电缆隧道火灾分析及计算机模拟

对电缆隧道火灾进行了分析,应用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS对电缆隧道火灾过程进行了计算机模拟,并对其火灾发展过程和防火保护措施进行了初步讨论。结果表明,电缆隧道为高火灾危险场所,在火灾情况下,隧道内维持较高温度,电缆将持续燃烧,火灾具有发展迅速、结构可能严重损伤、烟气量大、有害气体浓度高、扑救困难等特点,对其火灾危害性应引起足够重视。     

Findings of the International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project

Fire detection systems are essential fire protection elements for road tunnels to detect fires, activate safety systems and direct evacuation and firefighting. However, information on the performance of these systems is limited and guidelines for application of tunnel fire detection systems are not fully developed. The National Research Council of Canada and the Fire Protection Research Foundation, with support of government organizations, industries and private sector organizations, have completed a research project to investigate current fire detection technologies for road tunnel protection. The project included studies on the detection performance of current fire detection technologies with both laboratory and field fire tests combined with computer modelling studies. This paper provides an overview of the findings of the project. Fire detectors, fire scenarios and test protocols used in the test program are described. A summary of the research results of the series of full-scale fire tests conducted in a laboratory tunnel facility and in an operating road tunnel as well as of the computer modelling activities will be reported.     

A comprehensive study of two fire sources in a road tunnel: Considering different arrangement of obstacles

This paper uses Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to study various arrangements of different vehicles at upstream of two fire sources. In order to make a comprehensive study, the effects of two fire sources in both lateral and longitudinal directions are investigated. The results reveal that the behavior of two fire sources, in both perpendicular directions, is directly influenced by distance between them. For small vehicles, variations of the arrangement and distance between the vehicles and fire sources do not affect the calculated Critical Ventilation Velocity (CVV). However, the presence of medium vehicles strengthens the influence of inertia force rather than buoyant force of fire plume in the tunnel. Accordingly, when there is a short distance between fires and medium obstructions, less air ventilation is needed to prevent smoke back-layering. Eventually, far distance between the vehicles and the fires results in vanishing obstruction effects. Consequently, CVV is the same as the case in which there is no vehicle in the tunnel.     

The international FORUM of fire research directors: A position paper on future actions for improving road tunnel fire safety

Fire safety in tunnels has come in focus owing to numerous catastrophic fires and extensive monitoring in media. Casualties can be counted in hundreds and the economic damages have been enormous not only for tunnel owners but also for users and bordering communities. The recent increase in serious road tunnel fires is closely associated with the increase in the traffic volume as well as in the large number of tunnels being built in recent years. In particular, volumes transported on heavy goods vehicles have increased by 40–80% over a decade in many European countries. Today, about 75% of all goods traffic is by road, and is expected to increase by 40–60% over the next 10 years [Thamm B. The new EU directive on road tunnel safety. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on catastrophic tunnel fires (CTF), SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2004:05. p. 19–30].This FORUM position paper discusses some aspects on how to improve the design of road tunnels in order to obtain a higher level of fire safety. It discusses briefly design principles of tunnels as well as of fire safety of vehicles, use of forced ventilation systems and of active fire suppression.     

Fixed Fire Protection Systems in Tunnels: Issues and Directions

Fire protection practices for highway tunnels have been undergoing significant changes in the last decade, largely in response to a number of catastrophic fires that caused tunnel authorities to thoroughly review their fire safety assumptions. One of the fire safety issues currently receiving much attention includes the installation of “active” fire protection systems in addition to the “passive” fire protection features that were until recently considered to be sufficient to mitigate fire risk in tunnels. Passive fire protection measures include the use of fire resistive construction materials which help protect the critical structural elements from damage due to high temperatures. Active fire protection systems include fixed piping systems to deliver water sprays, such as deluge sprinklers and water mist, or other water-based agents such as compressed air or high expansion foam (CAF or Hi-Ex respectively). Active fire protection systems for tunnels are currently referred to as water based fixed fire fighting systems, or FFFS for short. Fire research suggests that measures based solely on passive protection are not likely to be sufficient to protect life and property to the degree warranted by the high monetary and strategic value of modern tunnel infrastructure. Full-scale fire testing and engineering analysis indicate that FFFS have the potential to reduce the impact of a severe fire on the tunnel structure from catastrophic to manageable at an affordable cost. Fire testing with CAF and Hi-Ex foam systems has shown them capable of actually extinguishing very large fires, including hydrocarbon pool fires. Systems based on water sprays on the other hand are not expected to extinguish fires, but rather to control the fire, limit fire growth and heat release rate, prevent fire propagation and provide thermal management. Although there are a few years of experience internationally that have proven sprinkler and deluge sprinkler system to be effective in mitigating tunnel fires, recent testing of FFFS in Europe has concentrated on water mist. One reason is the perception that water mist systems may involve less complex piping and agent storage than CAF or Hi-Ex foam, and may provide equivalent or superior performance with less water and smaller pipes than conventional sprinkler deluge systems. However, many engineering challenges remain to be resolved, such as how much credit to grant to the FFFS in terms of reduced criteria for passive protection, and how exactly to integrate active protection systems with traditional fire safety measures such as the ventilation systems. This article examines some recent developments in understanding how active fire-fighting systems might alter the impact of fires in tunnels.     

