基于相对光谱变量的无人机遥感水稻估产及产量制图

及时准确地监测农作物产量信息对国家和区域的粮食生产、贸易及粮食安全预警具有重要意义。当前卫星遥感估产由于高时空分辨率难以同时满足、波段数量少等原因限制估产精度进一步提高,无人机成像高光谱技术以其高时空分辨率、丰富的波段数量和图谱结合的遥感影像等优势被广泛地应用到现代智慧农业与精准农业,使高精度的农作物估产成为了可能。常规无人机估产方法使用的不同时期植被指数在获取时具有不同的光照条件、大气条件和背景,这些外界条件的差异将会引起不同时期植被指数的误差,进而影响估产精度。针对该问题,提出"相对光谱变量"和"相对产量"的概念开展多时期相对变量水稻遥感估产。首先将高光谱成像仪获取的波段进行一对一的组合建立相对归一化光谱指数RNDSI集,并确定水稻不同生育期的最优RNDSI及其构成波段;然后建立不同生育期组合的水稻估产最优模型并做相应的验证。结果显示:使用分蘖期RNDSI[784,635]、拔节期RNDSI[807,744]、孕穗期RNDSI[784,712]和抽穗期RNDSI[816,736]组成的多元线性回归模型是多生育期估产的最优模型,R^2和RMSE分别为0.74和248.97 kg/hm^2,并对此结果进行验证,估产平均相对误差绝对值达到了4.31%,结果表明相对植被指数和相对产量的水稻遥感估产方法可较好地应用于像素级的水稻遥感估产。基于该模型绘制了水稻的田间产量分布图,可更加直观地表现不同区域的产量并进行精准地田间管理。     

基于宽波段和窄波段植被指数的草地LAI反演对比研究

叶面积指数是一个重要的植被生理生态参数,为探讨不同植被指数反演叶面积指数的可行性,基于同空间分辨率不同光谱分辨率的HJ\|1B CCD1和Hyperion遥感影像数据,以内蒙古自治区赤峰市克斯克腾旗贡格尔草原为研究对象,选取几种常见宽波段植被指数和高光谱窄波段植被指数并结合4种常用回归模型,比较分析了不同植被指数反演叶面积指数的精度。结果表明:对于全部植被指数而言,PVI、MSAVI等综合考虑了土壤、环境等因素的植被指数较传统植被指数NDVI、RVI反演草地LAI精度更高。通过对比发现,在反演草地LAI方面,窄波段植被指数比宽波段植被指数表现出明显的优势。其中,窄波段垂直植被指数PVI验证模型的确定性系数R²为0.65,均方根误差RMSE为0.15,说明实测LAI和模拟LAI值之间具有较好的变化一致性。最后基于Hyperion影像和窄波段垂直植被指数PVI的估算模型生成研究区叶面积指数空间分布图。     

多光谱数据波段选择方法试验研究——以湖北神农架林区为例

本文以神农架林区植被信息提取为例,从统计特征的角度出发,采用最佳指数因子、联合熵与类间、类内可分性判别准则三种波段选择方法。在对三种波段选择方法计算结果综合分析的基础上,结合试验区地物光谱特征和TM传感器不同波段功能,采用逐步逼近的思路,从候选波段组合中确定了最佳波段组合。试验得出TM传感器453波段组合为神农架林区植被信息提取的最佳波段组合。     

水稻叶片含水量的高光谱遥感估算

针对高光谱估算不同品种水稻叶片含水量模型精度较低和参数复杂的问题,采集了20个品种、4个关键生长期(拔节-孕穗、孕穗-抽穗、抽穗-灌浆、灌浆-成熟)的水稻叶片高光谱和含水量数据,利用15种常见的植被指数反演水稻叶片含水量,建模效果均不够理想;利用叶片含水量敏感波段的反射率、光谱一阶导数构建归一化植被指数、比值植被指数和差值植被指数进一步探究,结果表明,利用一阶导数构建的差值植被指数DDV(R1 833,R2 236)建模精度和预测效果最佳,建模决定系数为0.72,验证决定系数为0.81,相对分析误差为2.29,可以有效估计不同品种水稻4个生长期的叶片含水量。     

