细晶变形镁合金的研究进展

综述了变形镁合金的种类、基本变形特性和优良性能,介绍了轧制、挤压、锻造、超塑成形等常用成形技术,探讨了变形镁合金晶粒细化的机理及常用方法如等径角挤压、形变热处理等,阐述了变形镁合金的研究现状、存在的问题,并指出了未来变形镁合金研究开发的方向.     

累积叠轧工艺对AZ31镁合金板材组织和性能的影响

采用累积叠轧工艺对AZ31 镁合金薄板进行剧塑性变形,研究了累积叠轧变形过程中镁合金板材的组织及性能演变.实验结果表明,累积叠轧可以有效细化AZ31镁合金板材的晶粒组织,显著改善室温延伸率,是制备大尺寸、高性能细晶镁合金板材的一种有效、经济而且可以实现工业化生产的技术.累积叠轧5道次后AZ31镁合金板材组织均匀,晶粒尺寸为1～2μm左右,晶粒细化源于大的累积变形及表面剪切变形;室温抗拉强度和延伸率可达到349MPa和22.46%,可归因于晶粒细化对镁合金强度和塑性的改善.累积叠轧板材的道次间的加热使ARB组织粗化,减小了累积叠轧过程中晶粒持续细化的效果.     

变形制度对低碳锰钢组织性能的影响

为了获得细晶铁素体/贝氏体的复相组织,通过控轧控冷工艺研究了低碳锰钢在奥氏体区变形时变形量、终轧温度和卷取温度对组织演变和力学性能的影响规律.研究表明,增加变形量(对应道次间隔时间缩短)可以细化铁素体晶粒,但当终轧温度降低到800℃时,变形量的增加以及开冷温度的降低不利于贝氏体组织的获得.通过调整变形量、终轧温度、可开冷温度并适当降低卷取温度,可使实验钢获得晶粒尺寸约为5μm的铁素体和10%~20%的贝氏体组织,低碳锰钢强塑性能良好.     

细晶GCr15合金材料ECAE过程的数值模拟

等径角挤压(ECAE)可以在不改变材料横截面的条件下使其反复产生大的塑性变形,从而使材料的晶粒得到细化,是制备块状超细晶粒材料的有效方法.通过对GCr15钢ECAE变形过程进行数值模拟,获得了挤压过程中不同的外接圆弧角Ψ和不同摩擦系数μ对挤压载荷和等效应变的影响规律.结果表明,挤压载荷随着外接圆弧角Ψ的增加而减小,随着摩擦系数μ的增加而增大;而变形均匀性则随着Ψ和μ的增加而减小.     

等径角挤压对AZ31镁合金组织及力学性能的影响

研究了电磁连铸AZ31镁合金沿A路径经常规等径角挤压(ECAE)和两步ECAE变形后的微观组织与力学性能.结果表明:与预挤压态相比,常规ECAE态合金随着挤压道次的增加,晶粒不断细化,伸长率不断提高,但屈服强度与抗拉强度逐渐降低;两步ECAE可以使晶粒进一步细化,伸长率、屈服强度与抗拉强度均提高.伸长率、屈服强度与抗拉...     

大塑性变形制备纳米结构材料

大塑性变形(Severe Plastic Deformation,SPD)具有将粗晶材料的晶粒细化到纳米量级的巨大潜力,近年来已经引起人们的极大关注.介绍了几种大塑性变形制备纳米晶材料的方法和原理,如往复挤压、等通道角挤压、高压扭转变形、叠轧、往复折皱-压直等,分析了SPD纳米晶材料的强度与韧性、超塑性、热稳定性等性能,以及当前研究中存在的主要问题,并展望了大塑性变形的应用前景.     

镁合金复合细晶强化研究进展

细化镁合金的晶粒可极大改善其综合力学性能,单一的细化方法包括在熔体中施加外力场作用、高压和激冷作用以及大塑性变形,单一细化方法下的材料性能难以满足实际需求,且生产效率低、成本高、质量难以保证.2种及以上细化晶粒方法的结合可以实现镁合金性能的极大提升,通过评述镁合金复合加工方法,包括挤压铸造-固态挤压成形、挤压铸造-正挤压成形、FE-CCAE复合变形工艺、电磁脉冲结合轧制工艺、超声振动-挤压加工等,详细阐述镁合金复合细晶强化工艺的研究进展,为进一步研究和开发更加高效绿色的镁合金晶粒细化复合成形技术提供参考.     

