2001—2017年我国部分地区蔬菜中砷和重金属累积特征及膳食暴露风险

目的 探讨我国部分地区蔬菜中砷和重金属的累积特征,并分析潜在膳食暴露风险。方法 搜索论文数据库,收集2001—2017年发表文献中蔬菜铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)及汞(Hg)含量的数据,分析我国根茎类、叶菜类及茄果类蔬菜中As和重金属的污染特性,并采用美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型评估蔬菜中砷和重金属的膳食暴露风险。结果 3类蔬菜中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg均呈非正态分布,变异系数均<10%。根茎类、叶菜类及茄果类蔬菜中Cd、As、Hg的含量均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),叶菜类和茄果类蔬菜中Pb-Cr含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但3类蔬菜中Cu含量均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。根茎类蔬菜中Pb、As和Hg的含量较高,叶菜类蔬菜中Cd含量较高。根茎类和叶菜类蔬菜中Pb-Cd及根茎类蔬菜中Pb-Cr相关性均较强(P<0.01)。3类蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Cr和As污染指数均在安全范围内,而根茎类和叶菜类蔬菜中的Pb和Hg均存在不同程度的污染,但基本属于轻度污染。根茎类和茄果类数值中As和重金属对成人和儿童的风险值均<1.0,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb对成人和儿童的风险值的第95百分位数分别是1.780和2.020,表明叶菜类蔬菜中的Pb存在潜在的人体非致癌风险。结论 中国蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Cr、As和Hg整体污染较轻,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb污染应引起重视。     

厦门市售蔬菜、茶叶重金属含量及健康风险评价

为研究厦门市售蔬菜和茶叶中重金属含量特征并评价其对人体的健康风险,分析测定了厦门市主要农贸市场的10种蔬菜和主要商场的10种茶叶中重金属含量,运用内梅罗综合污染指数对重金属污染水平进行评价,运用靶标危害系数法(THQ)对重金属人体健康风险进行评估。结果表明:厦门市售蔬菜和茶叶不同品种中Zn、Cu、As、Cd和Pb含量差异较大,其中As、Cd和Pb含量均低于植物样品(蔬菜和茶叶)中各重金属元素食品卫生标准限值;蔬菜和茶叶中重金属As、Cd和Pb均处于安全等级(P_综≤0.7),其中,蔬菜中Cd的单项污染指数最高,茶叶中Pb的单项污染指数最高,两种元素均有较大危害,应重点关注;蔬菜和茶叶中重金属Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Pb对儿童的靶标危害系数基本高于成人,各重金属的单一靶标危害系数(THQ)及综合危害系数(TTHQ)均小于1,说明不存在明显的健康风险。     

大米重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

<正>对周边粮油店和超市在售的多地不同来源、不同商家、不同包装形式的大米采样分析,测其重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg)含量,采用单项污染指数法对大米重金属污染进行评价,并采用每周可耐受摄入量PTWI和每月可耐受摄入量PTMI(针对镉)进行健康风险评价。大米重金属污染状况及对人类健康风险的评价分析结果中显示,大米中五种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg)里砷和镉存在较大健康风险。     

蚌埠市蔬菜重金属含量及食用安全性评价

测定了蚌埠市蔬菜中重金属质量比,采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和目标危害系数法对其污染程度及食用安全性进行评价。结果表明,蚌埠市蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg质量比平均值依次为0.1081、0.0252、0.0812、0.0253、0.0011mg·kg-1,除Pb元素外,其它均低于蔬菜卫生标准。单因子污染指数法评价结果表明,空心菜的Pb元素为轻污染;其它蔬菜各元素为清洁水平。综合污染指数法评价结果显示,辣椒、茄子、豆角、黄瓜、丝瓜和上海青为安全等级;空心菜为警戒线水平。蔬菜重金属THQ(Target Hazard Quotient)均值从大到小依次为:Cr、Pb、Cd、As、Hg,成人和儿童的健康风险指数均小于1,单一重金属对人群健康风险不明显。复合健康风险指数从高到低依次为:上海青、空心菜、辣椒、茄子、豆角、丝瓜和黄瓜。上海青和空心菜对儿童存在健康风险,上海青对成人存在健康风险,其它蔬菜对人群健康风险不明显。食用本地蔬菜摄入的重金属对儿童造成的健康风险高于成人,儿童不宜食用本地产的叶菜类蔬菜,成人慎食。     

厦门市售蔬菜重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染研究及评价

为了解厦门市蔬菜中有害重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染情况,于2004年8月至2005年12月从厦门市各超市、农贸市场、蔬菜批发市场和蔬菜产地上采集46个品种532份蔬菜样品,用国标法(GB/T5009.11-17-1996、GB/T5009.33-2003)分别分析蔬菜中的重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。结果表明,检测样品中Pb、Cd、As、Hg、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的平均值分别为0.0099、0.083、0.056、0.003、1090.3、0.59mg/kg;根据国家标准1-2,仅部分品种如菠菜、甘蓝、花菜、萝卜的铅超标,有潜在污染风险;大部分蔬菜中砷、汞、镉三种重金属的含量都较低,潜在的污染风险不大。硝酸盐污染程度严重的占36.5%;中、重度污染的占20.2%;轻度的占43.3%,硝酸盐含量依次为嫩茎叶菜类>根茎类>花菜类>瓜菜类>鲜豆菜>茄果类>水生蔬菜类,各样品间含量差别较大;而蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量相对较低。     