多时相影像的冬小麦种植面积提取及估产

针对多时相影像的农作物种植面积难以实现统一精确提取、不能高效地进行遥感估产研究的问题,以河南省濮阳市为研究区,基于Landsat TM影像,采用基于伪不变特征的相对辐射校正方法,在深入分析濮阳市内6类典型地物光谱的基础上,构建决策树提取冬小麦种植面积。然后,基于MODIS植被指数产品,结合相应年份统计数据进行植被指数校正,分别利用校正后关键生育期的归一化植被指数累计值和增强型植被指数累计值与冬小麦产量进行回归分析,建立冬小麦产量预测模型,利用2011年的产量进行验证。结果表明:各年份冬小麦的提取面积精度均在96.3%以上,利用归一化植被指数和增强型植被指数构建的估产模型,R2分别为0.834和0.926,估产精度分别为95.36%和96.44%。该研究可为市域冬小麦种植区的统一高效提取以及冬小麦产量预测提供参考。     

基于最佳波段指数和J-M距离可分性的高光谱数据最佳波段组合选取研究——以环境小卫星高光谱数据在东莞市的应用为例

高光谱数据普遍存在波段相关性强、数据冗余严重的特点,因此选择合适的波段组合,是高效开展后续应用研究的基础。以东莞市为研究区,应用环境与灾害监测预报小卫星（HJ-1A）高光谱数据,在分析各波段信息含量和波段间相关性的基础上,使用了3种经典的波段指数选择最佳波段组合;针对经典模型应用中存在的问题,对最佳指数模型进行了改进,通过对波段均方差和相关性设置一定阈值,筛选得到一个较为合理的波段组合;最后,针对草地、林地和耕地3种地物,应用J\|M距离模型对3种地物的可分性进行判别,并指出：50-80-108波段组合,50-79-108波段组合以及50-80-111波段组合是分别用于草地-林地、草地-耕地、耕地-林地分类的最佳波段组合。     

马尾藻遥感信息提取

以Landsat数据为基础,分析马尾藻的图像和波谱特征,对比分析单波段提取法、双波段比值法、双波段差值法和归一化植被指数法对马尾藻信息的提取结果,并利用IKONOS数据来验证4种方法的提取精度.结果表明:马尾藻在Landsat真彩色(TM3、TM2、TM1)和假彩色(TM4、TM3、TM1)合成图上均呈黄色,其生长边界在假彩色合成图上更为清晰.马尾藻水体与非藻类水体在TM4的差异最大,在TM3也存在细小差异,单波段提取法(TM4)、双波段比值法(TM4/TM3)、双波段差值法(TM4-TM3)和归一化植被指数法((TM4-TM3)/(TM4+TM3))都可以从自然水体中提取出马尾藻信息,与IKONOS的提取结果相比,归一化植被指数法的提取精度最高.     

利用气象卫星磁带数据监测冬小麦长势

利用遥感技术监测农作物长势,进行产量预测,是遥感应用中的重要课题之一。介绍应用陆地卫星MSS数据进行此项工作的文献较多,大致可归纳为如下几方面: (1) 以目视解译为主。将不同时相、不同波段的影像经光学处理,突出作物信息,配合地面实况资料,推断和评价作物长势,预测产量。 (2) 从农作物光谱特点出发,根据反射率曲线寻求与产量相关性大的日期和波段,建立估产模式。 (3) 引入绿度(G)概念做为评价作物状况的定量标准。用红和近红外波段地物反射率的各种组合来表示,常用的有归一化差值植被指数、比值植被指数等。找出G与产量之间的相关关系。 (4) 在积温基础上建立估产模式。利用作物活动面温度、作物含水量和长势之间的密切关系建立物理     

基于GIS的水稻遥感估产模型研究

以NOAA/AVHRR资料为主,利用GIS技术提取水稻可能种植区域,在此基础上计算各区和各县的比值植被指数和规一化植被指数,提出的水稻遥感估产比值模型和回归模型,预报浙江省的水稻总产,1998年的拟合精度和1999年的预报精度都达到95%以上.     