复合SPD制备超细晶6061铝合金的组织及性能

采用反复镦压和等径角挤压相结合的复合挤压技术,在室温对退火态的6061铝合金进行4道次变形,获得等轴的超细晶铝合金。借助于透射电镜对变形过程的微观组织演变过程进行观察,提出了复合挤压过程中晶粒细化的过程。对不同实验状态的试样进行了硬度和拉伸实验,试样三个垂直面的硬度值增加了1倍,抗拉强度由165 MPa增加到402.7 MPa,但伸长率由26.8%下降到9.7%,复合挤压比等径角挤压对试样的力学性能影响更剧烈。     

第二相粒子对ECAP挤压的2A12铝合金晶粒细化的影响

采用等径角挤压技术对2A12铝合金在室温下进行挤压,成功制备了亚微米尺度的块体铝合金材料.挤压前材料的平均晶粒尺寸约5μm,两次挤压后,平均晶粒尺寸细化至200nm左右.合金中的Al2Cu相在挤压过程中由针状变成了块状颗粒,而Al2CuMg相在挤压过程中晶粒大小基本不变.研究发现,硬颗粒Al.2CuMg对基体α-Al有剪切和割裂作用,可以促进基体的晶粒细化过程,并初步给出了晶粒细化的模型.     

热挤压工艺对AZ31镁合金晶粒大小及性能的影响

对商用AZ31镁合金挤压棒材进行了不同工艺参数的挤压变形,系统研究了挤压工艺参数对AZ31镁合金晶粒大小以及性能的影响,并对镁合金组织的微晶尺寸进行了金相定量分析.研究结果表明,热变形可有效细化晶粒,但对AZ31镁合金晶粒细化是有限度的;对已通过热挤压变形晶粒细化的AZ31镁合金进一步进行大的塑性变形,其晶粒不但没有进一步的细化反而比挤压前略有长大.     

Adiabatic heating and the saturation of grain refinement during SPD of metals and alloys: experimental assessment and computer modeling

Severe plastic deformation methods include equal-channel angular pressing/extrusion, high-pressure torsion, and plane strain machining. These methods are extremely effective in producing bulk microstructure refinement and are generally initiated at a low homologous temperature. The resulting deformation-induced microstructures exhibit progressively refined cellular dislocation structures during the initial stages of straining that give way to refined, equiaxed grain structures at larger strains. Often, grain refinement appears to saturate but frequently coarsening is observed at the largest strains after a minimum in grain size is attained during SPD. Here, we summarize results on grain refinement by these processing methods and provide an analysis that incorporates adiabatic heating to explain the progressive refinement to intermediate strains and that may be followed either by an apparent saturation in grain refinement or by grain coarsening at the largest strains. This analysis is consistent with continuous dynamic recrystallization in the absence of the formation and long-range migration of high-angle boundaries.     

Development of a novel severe plastic deformation method for tubular materials: Tube Channel Pressing (TCP)

A new severe plastic deformation (SPD) method entitled Tube Channel Pressing (TCP) is proposed. In this study, the ability of TCP on strength improvement and grain refinement is assessed. This method is based on pressing a tube through a tubular channel die with a neck zone. Utilization of a mandrel fitted inside the tube prevents the crumpling of tube and preserves its initial dimension. Due to the symmetric design, after one pass, the die is rotated upside down and the second pass is applied by pressing the tube in inverse direction. Ultimate strength of a commercial purity aluminum tube after 5 successful passes is improved to 2 times of the initial strength. Analytical calculations and simulation of this process accompanied by commercial finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit demonstrate that the total average equivalent strain of 1.2 is imposed in each pass. Furthermore, hardness distribution through tube thickness is assessed. Then, ability of TCP in grain refinement of tubular samples after each pass is determined.     

Modelling of equal channel angular pressing using a mesh-free method

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes are widely recognised as efficient techniques to produce bulk ultrafine-grained materials. As a complement to experiments, computational modelling is extensively used to understand the deformation mechanisms of grain refinement induced by large strain loading conditions. Although considerable research has been undertaken in the modelling of SPD processes, most of the studies have been accomplished using mesh-based methods, such as the finite element method (FEM). Mesh-based methods have inherent difficulties in modelling high-deformation processes because of the distortions in the mesh and the resultant inaccuracies and instabilities. As an alternative, a mesh-free method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is used. The effectiveness of this technique is highlighted for modelling of one of the most popular SPD techniques, equal channel angular pressing. A benchmark between SPH and FE calculation is performed. Furthermore, a number of simulations under different processing conditions are compared to existing literature data. A satisfactory agreement is found, which indicates that SPD processes can be approached by mesh-free methods, such as SPH.     

Achieving a Superplastic Forming Capability through Severe Plastic Deformation

Processing by severe plastic deformation (SPD) leads to very significant grain refinement in metallic alloys. Furthermore, if these ultrafine grains are reasonably stable at elevated temperatures, there is a potential for achieving high tensile ductilities, and superplastic elongations, in alloys that are generally not superplastic. In addition, the production of ultrafine grains leads to the occurrence of superplastic flow at strain rates that are significantly faster than in conventional alloys so that processing by SPD introduces the possibility of using these alloys for the rapid fabrication of complex parts through superplastic forming operations. This paper examines the development of superplasticity in various aluminum alloys processed by equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP).     