市售食用菌中重金属含量特征及其健康风险评价

以保定市市售食用菌为研究对象,采用硝酸-高氯酸消解体系,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定了食用菌中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)的含量,对比分析不同食用菌种类以及不同栽培模式下食用菌中重金属的含量特征,并运用内梅罗综合污染指数法和单因子污染指数法及目标危害系数法评价食用菌重金属污染状况及食用菌对人体的健康风险。结果表明,保定市市售食用菌中重金属的平均含量顺序为Pb(0.28 mg/kg)As(0.22 mg/kg)Cd(0.20 mg/kg)Hg(0.016 mg/kg)。采集的所有样品中有12个样品超标,超标率为17.1%。平菇重金属含量达重度污染水平(P综=3.58),其As平均含量超过标准限值0.62倍,榛蘑、鸡腿菇和香菇中重金属含量均达轻度污染水平,其它食用菌重金属含量均为安全水平。平菇不同部位相比,根部As平均含量比食用部位高4.15倍(P0.05),其它重金属平均含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。不同栽培模式相比,野生香菇中重金属含量与栽培香菇差异不显著(P0.05);栽培黑木耳As平均含量比野生黑木耳高8.72倍(P0.05),其它重金属平均含量差异不显著(P0.05)。食用菌中的As(TTHQ儿童=2.60,TTHQ成人=1.98)和Cd (TTHQ儿童=2.36,TTHQ成人=1.80)对人体健康构成明显风险,并且儿童摄入食用菌的潜在健康风险高于成人。     

楚雄州常见食用菌重金属污染及安全评价

目的调查楚雄州常见食用菌重金属含量水平,评估食用菌中重金属污染程度及健康相关风险。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法对汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)的含量进行测定。单因子污染指数法进行污染评价。结果 86份食用菌样品中重金属检出率为100.00%,重金属总体超标率为44.19%,Hg超标率高于Cd、As、Pb(P0.01);同一种重金属在不同品种以及不同地区采集的食用菌样品中含量存在显著差异。食用菌样品质量评价为三级;干食用菌和新鲜野生牛肝菌的食品安全指数(international food standard,IFS)大于1。结论食用菌中的Hg、Cd、Pb、As等4种重金属污染现状不容乐观,野生牛肝菌重金属污染程度和食品安全风险等级均较高,对人体有一定的健康危害,应高度关注并进行风险管理。     

几种黔产绿茶中重金属污染分析

为研究都匀毛尖、湄潭翠芽、贵定雪芽、瀑布毛峰及梵净山翠峰茶中重金属污染状况,用原子吸收光谱法测定Pb,Cd,Cu含量,原子荧光光谱法测定Hg,As含量,并参照GB16740-1997、NY659-2003、WM/T2-2004及GB2762-2005对茶叶的重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明：五种绿茶中重金属含量依次为Cu〉Pb〉As〉Cd〉Hg;不同品种及同一品种不同等级的黔产绿茶中重金属含量有差异,但均未超出国家及行业标准的限量值。     

冀东典型蔬菜种植区设施土壤重金属特征

目的探究冀东典型蔬菜种植区(唐山市和承德市)设施土壤重金属特征。方法对设施大棚进行调查并采集表层土壤样品,检测其重金属,即镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)含量,并依据HJ/T 333—2006《温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准》进行了土壤质量评价。结果除As外,其他重金属均超过河北省土壤背景值(国家环境保护局),最高为Hg,为背景值的3.46倍。Cd与棚龄呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。从地理分布来看,Hg呈现西高东低的分布特征,而As、Pb则呈现南高北低的分布特征。从重金属单项质量指数来看,Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Zn均未超标;Cu、Pb超标率分别为7.37%和22.11%,属轻度污染。从重金属综合质量指数看,3.16%的土壤为超标土壤,属轻度污染,超标率较高的区县为隆化县、乐亭县、滦平县、宽城县和滦南县,重金属综合质量指数与土壤pH呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。结论冀东典型蔬菜种植区设施土壤存在Cu、Pb的轻度污染现象,后续需要对蔬菜中的Cu、Pb进行调查以评估蔬菜产品的安全性。     

我国海洋食用贝类重金属污染特征及其健康风险

目的探讨我国海洋食用贝类重金属累积水平及人体健康风险。方法基于已报道的数据,分析我国海洋食用贝类中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg污染统计特征,采用美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)提出的靶器官危害系数(THQs)方法评估贝类重金属污染的人体健康风险。结果我国海洋食用贝类中各重金属含量呈非正态分布。Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的平均含量均未超过食品中污染物限量。牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏及贻贝4类典型食用贝类中,As、Cu和Cd的含量均差异有统计学意义(P0.05),牡蛎中Cu和Cd含量最高,缢蛏中As含量最高;4类贝类中其他重金属含量均差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。珠江口、福建沿海、长江口-浙江沿海、山东沿海、渤海湾海域食用贝类中Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg的人体健康风险较低,但山东沿海、渤海湾和福建沿海部分贝类中Cd以及福建海域部分贝类中As的风险超出了可接受水平;除山东沿海、渤海湾和福建沿海贝类重金属污染对儿童的风险值大于1.0外,其他海域贝类6种金属的总风险均可接受;Cd和As是我国贝类重金属污染健康风险的主要贡献者。结论我国海洋食用贝类中Cu、Cd和Cr含量存在超标现象,部分海域一些贝类Cd和As污染的健康风险超出了可接受水平。总体上,海洋贝类重金属污染不严重,但重金属复合污染的健康风险需引起重视。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the