基于光谱归一化的马尾松LAI遥感估算研究

通过对比不同传感器间光谱响应函数的差异,研究基于光谱响应函数的不同传感器相似波段的归一化方法,探讨归一化后植被指数在马尾松叶面积指数（LAI）估算中的应用。以某一传感器为基准,根据波段总辐射率比值关系将其他卫星传感器归一化为基准传感器,然后计算其植被指数,建立LAI反演模型。为验证方法可行性,选取永安地区2008年3月获取的BJ-1CCD、IRS-P6LISS3和MODIS数据作为研究对象,根据三者的光谱响应函数差异,将BJ-1CCD和IRS-P6的LISS3的红光和近红外波段归一化为MODIS的相应波段,并分别计算归一化前后的NDVI值。结果表明归一化后不同传感器的植被指数关系与理想的关系y=x更加接近。利用归一化后的IRS-P6影像的NDVI反演马尾松LAI,并将其应用于MODIS和BJ-1传感器,得到归一化后不同传感器的植被指数值基本相等,表明归一化以后的植被指数应用于LAI的估算具有一定的普适性,能适用于多种传感器。     

基于ISODATA法的冬小麦产量分级监测预报

以江苏省姜堰市为例,进行了基于TM卫星遥感技术和小麦估产模型的冬小麦产量监测研究。在利用GPS实地采样调查和建立解译标志的基础上,通过影像校正、采用优化的ISODATA分类方法,结合人机交互式判读解译等操作,将样点的作物信息数据贯穿到整个校验分类过程中,信息解译精度在90%以上。利用分类提取的冬小麦数据,反演叶面积指数、生物量信息等,结合冬小麦估产模型,计算单点产量信息,经过线性转换,对整个区域的冬小麦产量进行监测预报,并制作了冬小麦产量分级专题图。     

Use of Landsat TM and EOS MODIS imaging technologies for estimation of winter wheat yield in the North China Plain

This study focuses on the methodologies of winter wheat yield prediction based on Land Satellite Thematic Map (TM) and Earth Observation System Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imaging technologies in the North China Plain. Routine field measurements were initiated during the periods when the Landsat satellite passed over the study region. Five Landsat TM images were acquired. Wheat yields of the experimental sites were recorded after harvest. Spectral vegetation indices were calculated from TM and MODIS images. The correlation analysis among wheat yield and spectral parameters revealed that TM renormalized difference water index (RDWI) and MODIS near-infrared reflectance had the highest correlation with yield at grain-filling stages. The models from the best-fitting method were used to estimate wheat yield based on TM and MODIS data. The average relative error of the root mean square error (RMSE) of the predicted yield was smaller from TM than from MODIS.     

冬小麦播期的卫星遥感及应用

播种日期对冬小麦生长发育、产量和品质形成均有一定的影响。利用2003年拔节期的Landsat TM卫星的NDVI数据．成功地监测了冬小麦的播种日期。提出了基于NDVI和播种日期的冬小麦的遥感估产的优化模型，并在抽穗期至乳熟期的3次生育期的遥感估产中得到了成功验证与应用。利用出粉率与播种日期的显相关特性，采用拔节期的Landsat TM卫星的NDVI数据，成功预测了小麦籽粒的出粉率。     

基于遥感影像时间序列的冬小麦种植监测最佳时相选择研究

遥感影像植被分类的最佳时相对作物种植面积遥感监测非常重要。根据2005~2006年北京冬小麦不同物候期的Landsat TM影像和2006年Spot\|2影像,计算了各时期影像中主要植被类型的光谱可分性距离,分析了北京郊区主要植被物候差异和光谱可分性;对各生育期的遥感影像及其主要组合进行了监督分类,采用总体精度和分类效率指标两个参数,结合地面GPS调查数据,对分类结果进行了精度评价。结果表明：北京地区小麦监测最佳时相是4月上旬,影像分类的总体精度为92.9％,明显优于其它单时相影像的分类结果;发现北京郊区冬小麦光谱分类的最佳时相组合为4月上旬(起身期)和5月下旬(灌浆期),分类总体精度为94％。     

Surface soil moisture estimation over dense crop using Envisat ASAR and Landsat TM imagery: an approach

