的质量分数、CTA用量、CTA与NaOH的摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度对产品的取代度和黏度的影响。最佳合成条件为:淀粉100 g,体系中水的质量分数25%,n(CTA)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.2,反应时间4 h,反应温度70℃。在此条件下制得的阳离子淀粉取代度高达0.598,质量分数0.5%糊液的黏度为0.079Pa.s。干法具有合成工艺简单、反应效率高、环境污染小、成本低等优点。对其市场前景进行了展望。     

季铵型低取代度阳离子淀粉的合成

以玉米淀粉及3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为原料,采用水法制备低取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉,讨论了醚化剂用量、NaOH用量、反应温度、反应时间等对取代度的影响。结果表明,最佳合成条件为:淀粉50 g,醚化剂用量3 g,NaOH用量为0.77 g,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,制备的阳离子淀粉取代度可达0.079。     

高取代度醚化淀粉的湿法制备及其絮凝性能研究

以玉米淀粉(St)为原料、2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为醚化剂,利用湿法合成高取代度的阳离子醚化淀粉絮凝剂St-GTA。通过正交实验对St-GTA的合成条件进行筛选,结果表明,最佳合成条件为:n(CTA)∶n(St)=1. 2∶1、m(NaOH)∶m(St)=0. 08∶1、反应温度为70℃、反应时间为3 h。在该条件下合成的产物取代度可达0. 717 3。以高岭土悬浊液为模拟污水,考察了絮凝剂投加量、絮凝体系pH、絮凝温度、絮凝时间对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明,对于质量分数为2%的高岭土悬浊液,当pH=7、絮凝温度为25℃、絮凝时间为0. 5 h时,St-GTA的最佳质量浓度为8 mg/L,透光率可达92. 81%。     

2-羟基-3-丁氧基丙基淀粉的制备及性能研究

摘 要：以玉米淀粉为原料,丁基缩水甘油醚为疏水化试剂,氢氧化钠作为催化剂,水作为溶剂,在较温和反应条件下合成了2-羟基-3-丁氧基丙基淀粉(HBPS)。通过考察反应温度、反应时间、碱用量、水用量等因素对取代度和反应效率的影响,确定的最佳的制备条件为：当n(BGE):n(AGU)=0.615时,水用量m(H2O):m(AGU)=2:1、碱用量n(NaOH):n(AGU)=0.5:1、反应温度75℃和反应时间为5h,产品取代度MS=0.45,反应效率为RE=73%。使用IR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR对产物结构进行了表征,证明结构的正确。热重实验表明,疏水基团的引入可提高淀粉的耐热性能。     

阳离子魔芋葡甘聚糖的制备与表征

以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(HAT)为阳离子醚化剂,天然魔芋精粉为原料,异丙醇为分散剂制得系列季铵盐阳离子魔芋葡甘聚糖(CKGM)。研究了HAT、催化剂NaOH、反应温度和反应时间对阳离子取代度(DS)的影响,用元素分析仪测定了CKGM的取代度。确定较佳反应条件为:反应温度50℃,反应时间2 h,n(HAT)∶n(魔芋葡甘聚糖)∶n(NaOH)=1.5∶1∶2,DS为0.361,反应率为24.1%,并用FTIR1、HNMR和13CNMR进行了表征。     

2-羟基-3-丁氧基丙基淀粉的制备

以玉米淀粉为原料,丁基缩水甘油醚(BGE)为疏水化试剂,氢氧化钠作催化剂,水为溶剂,在较温和反应条件下合成了2-羟基-3-丁氧基丙基淀粉(HBPS)。考察了反应温度、反应时间、碱用量、水用量和BGE用量等因素对取代度和反应效率的影响,确定了最佳制备条件为:当n(BGE)/n〔淀粉葡萄糖单元(AGU)〕=0.615,m(H2O)∶m(AGU)=2∶1,n(NaOH)∶n(AGU)=0.5∶1,反应温度75℃和反应时间为5h,产品取代度MS=0.45,反应效率RE=73%。用IR、1HNMR、13CNMR对产物结构进行了表征。热重实验表明,疏水基团的引入可提高淀粉的耐热性能。     

高取代度阳离子淀粉的合成与表征

以玉米淀粉为原料,N-(2,3-环氧丙基)三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为阳离子醚化剂,在碱催化条件下,制备了高取代度阳离子淀粉,研究了反应条件对产品取代度和结构的影响。结果表明,在n(NaOH)/n(淀粉葡萄糖基AGU)=0.2025,n(GTA)/n(AGU)=4.0,反应温度60℃的条件下反应6h,取代度可达1.0959。用FTIR和13CNMR表征了高取代度阳离子淀粉的结构,X-ray衍射结果表明,阳离子化反应破坏了原淀粉的结晶结构,生成了具有非晶态结构的阳离子淀粉。     

羧甲基两性淀粉的合成及其在造纸中的应用

研究了以木薯淀粉为原料,用湿法工艺在50%乙醇水溶液介质中以NaOH为催化剂,与氯乙酸钠、3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHPTMA)反应一步合成低取代度羧甲基两性淀粉。并通过单因素实验讨论了NaOH用量、氯乙酸钠用量、3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵用量、反应温度和反应时间等对合成反应的影响。结果表明:氢氧化钠用量与氯乙酸钠、阳离子醚化剂总量摩尔比为2.22,反应温度40℃,反应时间4 h,氯乙酸钠用量为2.5%,阳离子醚化剂用量为3.5%,合成样品阳离子取代度为0.028,阴离子取代度为0.011,在造纸应用实验中增强效果显著。     

阳离子香豆胶的合成及结构表征

以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(HAT)为阳离子醚化剂,天然香豆胶为原料,异丙醇为分散剂制得季铵盐型阳离子香豆胶。研究了HAT、催化剂NaOH、反应温度和反应时间对合成阳离子香豆胶(CFG)的影响,用凯氏定氮法测定了CFG的取代度。合成CFG的优化实验条件为:m(香豆胶)∶m(异丙醇)∶m(HAT)∶m(NaOH)=1∶(1.6~2)∶(0.15~0.3)(∶4~8),反应温度40~50℃,反应时间2~3 h,制得的产品能满足工业应用要求的黏度及取代度范围(500~800 mPa.s,DS=0.86~1.32)。用FTIR和13CNMR对CFG的结构进行了表征。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。