论本质安全理念在消防管理中的应用

在社会消防治理中,持续性严防死守的做法不能实质性保障消防安全,只治"标"而不治"本",消防形势稳定不能持久.本文将本质安全理念引入消防管理,论述了其可行性与必要性.消防管理本质安全理念立足于所有的火灾事故都是可防可控的,注重优化消防管理模式、管理对象、硬件条件与管理环境4个要素,强调其相互交融、互相协调,达到有机统一,...     

六盘山公路隧道烟气模拟研究

以公路隧道为研究对象，运用火灾动力学和火灾安全工程原理，研究公路隧道防火设计方法。重点研究了火灾发展与烟气蔓延、人员和车辆的疏散，在此基础上探讨了公路隧道火灾预防和救援的基本策略。     

浅谈网格化精细化管理在消防工作中的应用

消防安全关系到每一个人民群众的生命财产安全,对维护社会稳定具有重要意义,必须对消防工作进行科学的管理。本文在消防安全管理现状的基础上,对网格化精细化管理在消防工作中的应用进行了探讨。     

Inherent fire consequence estimation tool (IFCET) for preliminary design of process plant

Fire hazard has contributed to about one-third of world major accidents in chemical plants. One of the approaches to avoid or minimize fire hazard is by using an inherent safety concept. This concept is best implemented at the preliminary design stage. However, practical application of inherent safety is still limited due to non-availability of easy to use tool for direct application in a process plant. This paper addresses the above issue by proposing a prototype tool known as Inherent Fire Consequence Estimation Tool (IFCET) that can be used during preliminary design stage to eliminate or minimize the consequence of fire accidents. The tool is developed in MS Excel for pool fire model and linked with process design simulator, iCON. The functionality of the IFCET is demonstrated using case studies of flammable liquid leaked from a process stream and spilled of LPG during unloading at filling station. The results from the case studies show that IFCET can be used to eliminate or minimize the consequence due to pool fire during preliminary design stage. IFCET has a potential to be extended to include other types of fire accidents such as Jet Fire, BLEVE, etc.     

沉管隧道火灾热释放速率试验研究

为了深入分析沉管隧道火灾发展过程及其规模,以港珠澳沉管隧道为研究对象,建立足尺隧道火灾试验平台,配备试验测量系统,开展足尺隧道火灾试验。试验火源选用油池火、木垛火以及真实车辆,通过失重法和热辐射法相结合的方式确定火源规模,同时,探讨影响其火灾热释放速率的因素。试验结果表明:油池火更适宜作为火灾试验火源;通过不同油盘的组合能够模拟多种规模的火灾,试验中最大规模为40 MW左右;废弃小汽车火灾规模近似为5 MW,中巴车近似为15 MW。另外,影响火灾热释放速率的主要因素是燃烧面积、燃料类型、火源位置和纵向风速等。     

住宅设计中的防火问题

结合《建筑设计防火规范》《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》《住宅建筑规范》等相关规范中关于住宅防火设计的要求,从防火分区、安全疏散、消防设施、建筑材料四个方面阐述了防火设计中应注意的事项,以期消除隐患,保证建筑物安全。     

隧道结构防火研究综述

随着我国交通隧道建设的飞速发展,隧道的消防安全问题也随之而来,并且受到越来越多的关注;结合国内外近年来在隧道结构被动防火方面的研究进展,总结了隧道火灾的危害性和特点,以及提高隧道衬砌结构耐火性能的措施,为保障隧道的消防安全提供一些参考,并对需进一步深入研究的问题提出建议。     