This study focuses on developing a new method of surface soil moisture estimation over wheat fields using Environmental Satellite Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (Envisat ASAR) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. The Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS) model was used to simulate wheat canopy backscattering coefficients from experiment plots at incidence angles of 23° (IS2) and 43.9° (IS7). Based on simulated data, the scattering characteristics of a wheat canopy were first investigated in order to derive an optimal configuration of polarization (HH) and incidence angle (IS2) for soil moisture estimation. Then a parametric model was developed to describe wheat canopy backscattering at the optimal configuration. In addition, direct backscattering and two-way transmissivity of wheat crowns were derived from the TM normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); direct ground backscattering was derived from surface soil moisture and TM NDVI; and backscattering from double scattering was derived from total backscattering. A semi-empirical model for soil moisture estimation was derived from the parametric model. Coefficients in the semi-empirical model were obtained using a calibration approach based on measured soil moisture, ASAR, and TM data. A validation of the model was performed over the experimental area. In this study, the root mean square error (RMSE) for the estimated soil moisture was 0.041 m³ m^?3, and the correlation coefficient between the measured and estimated soil moisture was 0.84. The experimental results indicate that the semi-empirical model could improve soil moisture estimation compared to an empirical model.     

TM遥感与地块内冬小麦产量变异

卫星遥感可以为农作物的准确管理提供必要,及时并具有空间连续性的信息,但高成本一直是限制该项技术在农业上深入发展的主要障碍,利用价格相对较为低廉的TM卫星影像作为信息源来评价其对估测小区域内作物产量空间变异并为规划管理单元提供必要信息的可行性做了初步的研究,结果表明,利用TM图像所获得的植被指数能较好地反映小麦各生育时期的基本特点,两种植被指数（NDVI及RVI）都表现出一定程序的空间,而且都以小麦抽穗后期的变异程度为最大,而且,小麦生长发育的三个重要时期（分蘖期,抽穗期及拔节期）的两种植被指数之间具有极显著相关关系,两个试验地块小麦11月8日的归一化植被指数都与产量表现出了良好的相关关系,另外,两种植被指数在表现作物千粒重和亩穗数等产量指标信息方面,也有一定的效果。     

Remote sensing of regional yield assessment of wheat in Haryana,India

Regional estimates of crop yield are critical for a wide range of applications, including agricultural land management and carbon cycle modelling. Remotely sensed images offer great potential in estimating crop extent and yield over large areas owing to their synoptic and repetitive coverage. Over the last few decades, the most commonly used yield–vegetation index relationship has been criticized because of its strong empirical character. Therefore, the present study was mainly focused on estimating regional wheat yield by remote sensing from the parametric Monteith's model, in an intensive agricultural region (Haryana state) in India. Discrimination and area estimates of wheat crop were achieved by spectral classification of image from AWiFS (Advanced Wide Field Sensor) on‐board the IRS‐P6 satellite. Remotely sensed estimates of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) and daily temperature were used as input to a simple model based on light‐use efficiency to estimate wheat yields at the pixel level. Major winter crops (wheat, mustard and sugarcane) were discriminated from single‐date AWiFS image with an accuracy of more than 80%. The estimates of wheat acreage from AWiFS had less than 5% relative deviation from official reports, which shows the potential of single‐date AWiFS image for estimating wheat acreage in Haryana. The physical range of yield estimates from satellites using Monteith's model was within reported yields of wheat for both methods of fAPAR, in an intensive irrigated wheat‐growing region. Comparison of satellite‐based and official estimates indicates errors in regional yields within 10% for 78% and 68% of cases with fAPAR_M1 and fAPAR_M2, respectively. However, wheat yields in general are over‐ and underestimated by the fAPAR_M1 and fAPAR_M2 methods, respectively. The validation with district level wheat yields revealed a root mean square error of 0.25 and 0.35 t ha^?1 from fAPAR_M1 and fAPAR_M2, respectively, which shows the better performance of the fAPAR_M1 method for estimating regional wheat yields. Future work should address improvement in crop identification and field‐scale yield estimation by integration of high and coarse resolution satellite sensor data.     