深度塑性变形法的研究现状和前景

深度塑性变形加工与传统变形方法相比具有很大的优点,可得到超细晶金属和合金,其微观组织结构和性能也发生很大的变化.通过介绍累积轧合法、等通道角挤压法和高压扭转法等3种目前最主要的深度塑性变形方法,分析了深度塑性变形法的特点和现状,并对其未来进行了展望.     

Ultrafine-grained steel fabricated using warm multiaxial forging: Microstructure and mechanical properties

Grain refinement of bulk metals using severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a popular approach to improve both strength and toughness. In this paper, grain refinement of steel processed by warm multiaxial forging (MAF) and its mechanical behavior has been investigated. Coarse-grained, plain low carbon steel was deformed using MAF at 500 °C. Microstructural evolution is characterized using electron backscattered diffraction and mechanical behavior has been studied. Fraction of low angle grain boundaries (LAB) is observed to increase with strain up to total engineering strain of 1.3 thereafter it starts decreasing whereas, high angle grain boundaries showed just the opposite trend. It appears that initially grain subdivision takes place with imposition of strain thereby increasing the fraction of LAB. After a critical strain these LAB transforms into the high angle boundaries (HAB). The initial coarser grains of average 30 μm size subdivided into grains of the size finer than 0.5 μm. This has been confirmed by TEM micrographs. Improved tensile strengths and hardness values are obtained after warm MAF.     

应用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)技术制备超细晶钛合金

等通道转角挤压(equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)是一种强塑性变形技术,能有效细化材料的微观组织,提高材料性能,改善难变形材料的成形性.简述了ECAP技术制备超细晶钛合金的原理和技术现状,分析了不同工艺参数对钛合金ECAP变形过程和材料性能的影响以及晶粒细化的微观机制.     

Influence of the supersaturated silicon solid solution concentration on the effectiveness of severe plastic deformation processing in Al-7 wt.% Si casting alloy

A comparative study of room temperature severe plastic deformation (SPD) of a hypoeutectic Al-7 wt.% Si casting alloy by high pressure torsion (HPT) and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) has been performed. Microstructural parameters and microhardness were evaluated in the present work. Three different initial Si solid solution contents have been considered: as cast (C sample, 1.6 wt.% Si), annealed and quenched (Q sample, 1.2 wt.% Si) and annealed and furnace cooled (S sample, 0.7 wt.% Si). The samples processed by ECAP have smaller average Si particle sizes (0.9-1.7 μm), than those for samples processed by HPT (2.4-4.4 μm). The initial supersaturated Si solid solution is the major factor affecting the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the material. Fine deformation-induced Si precipitates from the supersaturated solid solution were responsible of the large grain refinement obtained by both SPD processing methods, which was considerably higher than that reported for pure aluminium. Q samples, processed by both SPD methods, containing an intermediate concentration of Si in solid solution, show the highest hardness due to the finest and most homogeneous microstructure. The finest and homogeneous grain size was ∼0.2 μm for the HPTed and ∼0.4 μm for the ECAPed Q samples.     

微细材料细晶处理方法及其研究发展

近些年微成形技术的研究热度不断增高,金属薄板、箔材及丝材等可直接用于微型件制造的微细材料缺少专门性研究,微细材料的微观结构与性能直接影响微型件的成形质量。综合评述了大塑性变形细晶方法、电流辅助工艺和微观结构调控等方面的相关研究,着重介绍了适合于微细材料的反复折弯压直和限制模压变形2种反复折弯形变细晶的方法。分析了微细材料细晶处理存在的问题,提出了适合用于微细材料的细晶及增塑处理的研究方法,展望了微细材料电流辅助形变工艺和微观结构调控的研究方向。开展了微成形用微细材料预处理方法与相关技术研究,对促进微成形技术的发展具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

Texture evolution in equal-channel angular extrusion

The focus of this article is texture development in metals of fcc, bcc, and hcp crystal structure processed by a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique called equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE) or equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). The ECAE process involves very large plastic strains and is well known for its ability to refine the grain size of a polycrystalline metal to submicron or even nano-size lengthscales depending on the material. During this process, the texture also changes substantially. While the strength, microstructure and formability of ECAE-deformed metals have received much attention, texture evolution and its connection with these properties have not. In this article, we cover a multitude of factors that can influence texture evolution, such as applied strain path, die geometry, processing conditions, deformation inhomogeneities, accumulated strain, crystal structure, material plastic behavior, initial texture, dynamic recrystallization, substructure, and deformation twinning. We evaluate current constitutive models for texture evolution based on the physics they include and their agreement with measurements. Last, we discuss the influence of texture on post-processed mechanical response, plastic anisotropy, and grain refinement, properties which have made ECAE, as well as other SPD processes, attractive. It is our intent to make SPD researchers aware of the importance of texture development in SPD and provide the background, guidance, and methodologies necessary for incorporating texture analyses in their studies.