Fire safety engineering: comparison of a new degree programme with the model curriculum

The curriculum design of a new degree programme in Building Services Engineering with Fire Engineering Specialism for the local fire engineering professionals in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is reported. The programme was approved by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and offered in September 1997 with an intake of 25 students per year. The aims are to train fire engineers who can handle not only ‘traditional’ fire engineering systems, but also perform the ‘new’ procedure of fire safety engineering hooked up with the development of ‘performance-based fire codes’ in an ‘engineering approach’. Subject contents to be included in a fire safety engineering degree programme are proposed. A comparison of this new scheme with the model curriculum in Fire Safety Engineering is made. Coverage of topic areas on fire engineering and teaching hours are compared. Differences in the curricula have been identified and discussed.     

秦岭特长公路隧道火灾试验研究

特长公路隧道发生火灾,扑救困难,易造成严重损失,是影响隧道安全运营的一个关键因素。借助大比例火灾模型试验,系统研究了火灾时隧道内温度随时间的变化,最高温度与通风风速、火灾规模的关系,提出了火灾阶段划分和隧道火灾的预防救援措施,并将研究成果应用于18 km长的秦岭终南山特长公路隧道防灾工程。     

Eruptive Behaviour of Forest Fires

A critical review of the mechanisms that are described in the literature to explain the onset and development of eruption or blow up in forest fires is presented, given their great relevance for fire safety, particularly in canyons. The various processes described in the literature that are considered as potential causes of fire eruption are discussed. Some of them seem more likely to cause the phenomenon and the others seem to have a complementary role in some conditions. The current review highlights that more research is required to create a classification of Fire Eruption types and to allow the development of specific Fire Safety procedures for fire fighters to minimize accidents.     

对日本消防工作考察的启示

介绍了由公安部消防局及上海、重庆市公安消防总队组成的研修团赴日本考察情况。就日本社会单位消防管理、建筑防火、消防设备士制度、消防宣传教育等情况进行交流考察,对日本的消防安全基础和社会管理机制进行了深入调研和了解,并对加强我国的消防工作提出了建议。     

A proposed fire safety ranking system for karaoke establishments and its comparison with the NFPA-fire safety evaluation system

A fire safety ranking system (FSRS), excluding the fire safety management at the moment, is proposed for assessing the fire safety provisions for existing karaoke establishments in Hong Kong. The objective is to investigate how far existing karaokes deviate from the expectation of new codes. Suitable fire safety management can then be worked out based on the scores. There are three attributes in the FSRS grouped as the key parameters for local fire safety requirements, passive building design and active fire protection systems. From the results of a survey carried out in May 2000, fire safety of 19 karaokes is rated by studying their architectural features and interior details. The results are compared with those by the National Fire Protection Association-Fire Safety Evaluation System (NFPA-FSES) on the part on fire safety parameters. Apart from dealing with fire spreading for interior finish, the proposed FSRS and NFPA-FSES are similar. The study of 19 of the existing karaoke establishments shows that the assessed level of fire safety is similar to the result of an assessment using the modified American system of evaluation.     

The fire in the Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel, which connects the United Kingdom with France, was designed and built between 1986 and 1993 with consideration of fire and life safety at the top of the agenda. Its design was constantly monitored by a bi-National Safety Authority appointed by an Inter Governmental Commission of the Governments of France and the UK. In November 1996 a shuttle train carrying heavy goods vehicles suffered a serious fire, which severely damaged the tunnel, though nobody was seriously hurt in the incident. This paper discusses the design for fire management, the fire itself, and lessons learned from the incident.     

海南旅游业消防安全的现状与发展构想

旅游业作为海南省经济发展的第一大支柱产业,确定在21世纪20年代,将海南建设成为中国旅游强省,国际性热带海岛度假休闲旅游目的地。提出了加强旅游消防管理立法,从法律制度上规范旅游消防安全管理,按“旅游大消防”原则,编制《海南省旅游消防发展总体规划》,建设旅游消防基础设施;建立旅游消防管理体系和消防安全宣传教育体系,形成消防管理责任风络,全方位提高全民消防安全意识等构想。     

公路隧道火灾的数值模拟

应用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS对某公路隧道内的火灾过程进行了数值模拟，定量预测了不同工况条件下隧道内的烟气流动状况及温度分布，并在此基础上对隧道通风方式、耐火性能，以及火灾探测报警中的温度点漂移问题进行了讨论。