Computational prediction of homodimerization of the A3 adenosine receptor

Increasing evidence suggests that G protein-coupled receptors form functional dimers or larger oligomeric complexes through homo- or heterodimerization, and that various transmembrane (TM) domains contribute dimerization interfaces. In this study, monomeric receptor structures - either the monomeric crystallographic structure of bovine rhodopsin or an A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) homology model - were dimerized by computational methods assuming various TM contact regions, optimized, and compared. The semi-empirical oligomeric structure of mouse rhodopsin studied in a native disc membrane with atomic force microscopy was used to establish the distance between monomers in the initial dimeric models. Among eight variations of symmetrical homodimers of bovine rhodopsin, the favored dimeric assembly closely resembled the semi-empirical model, in which TM domains 4 and 5 were the contact site, thus validating this approach. We used similar methods to generate eight homodimers of the A(3)AR and found the favored dimeric interface similarly to be TM4-5. By this method, dimeric variations - TM1-2, TM2-3, TM2-4, TM3-4, TM4-5, TM5-6, TM6-7, and TM7-1 - were constructed with the SYBYL 7.0 program by using a novel "fit-centroids-normal" method. Fitting atoms considered one of eight TM-TM centroids or seven-TM centroids, two centroids of each monomer, and a normal atom passing through the plane containing all centroids. Following molecular dynamics, the most energetically favorable contact modes were identified. In addition to TM4-5, which was favored in both rhodopsin and A(3)AR dimeric models, TM1-2 dimers in which helices 8 also contacted each other were judged favorable. The largest contact surface area between the monomers among the various homodimers, determined by van der Waals calculation with the MOLCAD surface program, was for the TM4-5 dimer. This contact surface also showed a high degree of shape complementarity. In addition, the TM4-5 dimers made by this theoretical method were more stable than the semi-empirically determined dimer.     

Predicting winter wheat condition,grain yield and protein content using multi‐temporal EnviSat‐ASAR and Landsat TM satellite images

Since optical and microwave sensors respond to very different target characteristics, their role in crop monitoring can be viewed as complementary. In particular, the all‐weather capability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors can ensure that data gaps that often exist during monitoring with optical sensors are filled. There were three Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images and three Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) satellite images acquired from reviving stage to milking stage of winter wheat. These data were successfully used to monitor crop condition and forecast grain yield and protein content. Results from this study indicated that both multi‐temporal Envisat ASAR and Landsat TM imagery could provide accurate information about crop conditions. First, bivariate correlation results based on the linear regression of crop variables against backscatter suggested that the sensitivity of ASAR C‐HH backscatter image to crop or soil condition variation depends on growth stage and time of image acquisition. At the reviving stage, crop variables, such as biomass, Leaf Area Index (LAI) and plant water content (PWC), were significantly positively correlated with C‐HH backscatter (r = 0.65, 0.67 and 0.70, respectively), and soil water content at 5 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm depths were correlated significantly with C‐VV backscatter (r = 0.44, 0.49 and 0.46, respectively). At booting stage, only a significant and negative correlation was observed between biomass and C‐HH backscatter (r = ?0.44), and a saturation of the SAR signal to canopy LAI could explain the poor correlation between crop variables and C‐HH backscatter. Furthermore, C‐HH backscatter was correlated significantly with soil water content at booting and milking stage. Compared with ASAR backscatter data, the multi‐spectral Landsat TM images were more sensitive to crop variables. Secondly, a significant and negative correlation between grain yield and ASAR C‐HH & C‐VV backscatter at winter wheat booting stage was observed (r = ?0.73 and ?0.55, respectively) and a yield prediction model with a correlation coefficient of 0.91 was built based on the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) data from Landsat TM on 17 April and ASAR C‐HH backscatter on 27 April. Finally, grain protein content was found to be correlated significantly with ASAR C‐HH backscatter at milking stage (r = ?0.61) and with Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI) data from Landsat TM at grain‐filling stage (r = 0.53), and a grain protein content prediction model with a correlation coefficient of 0.75 was built based on the C‐HH backscatter and SIPI data.     

水环境石油类污染遥感识别模式及其应用

利用2006年4月6～7日在甘肃省庆阳市境内环江、柔远河和马莲河实测的石油类污染水体波谱数据,以及石油类污染测定数据,采用Fisher判别分析方法,建立了基于地面实测光谱数据并适用于本研究区域的水环境石油类污染遥感识别模式,并利用2006年10月15～17日重复观测的数据进行精度验证,结果表明精度可达89%;将该模式应用于2005年10月16日和2006年4月10日过境的两景Landsat/TM图像;根据遥感模式反演结果图,对该区域水环境石油类污染的时空变化进行了分析。水环境石油类污染遥感模式的建立为从遥感影像上快速、大面积获取石油类污染信息提供了一种技术手段。